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Audit quality plays an important role in the public sector, especially in an emerging market. However, there is no specific concept that defines and measures the term audit quality.  There is a gap of conceptual framework in the public sector the public sector that explains the need for audit and the attributes of audit quality. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the need for audit and the attributes of audit quality perceived by middle and senior management staff in public Corporation in Liberia. This study employs a qualitatitive research methodology. We collected primary data through email interviews that consisted of 8 participants from 5 different public Corporations in Liberia. we used Thematic (Template) analysis to summarize the data collected. The findings show that auditing in Public Corporation in Liberia is needed to ensure transparency and  accountability, agency/monitoring improved internal control, and business processes, as well as confidence and assurance for stakeholders. Furthermore, middle and senior management staff perceived that auditor's independence, auditors' competence, and audit partner or manager's attention to the audit, as well as audit personnel salaries, are important attributes that influence audit quality in public corporations in Liberia.Our findings form the basis for a conceptual framework for public sector auditing in a developing country.

國立大學法人化議題之提出，始自77年至83年大學法於立法院修法期間，從當時的公法人，演變至92年行政院通過大學法修正草案的行政法人類型，惟因各界對大學法人化議題仍有爭議，94年12月新修正公布之大學法，並未通過國立大學公法人化相關條文。然隨著全球化、市場化及後WTO時代之來臨，各大學終要面臨國際大學之競爭，為賦予大學更多自治權及避免政治及行政干預，使其在人事及經費運用上更自主彈性，藉以提昇國際競爭力及追求學術卓越，國立大學公法人化，幾已確立為政府推動高等教育改革方法之一。 本研究主要目的係以92年大學法修正草案有關行政法人國立大學之組織為藍本，探討董事會、校長、校務會議及學術評議委員會等組織之設計，配合公私立大學組織運作及參酌德、美及日本國立大學公法人實施先例及國內學者專家訪談結果，主要研究發現分述如下： 一、國立大學法人化雖參採國外大學法人制度經驗並應能因地制宜。 二、國立大學法人化目的應是確保大學自治，而非行政效能考量。 三、國立大學法人不宜限定單一行政法人類型，設置董事會；其或採公法人、法人或教育法人類型，採理事會或首長制之治理模式，應允大學自主。 四、國立大學法人校長若由董事會遴選，校內董事成員應過半。 五、國立大學若設董事會，應多元並有義務規範及評鑑機制。 六、國立大學校務會議規模應小，定位於參與及諮詢功能。 七、國立大學學術評議委員會應是校內最高學術事項之決定單位。 八、校長、董事會、校務會議與學術評議委員會間的權責關係應予釐清。 本文最後依研究結果提出建議，對政府言，國立大學法人化之立法及配套應力求周延；大學法人化之組織設計應符合大學需要；法人化後，政府仍不能免除對大學基本財政資源需求之責任。對教職員言，大學法人化，雖非唯一最佳選擇，但對確保大學自治卻是可行途徑；各大學得依據本身規模特性、發展設計法人型態。 關鍵字：國立大學、公法人、行政法人 / The transformation of national universities into public corporations was first proposed in the University Law during the amendment sessions of the Legislative Yuan from 1988 to 1994. In 2003, the University Law amendment draft passed by the Executive Yuan included the transformation of national universities into administrative corporations, but because of disputes regarding the incorporation of national universities, articles related to the transformation of national universities into public corporations were not passed in the new University Law amendment of December 2005. However, due to globalization, marketization, and the coming of the post-WTO era, domestic universities must eventually compete with foreign universities. In order to allow universities to gain more autonomy and receive less political or administrative interference so as to have better flexibility in terms of personnel management and fund utilization, thereby increase global competitiveness and pursue higher academic goals, the government is sure to consider national university corporations as a means of higher education reform. Based on the organization design of administrative national university corporations as described in the University Law amendment draft of 2003, this study discusses the organization design of boards of trustees, presidents, academic affairs meetings, and academic review committees, and also takes into consideration the operation of public and private universities, examples of national university corporations in Germany, the United States, and Japan, as well as interviews of domestic scholars and experts. The main results of this study are as follows: 1. Borrowing from the experiences of foreign national university corporations, domestic incorporation should still be tailored to the environment in Taiwan. 2. The purpose incorporation should be to ensure the autonomy of universities, and not to improve administrative efficiency. 3. Incorporation should not be limited to a single form, and boards of directors should be established. Forms of corporations may include public corporations, corporations, and education corporations. Board or leadership management systems should be adopted, and universities should be given autonomy. 4. In the case that the president of a national university corporation is elected by the board of trustees, the number of faculty board members should exceed half the total number of board members. 5. In the case that a board of trustees is established, the members should be diverse. Obligations, rules, and evaluation mechanisms should also be established. 6. Academic affairs meetings of national university corporations should be small in scale, and focus on participation and consultation. 7. Academic review committees should be the final decision-makers regarding academic issues in national university corporations. 8. The roles and responsibilities Presidents, boards of trustees, academic affairs meetings, and academic review committees should be clearly defined. Lastly, the results of this study showed that: the government should aim to provide a comprehensive legislation and associated measures for the incorporation of national universities; organization design of national university corporations should be tailored to the needs of the universities; after incorporation, the government should still be responsible for the basic financial needs of universities. For faculty, incorporation may not be the best or only choice, but is nevertheless a way to autonomy; and universities can plan the form of incorporation according to their characteristics and visions. Keywords: national universities, public corporation, administrative corporation

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:57:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Maues.pdf: 601713 bytes, checksum: d7e237b8736ccacefd45e2527e7aa270 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-28 / The Brazilian companies of public corporation reached the value of market of approximately US$ 1,5 trillions in 2010, being that 57% of the value belong the thirteen companies, adding US$ 848,2 billion. The numbers show the evolution of the public corporation Brazilian companies, signaling the relevance to study as the social responsibility of the Brazilian companies of great manner is evidenced. With intention to reach the objective considered in this work, by the universe of 375 companies, one was taken as sample, of intentional form, the 13 bigger Brazilian companies for value of public corporation market of the Stock Exchange of São Paulo (BOVESPA) in 2011, for the fact of that they only averaged approximately 57% of value of market of the BM& F-São Paulo Stock Exchange. In a second analysis it was opted in only working with the companies who used methodology GRI in their Annual Report of Sustainability, was reduced for four companies, Petrobras, Vale, Itaú Unibanco Bank and Brazil Bank. In the identification of indicators of social responsibility of the analyzed reports, the Brazil Bank is distinguished as the company with the biggest number of evidences indicators, 65.6%, followed of Petrobras. Of general form the indicators of social responsibilities verified in the reports of the companies attend only 47.33% of the indicators recommended for the Resolution of the Resolução do Conselho Federal de Contabilidade nr. 1.003/04 and the used Social Assessment in the Annual Report of the companies partially evidence the Social Responsibility of the Brazilian companies of the public corporation. Of this form, it recommends that the companies of public corporation use more efficiently the evidence tools of social responsibility and countable indicators, for example, Resolution CFC nr. 1003/04. The adequate use of the evidence instruments will allow the managers to indicate and to associate the initiatives for which a company looks for keeping, to fortify and to make solid its image and the identity of the mark before its target audience. The study still disclosed that the social assessment is the best tool of evidence of enterprise social responsibility, but in the practice the value is wronged for the legislation lack that compels the corporations to use it. As subject for future research, it suggests evaluation of the impacts of the lack of adoption for the Brazilian companies of public corporation of the criteria of Resolution CFC nr. 1003/04 that they parameterize the evaluation of the RSE. / As empresas brasileiras de capital aberto alcançaram o valor de mercado de aproximadamente US$ 1,5 trilhões em 2010, sendo que 57% do valor pertencem a treze empresas, somando US$ 848,2 bilhões. Os números mostram a evolução das companhias brasileiras de capital aberto, sinalizando a relevância de estudar como é evidenciada a responsabilidade social das empresas brasileiras de grande porte. Com intuito de alcançar o objetivo proposto neste trabalho, do universo de 375 empresas, tomou-se como amostra, de forma intencional, as 13 maiores empresas brasileiras por valor de mercado de capital aberto da Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (Bovespa) em 2011, pelo fato de que só elas perfaziam aproximadamente 57% de valor de mercado da BM&F-Bovespa. Numa segunda análise optou-se em trabalhar somente com as empresas que utilizassem a metodologia GRI no seu Relatório Anual de Sustentabilidade, reduziu-se para quatro empresas, Petrobras, Vale, Banco Itaú Unibanco e Banco do Brasil. Na identificação de indicadores de responsabilidade social dos relatórios analisados, destaca-se o Banco do Brasil como a empresa com o maior número de indicadores de evidenciação, 65,6%, seguido da Petrobras. De forma geral os indicadores de responsabilidades social verificados nos relatórios das empresas atendem somente 47,33% dos indicadores recomendados pela Resolução do Conselho Federal de Contabilidade nº 1.003/04 e o Balanço Social utilizado no Relatório Anual das empresas evidencia parcialmente a Responsabilidade Social das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto. Dessa forma, recomenda-se que as empresas de capital aberto usem mais eficientemente as ferramentas de evidenciação de responsabilidade social e indicadores contábeis, como por exemplo, a Resolução CFC nº 1003/04. A utilização adequada dos instrumentos de evidenciação permitirá aos gestores indicar e associar as iniciativas pelas quais uma empresa procura manter, fortalecer e solidificar sua imagem e a identidade da marca perante o seu público-alvo. O estudo revelou ainda, que o balanço social é a melhor ferramenta de evidenciação de responsabilidade social empresarial, mas na prática o valor fica prejudicado pela falta de legislação que obrigue as corporações a usá-lo. Como tema para futuras pesquisas, sugere-se avaliação dos impactos da falta de adoção pelas empresas brasileiras de capital aberto dos critérios da Resolução CFC nº 1003/04 que parametrizam a avaliação da RSE.

The aim of the dissertation is to analyse the issue of the dynamics of the self-government´s aims and the statics of the state administration´s aims in establishing the formal organisational structure of a municipal authority. The second aim is to identify the prevailing formal and informal organizational structure occuring in the respective types of municipal authorities.

L’étude de l’agrément en droit des sociétés révèle que les règles l’encadrant ne sont pas exemptes de lacunes ou d’incohérences. Ces dernières résultent notamment de leur édiction dispersée, dans des textes légaux ou réglementaires, au cas par cas, individuellement pour chaque forme sociale. En outre, leur intelligibilité est amoindrie par la corrélation parfois faite par la loi entre les règles de son domaine et ses formalités procédurales. De cet ensemble découle une certaine complexité, incompatible avec le besoin de sécurité juridique requise pour exécuter toute procédure. En l’occurrence, l’atteinte à la liberté ne réside plus dans l’absence de forme protectrice mais, paradoxalement, dans un formalisme trop pointilleux, dont l’application suscite un important contentieux. Néanmoins, le constat de la présence éventuelle de l’intuitu personae dans l’ensemble des sociétés suggère la possibilité d’unifier le domaine de l’agrément et, corrélativement, de simplifier sa mise en œuvre, grâce à l’élaboration d’un droit commun. À cette fin, une conception contractuelle des rapports sociaux donne de nombreuses clés de résolution des problèmes posés actuellement par son régime. Cette analyse faite du droit positif ne remet pas pour autant en cause le juste équilibre établi par la loi au nom de l’ordre public sociétaire. Celui-ci s’exprime par l’exigence du respect de formalités et d’obligations visant à protéger tant la société que son associé cédant. Au contraire même, ce point de vue permet de dégager les champs d’intervention réservés au législateur ne portant atteinte ni à la substance des droits de l’associé, ni aux concepts juridiques de droit commun. Cette méthode de traitement des difficultés soulevées aboutit à une reconstruction de la législation de l’agrément, davantage intelligible, augurant par là-même, une perspective concrète de création d’un droit français des sociétés fermées. / The study of corporate law certification reveals that the rules governing it are not free from gaps or inconsistencies. The latter result notably from their dispersed enactment, in legal or regulatory texts, on a case by case basis, individually for each social form. In addition, their intelligibility is diminished by the correlation sometimes made between the rules of his field and his procedural formalities. From this set flows a certain complexity, incompatible with the need for legal certainty required to execute any procedure. In this case, the infringement of liberty does not lie in the absence of a protective form but, paradoxically, in a formalism that is too fussy, the application of which gives rise to a serious dispute. Nevertheless, the observation of the possible presence of intuitu personae in all societies suggests the possibility of unifying the field of accreditation and, correspondingly, of simplifying its implementation, thanks to the elaboration of a common right. To this end, a contractual conception of social relations gives many keys to solving the problems currently posed by his regime. This analysis of positive law does not, however, call into question the proper balance established by law, aimed at protecting both society and its assigning partner, in the name of public societal order. Quite to the contrary, this point of view reinforces the effectiveness of the rule since the fields of intervention reserved to the legislator do not infringe either the substance of the rights of the partner or the legal concepts of the law. common right. This method of dealing with the difficulties raised leads to a reconstruction of the legislation of accreditation, which is more intelligible, thus auguring a concrete perspective of creation of a French law of closed companies, independent of any political instrumentalization.