Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on June 15, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

L’école française invite les enseignants à travailler par compétences avec leurs élèves. Cette approche des apprentissages met l’accent sur l’usage que l’on va faire du savoir. L’apprentissage de la citoyenneté est soumis à la nécessité de construire les compétences indispensables pour évoluer et coopérer dans le monde. Le lien fait entre ces deux objets dans les discours de l’école véhicule une manière particulière de comprendre la citoyenneté et désigne la compétence comme incontournable. L’étude du lien entre l’approche par compétences et la citoyenneté a été faite à partir d’une analyse de contenu de discours portant sur des écrits programmatiques de l’éducation à la citoyenneté. le travail mené sur une centaine de fiches projets d’action d’éducation à la citoyenneté en lycée, vise à montrer que le vocabulaire de l’approche par compétences, qui privilégie l’action, la mobilisation de ressources, qui ouvre la forme scolaire à d’autres horizons (économique, notamment), contribue à orienter le regard du futur citoyen vers des finalités et des figures fragmentées de la citoyenneté. Cependant les mises en situation que prévoit l’approche par compétences autorisent également le développement d’expériences et d’une participation qui actualisent les finalités et les formes mêmes de la vie démocratique et politique. Il semblerait que les initiatives citoyennes des lycéens, ouvrent l’horizon d’une vision renouvelée de la participation à la vie publique. Les explorations que semblent apporter les modalités de l’approche par compétences sur le terrain de la citoyenneté classique sont peut-être le moyen indispensable de continuer à explorer les possibilités de la vie démocratique. / The French school invites teachers to work by skills with their students. This approach to learning emphasizes the use that we will make of knowledge. Learning citizenship involves building skills to evolve and cooperate in the world. The link between these two objects in the school's speech conveys a particular way of understanding citizenship and refers to competence as unavoidable. The study of the link between the competency-based approach and citizenship was made from an analysis of writings presenting actions of citizenship education. I tried to show by analyzing a hundred or so action plans for citizenship education in high school, that the vocabulary of the competency-based approach, which favors action, the mobilization of resources, which opens the form other horizons (economic, in particular), helps to direct the eyes of the future citizen towards ends and fragmented forms of citizenship. However, experience, exercises provided by the competency-based approach also allow the development of competencies in the framework of a participation that updates the aims and the very forms of democratic and political life. It seems that the initiatives of high school students, open the horizon of a renewed vision of participation in public life. The explorations that the modalities of the competency approach seem to bring to the field of classical citizenship may be the indispensable means of continuing to explore the possibilities of democratic life.

This thesis examines Scottish community land ownership through the lenses of power and community. It asks what impact Community Land Initiatives (CLIs) have on power relations, particularly at local level; and, if and how their conception as “community” initiatives affects that. These questions are addressed through in-depth qualitative case studies of two emerging CLIs on the Isle of Skye, in the context of the wider community land movement. The thesis finds that one of the CLIs studied have contributed some measure of additive empowerment to local residents. These are increasing in significance and social reach as the scale of asset ownership and associated development projects expands. The other is at an earlier stage in terms of land ownership, but has some collective power through a focus on the cultural and convivial aspects of community that has considerable local resonance. It is also clear that, where CLIs acquire land and assets, they shift visible power from landowners to community groups. They also are beginning to shift cultural perceptions of who and what land is for. However, despite some efforts by activists to address them, power relations at local level shape participation in CLI decision-making spaces. These are closely connected to experiences and ideas of community at local level. More broadly, the thesis shows how CLIs owe their power both to organising at local level, and to a network of relationships with actors elsewhere, including funding and support agencies. Maintaining and balancing all these relationships can be challenging. As an in-depth but narrowly focussed case study, this thesis aims at exploring these issues, rather than producing definitive judgements about the entire community land movement. The final chapter therefore situates the thesis in the context of other studies of this movement, and within the wider literature on power and development. It concludes with suggestions for further research and testing of the ideas it has developed.

With protective gates and guard booths restricting access to their entrances, master-planned gated communities have become a dominant form of suburban development throughout much of the country. Many home builders, developers, and real estate companies promote gated communities as a developmental step towards the creation of a real-life utopia. However, many academics, like Karina Landman and Martin Schonteich (2002), argue that their existence simply marks a new chapter in the fragmentation and polarization of societies all across the world. This study used a mixed methods approach to analyze the demographic makeup of individuals living in gated communities in New Tampa, Florida, as well as the different socio-economic motivations and perceptions which residents had regarding life within their respective community. The research questions for this study were grounded in the latest academic research and social theory surrounding gated communities, particularly the works of Setha Low (2003) and Theresa Caldeira (2000). The three gated communities investigated in this study were Arbor Greene, Hunter's Green, and Grand Hampton. Using demographic data obtained from structured questionnaires, this study found that these three communities were socio-economically homogenous with a large percentage of residents: (1) having a high median income; (2) being Caucasian; and (3) being married. Using data obtained from semi-structured interviews, this study found that the desire for security and the desire to maintain property values were the two most important considerations for residents when deciding to move into Arbor Greene, Hunter's Green, and Grand Hampton. Additionally, for most informants, the perceptions of social practices and conditions in the three gated communities within the study area coincided with the desires and needs that these residents originally had when deciding to move into their respective community. As Geography is the study of uneven social relations and spatial structures, these findings were used to fill gaps of knowledge which existed prior to this study with respect to gated communities in the Tampa Bay area, as well as to provide the discipline of geography with a more comprehensive understanding of how these communities in Tampa affect the conceptualization, negotiation, and access to space.

Suggérée à l'analyse de la jurisprudence rendue sur le thème de la flexibilité du contrat, la théorie générale de l'objectif économique du contrat a pour point de départ l'identification d'un premier objectif : l'exploitation commune de clientèle. Parce que le caractère commun de l'exploitation traduit l'existence d'objectifs identiques aux parties, cet objectif de nature économique s'inscrit, en effet, comme celui du contrat, support juridique de sa réalisation. Présent au sein de conventions diverses, il n'est, du reste, pas isolé. La mise en évidence d'autres types d'objectifs économiques construits sur ce même modèle permet ainsi une conceptualisation de la notion. La réalité de l'objectif économique du contrat laisse alors présager de sa possible réception par le Droit. Sa reconnaissance demeure toutefois subordonnée à sa disponibilité, d'une part et à son utilité, d'autre part. Distinct sans pour autant être autonome des conditions de validité que sont la cause et l'objet, l'objectif économique ne saurait davantage s'identifier à l'économie de la convention. Apte à siéger aux côtés de ces notions, l'objectif offre, en outre, de nouvelles perspectives. Indissociable de la notion d'intérêt commun économique, il en constitue le révélateur, justifiant ainsi que tous les contrats marqués par sa présence soient reconnus comme étant d'intérêt commun. Fondement d'une ouverture du domaine de l'intérêt commun, l'objectif permet encore d'étendre le bénéfice du droit à une indemnité compensatrice et de reconnaître l'existence implicite des obligations d'adaptation et de renégociation hors la sphère du mandat d'intérêt commun. La notion aurait donc sa place en Droit positif. / The analysis of the case law relating to the flexibility in contract suggests the general theory of the economic goal of the contract. This theory comes from the identification of a first objective: the common exploitation of a clientele. Since the common nature of exploitation conveys the existence of identical objectives for the parties, this economic goal becomes the objective of the contract, legal mean of its fulfillment. This goal can be found in many agreements and is not isolated. The presentation of other types of economic goals built on the same pattern allows a conceptualization of the notion. The existence of the economic goal of the contract suggests its possible receipt by the Law. However its recognition is conditioned both by its transferability and utility. The economic goal must be distinguished from the validity conditions such as consideration and subject matter, although it is not independent from these conditions. This goal is also different from the economy of the convention. Besides these notions, the economic goal offers new perspectives. Profoundly linked to the notion of common economic interest, it appears as its revealing and justifies that each contract should be qualified as a common interest contract. The economic goal is the ground for the opening of the scope of common interest and enables to extend the benefit of a right to a pecuniary relief and to acknowledge the implicit existence of obligations to adapt and renegotiate, apart from the common interest mandate. This notion should thus find its place in positive law.

L'émergence d'une politique européenne de l'énergie a pu être constatée dès les origines de la construction européenne, notamment par la création des Communautés européennes. Pour autant, les difficultés rencontrées par les deux Communautés sectorielles ont conduit l'Union européenne à tenter de conduire son action dans le cadre du Traité instituant la Communauté européenne qui était exempt de toute disposition concernant le secteur énergétique. Toutefois, de nombreux éléments permettent d'attester du renouvellement de la politique européenne de l'énergie depuis ces dernières années, confirmant l'importance que revêt ce secteur stratégique, à l'instar de la notion qui lui sert de fondement : la sécurité énergétique. La notion de sécurité énergétique est singulière, car chaque Etat tend, au travers de sa politique nationale, à garantir la sécurité des approvisionnements énergétiques, ce à quoi ne déroge pas l'action européenne énergétique qui a aussi cette finalité. Cependant, la sécurité énergétique ne se traduit pas uniquement par cet objectif. Elle revêt différentes significations qui en font une notion bien plus complexe que ne pourrait le laisser penser en apparence son rôle au sein de la politique européenne de l'énergie. En tant que fondement de l'action européenne dans le secteur de l'énergie, la sécurité énergétique a permis de l'inscrire dans un mouvement d'impulsion qui a été à l'origine du déploiement d'initiatives européennes dépassant le simple cadre dessiné par l'article 194 du TFUE, et qui a enfin doté l'Union européenne d'une compétence explicite dans ce domaine. Au-delà de sa fonction qui se traduit par l'objectif de garantie de l'approvisionnement énergétique au sein de l'Union européenne, la sécurité énergétique favorise ainsi le développement d'une action européenne renforcée dont elle est la finalité, tout en étant, en tant que fondement, à l'initiative d'actions subsidiaires dans le domaine de l'énergie. / The emergence of a European energy policy has been observed from the beginning of European integration, particularly by the creation of the European Communities. However, the difficulties encountered by both sectorial Communities have led the European Union to attempt to drive its action under the Treaty establishing the European Community, in which none of its articles was concerning the energy sector. However, many elements can attest of the renewal of the European energy policy in recent years, confirming that energy is a strategic sector, as is its funding principle: the energy security. The concept of energy security is unique because each state is, through its national policy, ensuring the security of its energy supplies. In this domain, local notional policies meet with the European Union energy policy purpose. However, energy security cannot be defined only as an objective. It has different understandings which are much more complex than could suggest its function in the European energy policy concept. As the basis for European Union action in the energy sector, energy security has created the momentum that enabled the development of European initiatives beyond the simple framework outlined by Article 194 TFEU, which finally allowed the primary law to provide an explicit European competence in this area. Beyond its function to ensure energy supply in the European Union, energy security enforces its final goal - the development of a stronger European action – and provides the foundation for European subsidiary actions.

La franchise repose sur l’exploitation par le franchisé d’une clientèle attachée à la marque du franchiseur. L’intérêt commun des deux parties dans l’exploitation d’une clientèle justifie les obligations réciproques qui leurs incombent : le franchisé mobilise des moyens financier et humain, tandis que le franchiseur apporte des actifs immatériels. La réalisation d’une œuvre commune justifie également la collaboration et la confiance mutuelle des parties pendant l’exécution du contrat de franchise. On constate toutefois que les parties au contrat de franchise, au-delà de leur intérêt commun, ont chacune des intérêts particuliers. Il n’est dès lors pas étonnant que chacune d’elles cherche à obtenir le plus grand avantage à son seul profit moyennant le plus faible sacrifice.L’approche comparative du rapport d’intérêts entre le franchiseur et le franchisé, sous l’angle du droit français et du droit vietnamien, est riche d’enseignements. Elle permet de comprendre le régime juridique réservé à la franchise dans deux systèmes juridiques qui, malgré leur différence, possèdent de nombreux points communs. / Franchising is based on the exploitation by a franchisee of a clientele associated with the franchisor’s trademark. The common interest of both parties in operating a class of customers justifies their mutual obligations: the franchisee mobilizes financial and human resources while the franchisor brings intangible assets. The implementation of a common work also justifies collaboration and mutual trust among the parties during the carrying out of the agreement.Beside their common interest, each of the franchisor and the franchisees has proper interests. Therefore, it is not astonishing to find that every party tries to obtain the best advantage at the lowest cost.The comparative approach of the relationship between the franchisor and franchised in light of their respective interests, under French Law and Vietnamese Law, is enriching. It enables to go thoroughly into the legal aspects of franchising under two legal systems which, in spite of their difference, have many common points.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-03-06T16:52:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juheina Lacerda Ribeiro Viana - 2016.pdf: 16286800 bytes, checksum: 0ec739bc889b941abe66103292067f23 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-07T10:37:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juheina Lacerda Ribeiro Viana - 2016.pdf: 16286800 bytes, checksum: 0ec739bc889b941abe66103292067f23 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-07T10:37:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juheina Lacerda Ribeiro Viana - 2016.pdf: 16286800 bytes, checksum: 0ec739bc889b941abe66103292067f23 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-18 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / A questão metropolitana no Brasil ganhou destaque nos estudos de geografia urbana nas últimas décadas. Temáticas como mobilidade intrametropolitana, habitação e saneamento básico são alguns temas constantemente debatidos. É muito comum iniciar esse tipo de análise pela centralização e polarização de equipamentos e recursos do núcleo metropolitano em detrimento às dinâmicas socioespaciais que ocorrem nos municípios periféricos. A Região Metropolitana de Goiânia não foge à característica centralizadora e polarizadora dos núcleos metropolitanos brasileiros. Esse perfil de organização socioespacial reverbera em outras tendências, como valorização do solo urbano de suas áreas centrais, insuficiência de estoques de áreas rurais para fins de parcelamento, ou de construção de habitações populares. Essa dinâmica não reflete impactos apenas em Goiânia, uma vez que, inicialmente, os municípios limítrofes recebem a função de saldar as demandas habitacionais do núcleo metropolitano, potencializando assim, o surgimento de novas demandas relacionadas à infraestrutura e serviços. No município de Trindade esse processo ganhou evidência a partir da década de 1970, com o início da conurbação da área leste municipal (Trindade II), com a área oeste de Goiânia, exemplo da implantação dos setores Maysa, Setor dos Bandeirantes e de muitos outros setores na década de 1990, a exemplo do Jardim Ipanena, Setor Renata Park e Conjunto Dona Iris I. A GO 060 contribui para o crescimento dessa área conurbada, uma vez que potencializava os deslocamentos cotidianos. No decorrer da pesquisa se observou uma dinâmica muito comum nesses setores: a negligência do poder público municipal diante das demandas da população. Alguns impasses identificados a partir de dados do censo do IBGE de 2010 na área conurbada são, na sua maioria, vinculados à falta de infraestrutura urbana, a exemplo de pavimentação asfáltica, escoamento pluvial, rede de água, dentre outros. Comparando com o núcleo original do município, percebe-se que o Trindade II é omitido pela gestão municipal. Essa afirmativa se confirma a partir da espacialização dos equipamentos de consumo coletivo e dos serviços. Enfim, nota-se claramente um processo de fragmentação sociopolítica do território, impulsionada, sobretudo, pela desintegração das funções públicas de interesse comum mencionadas na legislação metropolitana da RMG. Esse processo gera ainda na malha urbana conurbada à Goiânia (Trindade II) o que denominamos de “tecido urbano duplamente periférico”, uma vez que é negligenciado tanto pela gestão municipal de Trindade quanto de Goiânia, muito embora salde suas demandas por habitação. / A questão metropolitana no Brasil ganhou destaque nos estudos de geografia urbana nas últimas décadas. Temáticas como mobilidade intrametropolitana, habitação e saneamento básico são alguns temas constantemente debatidos. É muito comum iniciar esse tipo de análise pela centralização e polarização de equipamentos e recursos do núcleo metropolitano em detrimento às dinâmicas socioespaciais que ocorrem nos municípios periféricos. A Região Metropolitana de Goiânia não foge à característica centralizadora e polarizadora dos núcleos metropolitanos brasileiros. Esse perfil de organização socioespacial reverbera em outras tendências, como valorização do solo urbano de suas áreas centrais, insuficiência de estoques de áreas rurais para fins de parcelamento, ou de construção de habitações populares. Essa dinâmica não reflete impactos apenas em Goiânia, uma vez que, inicialmente, os municípios limítrofes recebem a função de saldar as demandas habitacionais do núcleo metropolitano, potencializando assim, o surgimento de novas demandas relacionadas à infraestrutura e serviços. No município de Trindade esse processo ganhou evidência a partir da década de 1970, com o início da conurbação da área leste municipal (Trindade II), com a área oeste de Goiânia, exemplo da implantação dos setores Maysa, Setor dos Bandeirantes e de muitos outros setores na década de 1990, a exemplo do Jardim Ipanena, Setor Renata Park e Conjunto Dona Iris I. A GO 060 contribui para o crescimento dessa área conurbada, uma vez que potencializava os deslocamentos cotidianos. No decorrer da pesquisa se observou uma dinâmica muito comum nesses setores: a negligência do poder público municipal diante das demandas da população. Alguns impasses identificados a partir de dados do censo do IBGE de 2010 na área conurbada são, na sua maioria, vinculados à falta de infraestrutura urbana, a exemplo de pavimentação asfáltica, escoamento pluvial, rede de água, dentre outros. Comparando com o núcleo original do município, percebe-se que o Trindade II é omitido pela gestão municipal. Essa afirmativa se confirma a partir da espacialização dos equipamentos de consumo coletivo e dos serviços. Enfim, nota-se claramente um processo de fragmentação sociopolítica do território, impulsionada, sobretudo, pela desintegração das funções públicas de interesse comum mencionadas na legislação metropolitana da RMG. Esse processo gera ainda na malha urbana conurbada à Goiânia (Trindade II) o que denominamos de “tecido urbano duplamente periférico”, uma vez que é negligenciado tanto pela gestão municipal de Trindade quanto de Goiânia, muito embora salde suas demandas por habitação.

Thesis (LLD (Private Law))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The objective of this study is to examine the significance of introducing and strengthening apartment ownership in China. The research aims to explore and scrutinize various apartment ownership options from selected jurisdictions in order to provide a framework for similar legislation in China. Hence, the research seeks to provide a legislative framework for a uniform condominium statute by closely examining the South African Sectional Titles Act and the American Uniform Common Interest Ownership Act. This comparative study will help to establish a uniform condominium statute suitable to the Chinese national character and compatible with the pace of the country’s economic development. The thesis is organized into seven chapters. The first chapter explains the research topic, theoretical basis of the thesis, and research methodology. Moreover, in this chapter the historical background and status quo of Chinese condominium institution are also illustrated. Following this introduction, Chapter Two explores the theoretical structure of condominium ownership. It depicts the legislative innovation arising from its sui generis features and explains the objects of condominium ownership on the basis of its unique definition. In Chapter Three, a wide spectrum of provisions is identified pertaining to the creation of condominium in China with reference to South African and American acts. Specifically, it observes the requirements for land intended for subdivision and the buildings that comprise a condominium project. It is highlighted that a condominium’s constitutive document is unregulated in China. Moreover, the characteristic Chinese land registration procedure is also presented. Chapter Four demonstrates the significance of the participation quota and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different participation quota calculating methods. Chapter Five emphasizes that inherent in the condominium living is the interdependence of interests among unit owners. Consequently, this chapter focuses on condominium owners’ use and enjoyment of their apartments and the common property. Chapter Six elaborates on condominium management. This chapter examines the management body, the general meeting, the executive council and the managing agent. It concludes that having a well-structured management body is essential since a condominium community cannot function efficiently without a management association to represent all of the owners and to handle day-to-day operations. The last chapter concludes that China needs to enact a uniform condominium to protect private interests within the condominium context.

Le franchisage est un contrat qui est rarement équilibré. Il en est ainsi à cause d'une relation où l'on trouve une partie, généralement le franchiseur, qui domine le rapport contractuel. Cette relation économique et juridique appelle la plus grande attention en raison des investissements massifs qui y sont engagés. On verra souvent le franchisé assujetti à de nombreuses contraintes économiques, techniques et juridiques pratiquement exagérées sinon injustifiées. Cette situation n'est surtout pas sans solution. Cette étude s'efforce de trouver des remèdes aux problèmes posés par ce jeu de domination en examinant le contrat ainsi que ses différentes composantes. La méthode suivie consiste à examiner tout d'abord le concept relatif à chaque élément pris dans ce cadre contractuel précis tout en remontant à la définition de la franchise ainsi qu’à son objet, tout cela à la lumière de la notion d'équilibre et dans un souci de restaurer une certaine égalité de principe satisfaisant aux exigences de la justice contractuelle.Des définitions, des critères, des solutions, ainsi que des modifications y sont proposés à cette fin. / Franchising is a contract that is not always balanced. This is due to a relationship where one can find a party, usually the franchisor, dominating the contractual bond. The economic and legal relationships call for much more attention due to the massive investments involved. One will often notice the franchisee being subject to many economic, technical and legal constraints that are practically exaggerated if not unjustified. This is certainly not without any solution. This study attempts to find remedies to the problems raised by this game of domination through examining the contract as well as its various components. The followed method consists of, primarily, the examination of the concept behind each element in this precise contractual framework, to then go back to the definition of franchising, as well as its object; all in light of the concept of equilibrium in order to restore some equality of principle in accordance with the requirements of contractual justice.Definitions, criteria, solutions, and amendments are proposed to serve this purpose.