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Changing trends in customer preference, competitors’ offerings, new technologies and development techniques may disrupt a firm from its current leading market position and may favor other firms that prioritize innovation. Once a market opportunity is identified (i.e., find an answer to the ‘what to do’ question), firms need to engage in a series of activities and information processing to determine an appropriate way to monetize that opportunity – that is, firms need to find an answer to the ‘how to do’ question. Alternately, a firm may first identify a technological opportunity (i.e. find an answer to the ‘how to do’) and then find a market opportunity (i.e. find an answer to the ‘what to do’ question) to make use of the technological opportunity. Two scales that measure the capabilities of firms to address the following two questions – ‘what to do’ and ‘how to do’ - were reported; these were labelled as market-scanning capability (MktScan) and technology-scanning capability (TechScan); and these two scales were also tested in a broader research model. In turbulent environments, marketing and R&D become more challenging, since they face an uncertain future. Firms need to learn systemic scanning and decoding of apparently random changes in their business environment and imagine a pattern that makes sense. One cannot plan for uncertainty. A better strategy is to be prepared for it. One way to prepare is to develop the capabilities that would help the firm to become more adaptive. Drucker (1992) also argued that instead of planning for the long term that is uncertain, firms needed to become adaptive to tackle uncertainty. The ability of a firm to adapt to the changes depends on its ability to sense the nature of the changes in its business environment and respond to those. Sense-and-respond framework (Haeckel 1999; Haeckel 2000; Day and Schoemaker 2006) was proposed to emphasize the identification of weak signals (Ansoff 1975) to tackle increased uncertainty in business environment. In current days, effectiveness of firm’s activities often depends on the richness of its sources of information and its capability to process the collected information to identify the patterns of change happening in its business environments. Information processing may happen in two dimensions: in market dimension and in technology dimension. Firms’ capabilities for information collecting and processing in these two dimensions were measured using two firm-level constructs. These are market-scanning capability and technology-scanning capability. Resource-based theory helped to understand how firms use their tangible and intangible resources to compete in the market. Specific problem-solving aspects of the processes, activities, and cultural norms enable firms to make decisions about engaging the available resources and capabilities in ways that maximize customer value, by realizing the identified opportunities into product and service offerings. This research identified the characteristic strength of this problem-solving approach of firms – collecting information both internally and externally about possible market opportunities and technological options, organization-wide processing of that information, and taking actions to respond using insights gained – as two latent constructs called ‘market-scanning capability’ and ‘technology-scanning capability’. The concepts of ‘market-scanning capability’ and ‘technology-scanning capability’ were first defined and then, scales were developed to enable researchers and managers to measure these firm-level constructs. Next, the predictive roles of these capabilities on firm performance were examined. Empirical analysis for scale development and validation of the research model were performed with data collected through a web-based survey of Canadian manufacturing firms. Firm performance was captured in two stages – first, by product innovation performance, and second, by overall firm performance. Product innovation performance was used as an intermediate performance measure to examine the direct influence on it of market-scanning capability and technology-scanning capability, and then, to relate product innovation performance to final business outcome measured using ‘overall firm performance’ scale. The study validated the notion of resource-based theory by supporting the belief that higher levels of market-scanning capability and technology-scanning capability would lead to improved product innovation performance. The role of environmental turbulence was also examined for its possible moderating effect. Two measures of environmental turbulence, namely, technology and market turbulence were used to test the moderation effect. The technology turbulence construct was found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between technology-scanning capability and product innovation performance, indicating that firms needed to focus more attention on the changes in the technology landscape when turbulence in the technological field was perceived to be higher, in order to keep the same level of product innovation performance. Insight gained from the study contributed to a knowledge-base that might be useful to both practitioners and researchers. The combination of TechScan and MktScan scales could be used as a benchmark tool by managers to assess firms’ readiness to take advantage of the opportunities that existed. On the theoretical side, the study contributed to the understanding by showing that both market-scanning capability and technology-scanning capability had direct and indirect influences on firm performance. Also, it was found that the indirect influence of a certain scanning capability became important when firms were pre-disposed to emphasize the other scanning capability.

Zur Charakterisierung der Mikrostruktur wurde die Geometrie des Verbundes aus REM-Aufnahmen ausgewertet, sowie die Verbundwirkung einzelner Filamente aus Filament-Pull-Out-Versuchen abgeleitet. Die gewonnenen Parameter bilden die Grundlage für die Modellierung von Garnauszugs- und Rissüberbrückungsmodellen. Unabhängig davon wurde ein Filament-Matrix-Verbund-Gesetz simuliert. Die Übereinstimmungen zwischen der Simulation und der experimentellen Untersuchung des Ausziehverhaltens werden in dem Artikel diskutiert. / The microstructure is characterized by analysing the bond geometrically and experimentally. The data to evaluate these two ways are from SEMimages and filament-pull-out-tests. Based on these data yarn-pull-out-models and crack-bridging-models are calculated. In addition a filament-matrix-bond-law is simulated independently. The correlation between the simulation and the experimental analysis of the pull-out behaviour is discussed in this paper.

O uso de Internet para a distribuição de fluxos de vídeo tem se mostrado uma tendência atual e traz consigo grandes desafios. O alicerce sobre qual a Internet está fundamentada, comutação por pacotes e arquitetura cliente-servidor, não proporciona as melhores condições para este tipo de serviço. A arquitetura P2P (peer-to-peer) vem sendo considerada como infraestrutura para a distribuição de fluxos de vídeo na Internet. A idéia básica da distribuição de vídeo com o suporte de P2P é a de que os vários nós integrantes da rede sobreposta distribuem e encaminham pedaços de vídeo de forma cooperativa, dividindo as tarefas, e colocando à disposição da rede seus recursos locais. Dentro deste contexto, é importante investigar o que ocorre com a qualidade do serviço de distribuição de vídeo quando a infraestrutura provida pelas redes P2P é contaminada por nós que não estejam dispostos a cooperar, já que a base desta arquitetura é a cooperação. Neste trabalho, inicialmente é feito um estudo para verificar o quanto a presença de nós não-cooperativos pode afetar a qualidade da aplicação de distribuição de fluxo de vídeo em uma rede P2P. Com base nos resultados obtidos, é proposto um mecanismo de incentivo à cooperação para que seja garantida uma boa qualidade de vídeo aos nós cooperativos e alguma punição aos nós não-cooperativos. Os testes e avaliações foram realizados utilizando-se o simulador PeerSim. / Using the Internet for video stream is becoming a trend, but it brings many challenges. The foundation upon which the Internet is based, packet switching and client-server architecture, is not suitable for this type of service. P2P (peer to peer) architecture is being considered as an infrastructure for video streams on the Internet. The basic idea is that the several members of the overlay network cooperate in the task of distributing and fowarding video chunks, making available their local resources to the network. Within this context, it is important to investigate what happens to the quality of service of the video distribution when the infrastructure provided by the P2P network is contaminated with free-riding nodes, which are not willing to cooperate, since the basis of this architecture is cooperation. In this work, study is initially carried out to check how the presence of uncooperative nodes can affect the quality of the distribution application of video streaming on a P2P network. Based on these results, a mechanism is proposed to encourage cooperation in order to be guaranteed a video with good quality to the cooperative nodes and some punishment for those uncooperative. The tests and evaluations were performed using the PeerSim simulator.

O uso de Internet para a distribuição de fluxos de vídeo tem se mostrado uma tendência atual e traz consigo grandes desafios. O alicerce sobre qual a Internet está fundamentada, comutação por pacotes e arquitetura cliente-servidor, não proporciona as melhores condições para este tipo de serviço. A arquitetura P2P (peer-to-peer) vem sendo considerada como infraestrutura para a distribuição de fluxos de vídeo na Internet. A idéia básica da distribuição de vídeo com o suporte de P2P é a de que os vários nós integrantes da rede sobreposta distribuem e encaminham pedaços de vídeo de forma cooperativa, dividindo as tarefas, e colocando à disposição da rede seus recursos locais. Dentro deste contexto, é importante investigar o que ocorre com a qualidade do serviço de distribuição de vídeo quando a infraestrutura provida pelas redes P2P é contaminada por nós que não estejam dispostos a cooperar, já que a base desta arquitetura é a cooperação. Neste trabalho, inicialmente é feito um estudo para verificar o quanto a presença de nós não-cooperativos pode afetar a qualidade da aplicação de distribuição de fluxo de vídeo em uma rede P2P. Com base nos resultados obtidos, é proposto um mecanismo de incentivo à cooperação para que seja garantida uma boa qualidade de vídeo aos nós cooperativos e alguma punição aos nós não-cooperativos. Os testes e avaliações foram realizados utilizando-se o simulador PeerSim. / Using the Internet for video stream is becoming a trend, but it brings many challenges. The foundation upon which the Internet is based, packet switching and client-server architecture, is not suitable for this type of service. P2P (peer to peer) architecture is being considered as an infrastructure for video streams on the Internet. The basic idea is that the several members of the overlay network cooperate in the task of distributing and fowarding video chunks, making available their local resources to the network. Within this context, it is important to investigate what happens to the quality of service of the video distribution when the infrastructure provided by the P2P network is contaminated with free-riding nodes, which are not willing to cooperate, since the basis of this architecture is cooperation. In this work, study is initially carried out to check how the presence of uncooperative nodes can affect the quality of the distribution application of video streaming on a P2P network. Based on these results, a mechanism is proposed to encourage cooperation in order to be guaranteed a video with good quality to the cooperative nodes and some punishment for those uncooperative. The tests and evaluations were performed using the PeerSim simulator.

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-26T18:10:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2752063 bytes, checksum: 886fc73f7f66099f1e033937798f6b7e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-26T18:10:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2752063 bytes, checksum: 886fc73f7f66099f1e033937798f6b7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / This paper presents a block diagram modeling of a grid-independent photovoltaic power generation system, including the steps of DC regulation, voltage inversion, and control system based on dynamic simulations in Simulink / Matlab® exclusively using the built-in blocks available in its library. A well-known technique in literature called MPPT (maximum power point tracking) was used for tracking the maximum power of the photovoltaic generation. However, the control that was used to maintain a constant output voltage of the Push-Pull is based on a method that is similar to the MPPT, which configures a novelty of this research. The integration of modeling the entire PV system with these control systems is carried out in Simulink for investigaton and production of simulation results. An experimental platform that includes an emulator of photovoltaic panels, a 1 kW Push-Pull converter, a three-phase inverter with three arms and a hydraulic load constituided by a motor-pump was built in the laboratory. The experimental results corroborate the methodology that was used. / Este trabalho apresenta uma modelagem em diagramação de blocos de um sistema de geração de energia fotovoltaico isolado, incluindo as etapas de regulação CC, inversão de tensão e sistema de controle com base em simulações dinâmicas no ambiente Simulink/Matlab® utilizando, exclusivamente, os blocos built-in disponíveis em sua biblioteca. Uma técnica bem conhecida na literatura foi utilizada para o rastreio da máxima potência da geração fotovoltaica. No entanto, o controle utilizado para manter a tensão de saída constante do Push-Pull é baseado num método similar ao do rastreio da máxima potência, o que configura uma novidade deste trabalho. A integração da modelagem de todo o sistema fotovoltaico com estes sistemas de controle é realizada no ambiente Simulink para averiguação e produção dos resultados de simulação. Uma plataforma experimental que inclui um emulador de painéis fotovoltaicos, um Push-Pull de 1 kW de potência, um inversor trifásico de três braços e uma carga hidráulica constituída por um motobomba foi construída em laboratório. Os resultados experimentais corroboram a metodologia utilizada.

Les processus microbiens ont une importance déterminante dans la dynamique des processus réactifs dans les eaux souterraines. La compréhension de la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de ces phénomènes, et le développement de méthodes expérimentales de terrain, ouvrent de nouveaux champs de recherches et d'applications allant de la remédiation des aquifères contaminés à la compréhension des grands cycles biogéochimiques naturels. Dans le premier volet de cette thèse nous présentons des observations de terrain permettant de comprendre le rôle des fractures sur la formation d'un ''hotspot'' d'activité microbienne en profondeur. Du fait de leur forte réactivité, ces ''hotspots'' peuvent dominer la dynamique biogéochimique des milieux souterrains, malgré leur faible extension spatiale. Nous avons ainsi analyser les conditions de formation d'un tapis microbien par des bactéries ferro-oxydantes à 60 mètres de profondeur sur l'observatoire de Ploemeur (réseau H+) alors que ces phénomènes ont été observé jusqu'à présent en surface. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que des circulations hétérogènes, liées à la structure des milieux fracturés, créent des zones mélanges entre des eaux riches en fer et des eaux oxygénées, à l'origine de ce hotspot microbien. Le deuxième volet de ce travail de thèse a été consacré au développement d'une méthode innovante pour la mesure en continu de l'activité microbienne dans les eaux souterraines. La méthode est basée sur l'utilisation de la Fluoréscéine DiAcétate (FDA) dont le produit de réaction peut être mesuré en continu par un fluorimètre de terrain. Après avoir testé et validé les protocoles sur des solutions enzymatiques et des eaux naturelles en laboratoire, nous avons mis en œuvre cette technique sur le terrain au cours d'expériences de traçages réactifs. Un modèle cinétique nous a permis d'approcher les résultats obtenus en laboratoire, et de comparer nos résultats de terrain aux calibrations effectuées in vitro. Cette méthode ouvre ainsi de nouvelles perspectives pour la caractérisation des processus biogéochimiques sur le terrain. / Microbial processes play a key role in controlling biogeochemical reactivity in groundwater. The understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of these phenomena and the development of novel experimental field methods, has opened new fields of research and applications, ranging from groundwater remediation to understanding of global biochemical cycles. In the first part of this thesis, we present field observations providing new insights on the role of fractures in the formation of a hotspot of microbial activity. Because of their large reactivity, these hotspots can dominate the biogeochemical dynamics of subsurface systems, despite their small spatial extent. We have thus analyzed the conditions for the formation of a microbial mat composed of iron-oxidizing bacteria at 60 meters depth in the Ploemeur fractured rock observatory (H+ network) while these phenomena are usually observed at the surface. These results show that heterogeneous flowpaths, linked to the structure of fractured media, create mixing zones between iron rich water and oxygen rich water, at the origin of the microbial hotspot. The second part of this work was devoted to the development of a novel method for a continuous measurement of microbial activity in groundwater. The method is based on the use of Fluorescein DiAcetate (FDA) whose product of reaction can be measured continuously by a field fluorimeter. After testing and validating protocols in the lab on enzymatic solutions and natural water, we have implemented this technic in the field in reactive tracer test experiments. A kinetic model allowed us to interpret the lab results, and to compare them to the field kinetics. This method thus opens new perspectives for the characterization of biogeochemical processes in the field.

Au sein des écosystèmes, les Composés Organiques Volatils (COVs) émis par les plantes jouent un rôle majeur dans les interactions trophiques. Ces signaux olfactifs vont renseigner les insectes phytophages sur la présence de leurs hôtes mais permettent aussi de recruter les ennemis naturels. Il a été montré que certains de ces composés pouvaient être utilisés pour manipuler le comportement des insectes phytophages s’attaquant aux cultures. La stratégie push-pull, vise à combiner des stimuli positifs et négatifs pour un insecte ravageur afin de le repousser d’une culture tout en l’attirant sur une plante piège implantée en périphérie du champ où il pourra être contrôlé. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’améliorer notre compréhension et nos connaissances sur la manipulation de la communication chimique entre les plantes et les insectes phytophages à l’aide de COVs de synthèse et de préférence d’hôte afin de mettre en place sur le terrain une stratégie de type push-pull pour protéger une culture de la mouche du chou (Delia radicum). Dans un premier chapitre, nous montrons que dans un système push-pull composé (i) de diffuseur de diméthyldisulfure DMDS (composante push) et (ii) d’une bordure de choux chinois supplémenté avec de l’acétate d’hexenyl (Z-3-HAC) (composante pull), il est possible de modifier fortement le comportement d’oviposition de D. radicum sans impacter de façon négative ses principaux ennemis naturels. Les limites agronomiques et d’utilisation du DMDS atteintes, nous avons recherché d’autres COVs ayant un effet répulsif. Lors d’une seconde expérimentation en push-pull, l’eucalyptol (1-8 cinéol) à permis de réduire le nombre de pupes de D. radicum retrouvées aux pieds des plants de brocoli de 60%. Suite à ce résultat encourageant, nous avons qualifié au laboratoire l’effet inhibiteur de ce monoterpène sur l’oviposition de la mouche du chou et en avons conclu qu’il permet de masquer le bouquet de COVs attractif d’un hôte. L’efficacité de la composante push étant fortement liée à la diffusion des COVs, nous avons ensuite testé au laboratoire et sur le terrain un nouveau type de diffuseur à base de cires végétales, permettant d’émettre l’eucalyptol de manière passive mais régulière pendant plusieurs semaines. L’étude réalisée montre le fort potentiel du diffuseur qui est à la fois bon marché, facile d’utilisation et fiable en terme de diffusion, permettant ainsi d’envisager son utilisation dans des stratégies de lutte intégrée à grande échelle. Parallèlement à l’étude de la composante push, nous avons cherché à améliorer l’efficacité de la composante pull. Le chou chinois (Brassica rapa) permet grâce à sa forte attractivité de capter et détourner la pression de phytophagie de la culture d’intérêt. Nous montrons qu’au sein de sa grande diversité, certaines variétés comme Richi (appartenant à la sous espèce pekinensis) sont préférentiellement attaqué par la mouche du chou, ce qui en fait de bons candidats au développement d’une composante pull efficace. A la lumière de la bibliographie et de nos résultats, nous proposons une réflexion générale sur le système étudié. Ainsi, nous concluons que, au moins dans le cas de la mouche du chou, les COVs ne peuvent probablement pas être les seuls outils considérés dans le développement d’une stratégie push-pull. / Within ecosystems, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants play a major role in trophic interactions. These olfactive signals will inform phytophagous insects about the presence of their hosts, but they also allow to recruit their natural enemies. It has been shown that some of these compounds could be used to manipulate the behaviour of insect crop pests. The push-pull strategy aims at combining positive and negative stimuli to push a pest out of a crop and lure it into a trap crop located in the periphery of the field, where it can be controlled. The objective of this thesis is to improve our understanding and our knowledge on the manipulation of chemical communication between plants and phytophagous insects, using synthetic VOCs and host preference as tools, to protect a crop against the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum). In a first chapter, we show that in a push-pull made of (i) DMDS dispensers as a push component and (ii) chinese cabbage strips supplemented with hexényl acetate (Z-3-HAC) as a pull component, it is possible to strongly reduce oviposition behaviour in D. radicum without impacting its natural enemies. Agronomic limits to the use of DMDS led us to search for other repulsive VOCs. In a second push-pull field experiment, using eucalyptol (1-8 cinéol), reduced by 60% the number of D. radicum pupae produced in the crop. This encouraging result led us to characterize the inhibition effect of this monoterpene in the lab and concluded that it allows to mask the attractive blend of VOCs released by the host. The efficiency of the push component being strongly linked to that of the VOC diffusion, we have then tested both in the laboratory and in the field a new kind of dispenser made of vegetal waxes, allowing to diffuse eucalyptol passively but regularly during several weeks. This study shows the good potential of this device, which is affordable, easy to use and reliable in terms of diffusion, in integrated pest management strategies at a large scale. In parallel of our studies on the push component, we have also sought to increase the efficiency of the pull component. Thanks to its strong attractivity toward D. radicum, Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa), allows to divert pest pressure from the cash crop. We show that within its important genetic diversity, some cultivars such as Richi (of the pekinensis subspecies) are preferentially attacked by D. radicum, which makes them good candidates to develop an efficient pull component. Using both the literature and our own results, we finally propose a general discussion on the system studied. We conclude that, at least in the case of the cabbage root fly, VOCs are probably not the sole tools to consider when trying to develop a push-pull strategy.

Der Gründung von neuen Unternehmen wird seit einigen Jahren sowohl von Wissenschaftlern als auch von Politikern eine wachsende Aufmerksamkeit zuteil. So sind diese überzeugt, dass die Gründungsaktivität einen positiven Beitrag für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung eines Landes leistet. Schon aus dieser Überzeugung heraus werden in Deutschland Gründungen mit unterschiedlichsten Unterstützungsleistungen gefördert. Einerseits werden z. B. mittels Gründungszuschuss und Einstiegsgeld Gründungen aus Arbeitslosigkeit unterstützt mit dem hauptsächlichen Ziel, die Arbeitslosigkeit der betreffenden Person zu beenden oder zu vermeiden (vgl. Sozialgesetzbuch Drittes Buch - Arbeitsförderung - § 57 und Sozialgesetzbuch Zweites Buch - Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende - § 29). Andererseits fördert der Staat beispielsweise mittels der EXIST-Programme innovative Gründungen bzw. Gründungen aus Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen, von denen auch erwartet wird, dass sie in größerem Umfang Arbeitsplätze schaffen, Effizienz sicherstellen, den Strukturwandel beschleunigen, für mehr Vielfalt am Markt sorgen und nicht zuletzt den Wettbewerb steigern und damit das Wachstum einer Volkswirtschaft vorantreiben. Sicherlich sind aber von den meisten Gründungen keine „Wachstumswunder“ zu erwarten, vor allem nicht von Gründungen aus Arbeitslosigkeit. Ein Großteil der Gründer sichert mit der Selbstständigkeit nur das jeweils eigene Einkommen. Viele Gründungen bleiben klein, schaffen keine oder kaum Arbeitsplätze und tragen nur in äußerst geringem Maße zum Wachstum einer Volkswirtschaft bei. Ein erstes Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Gründungen aus Beschäftigung und Gründungen aus Arbeitslosigkeit miteinander zu vergleichen, denn beide Gründungsalternativen müssten sich im Hinblick auf ihre Motivation und ihren Erfolg deutlich voneinander unterscheiden. Nur sehr wenige Studien zum Gründungsgeschehen differenzieren nach dem der Selbstständigkeit vorangegangenen Erwerbs- bzw. Nichterwerbsstatus, obwohl bereits zu diesem Zeitpunkt Unterschiede im Entscheidungsverhalten zwischen arbeitslosen und beschäftigten Personen vorliegen. Während, rein monetär betrachtet, Beschäftigte nur zwischen ihrem jetzigen Einkommen und dem zukünftig erwarteten Einkommen aus der Selbstständigkeit entscheiden müssen, besteht für Arbeitslose die Wahl zwischen Einkommen aus einer möglichen abhängigen Beschäftigung, Einkommen aus einer eventuellen Selbstständigkeit oder weiterer Arbeitslosigkeit. Bezüglich des Erfolges sind Gründungen aus Beschäftigung vermutlich stärker darauf ausgelegt, zu wachsen und Arbeitsmöglichkeiten für andere Personen zu schaffen als Gründungen aus Arbeitslosigkeit, bei denen die Existenzsicherung des Gründers vorrangig sein dürfte. Ein weiteres, zweites Ziel der Arbeit besteht darin die bisherige empirische Evidenz zum Gründungsgeschehen zu erweitern, zu validieren bzw. zu verifizieren, indem Modelle der räumlichen Ökonometrie zur Analyse des regionalen Gründungsgeschehens genutzt werden. Ein solcher Schritt fehlt in bereits vorhandenen Studien ganz oder die Einbeziehung räumlicher Effekte erfolgt nur indirekt und unvollständig, was die erzielten Ergebnisse verzerren kann. Allein durch die Beobachtung und Kommunikation mit anderen Gründern im näheren Umfeld oder durch Netzwerke und Cluster dürften regionale Effekte entstehen, die das eigene Gründungsvorhaben beeinflussen. Um diese beiden Ziele zu verfolgen, gliedert sich die Arbeit in vier einzeln für sich lesbare Kapitel, für die in den nachfolgenden Abschnitten die jeweils detaillierten Forschungsschwerpunkte beschrieben sind. Die Analysen zur Gründungsaktivität aus Beschäftigung und aus Arbeitslosigkeit umfassen dabei vor allem die regionale Ebene (Kapitel 2 und Kapitel 3) berücksichtigen aber auch die individuelle Dimension (Kapitel 5). Während in den ersten beiden Kapiteln der Gründungszeitpunkt interessiert, widmen sich die beiden anschließenden Kapitel den direkten Beschäftigungswirkungen, d. h. der Entwicklung der Beschäftigung in der Gründung selbst bzw. dem Erfolg, der von Gründungen allgemein (Kapitel 4) und speziell von Gründungen aus Arbeitslosigkeit zu erwarten ist (Kapitel 5).

Zur Charakterisierung der Mikrostruktur wurde die Geometrie des Verbundes aus REM-Aufnahmen ausgewertet, sowie die Verbundwirkung einzelner Filamente aus Filament-Pull-Out-Versuchen abgeleitet. Die gewonnenen Parameter bilden die Grundlage für die Modellierung von Garnauszugs- und Rissüberbrückungsmodellen. Unabhängig davon wurde ein Filament-Matrix-Verbund-Gesetz simuliert. Die Übereinstimmungen zwischen der Simulation und der experimentellen Untersuchung des Ausziehverhaltens werden in dem Artikel diskutiert. / The microstructure is characterized by analysing the bond geometrically and experimentally. The data to evaluate these two ways are from SEMimages and filament-pull-out-tests. Based on these data yarn-pull-out-models and crack-bridging-models are calculated. In addition a filament-matrix-bond-law is simulated independently. The correlation between the simulation and the experimental analysis of the pull-out behaviour is discussed in this paper.