The Coles Hill uranium deposit in Pittsylvania County, VA, is the largest un-mined uranium deposit in the United States. The deposit is located in the Virginia Piedmont in a geologic unit located immediately west of the Chatham Fault, which separates the granitic rocks of the Virginia Piedmont to the west from the metasediments of the Danville Triassic basin to the east. Groundwater at the site flows through a complex interconnected network of fractures controlled by the geology and structural history of the site. In this study groundwater is characterized in a small study area just south of the main deposit. Methods used in this investigation include electrical resistivity profiling, bore hole logging, a pumping test, and age dating and water chemistry. In this thesis groundwater flow is confirmed to occur from the Piedmont crystalline rocks across the Chatham Fault and into the Triassic basin at the study area as evidenced by pumping test data and static water-level data from observation wells. Well logs have identified fractures capable of transmitting water in the granitic rocks of the Piedmont, the Triassic basin metasediments and the Chatham Fault but the largest quantities of flow appear to occur in the Triassic basin. A definable recharge area for the groundwater present at Coles Hill can not yet be determined due to the complexity of the fracture system, but age dating confirms that groundwater is composed of both young and old (>60 years) components, indicating that at least a portion of groundwater at Coles Hill originates from a more distant area. / Master of Science

Traditional analysis of aquifer tests uses the observed hydrograph at one well caused by pumping at another well for estimating transmissivity and storage coefficient of an aquifer. The analysis relies on Theis' or Jacob's approximate solution, which assumes aquifer homogeneity. Aquifers are inherently heterogeneous at different scales. If the observation well taps into a low permeability zone while the pumping well is located in a high permeable zone, the resulting situation contradicts the homogeneity assumption embedded in the traditional analysis. As a result, a practical but important question we ask: What do we derive from the traditional analysis? Using numerical experiments in synthetic aquifers, we answer this question. Results of the experiments indicate that the effective transmissivity, Teff , and storage coefficient, Seff , values vary with time, as well as the principal directions of the transmissivity, but both values approach their geometric means of the aquifer at large times. Analysis of the estimated transmissivity (T) and storage coefficient (S ) using well hydrographs from a single observation well shows that at early times, both the estimated T and S values vary with time. At late times, both estimates approach local averages near the observation well. The T value approaches but does not equal Teff , representing an average value over a broad area in the vicinity of the observation well while the S value converges to the value dominated by the storage coefficient near the observation wells (i.e., its average area is much smaller than that of the t value).

<p>Over an extended period of time there have been plans to establish a shared facility in Lennheden to extract groundwater from the Badelunda esker to provide drinking water for the cities of Borlänge and Falun. The city of Falun is dissatisfied with the quality of its drinking water and the city of Borlänge is concerned about the risk of contamination of its existing groundwater supply at its current location. To provide a basis for a decision on this issue, the company Midvatten AB has been commissioned to perform hydrogeological investigations in the area of Lennheden.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to design a functional groundwater model of the area between Lennheden, place of planned extraction, and Övre Tjärna, place of existing extraction, to get a better understanding of the groundwater situation in the area. A groundwater model enables simulations of different scenarios in risk assessment and contaminant transport. The aim of the thesis is that the model can be used as an aid in Midvatten’s investigations in Lennheden and that it also can be used in future projects in the area.</p><p>The model has been made in Processing Modflow 5.3 and encompasses an area of 19,5 × 11 km along the Badelunda esker and the river Dalälven between Djurmo and Frostbrunnsdalen. The model has 6 layers and a cell resolution of 50 × 50 meters and 50 × 100 meters. The physical parameters of the model are comprised from different hydrological and geological investigations in the area.</p><p>The Badelunda esker and the river Dalälven totally dominate the groundwater situation in the area. A large part of the work in the thesis has been focused on the calibration of the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the esker and the vertical hydraulic conductivity in the riverbed of Dalälven. The calibration of the model implies a vertical hydraulic conductivity of 0,01 – 0,1 md-1 in the riverbed of Dalälven, depending on the riverbed thickness.</p><p>Between Bäsna and Övre Tjärna, simulated and observed groundwater levels correspond well. The transport time of the water in the esker, simulated in PMPATH, also corresponds well with estimated transport times. The model can be used for simpler studies of contaminant transport.</p><p>Simulation of the pumping test in Lennheden gives a good correspondence eastward in the esker from Lennheden to Övre Tjärna. Westward in the esker, from Lennheden to Bäsna, the draw down is sharper than observed. Possible reasons for the sharper draw down is an underestimation of the bulk of the esker and that the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed is set too low between Lennheden and Bäsna.</p><p>In order to improve the model, the most important step should be to thoroughly investigate the river Dalälven with regards to vertical hydraulic conductivity in the riverbed and riverbed thickness.</p> / <p>Under en längre tid har det funnits planer på att upprätta en ny, gemensam vattentäkt för Borlänge och Falu kommun i Badelundaåsen i Lennheden nordväst om Borlänge stad. Falu kommun är missnöjd med vattenkvaliteten i sin ytvattentäkt och Borlänge är oroad över riskerna med att ha sin nuvarande vattentäkt i Badelundaåsen lokaliserad i nära anslutning till riksväg 70 och järnvägen. Beslut i frågan ska tas under 2006 och Midvatten AB har fått i uppdrag att genomföra geohydrologiska undersökningar i och runt Lennheden som underlag till beslutet.</p><p>Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att skapa en fungerande grundvattenmodell för området mellan Lennheden, plats för planerat vattenuttag, och Övre Tjärna, plats för befintligt vattenuttag, för att få en större förståelse för grundvattenmagasinet. En grundvattenmodell möjliggör simulering av olika scenarion så som föroreningstransport i grundvattnet och bestämning av skyddsområden. Målet är att modellen ska kunna användas som ett komplement i Midvattens undersökningar och även användas i framtida projekt i området.</p><p>Modellen är gjord i Processing Modflow 5.3 och omfattar ett 19,5 × 11 km stort område längs Badelundaåsen och Dalälven mellan Djurmo och Frostbrunnsdalen. Modellen består av 6 lager där cellernas upplösning är 50 × 50 meter och 50 × 100 meter. De fysiska parametrar som modellen är uppbyggd av är sammanställda från olika hydrologiska och geologiska undersökningar som har utförts i området de senaste 30 åren.</p><p>Badelundaåsen och Dalälven är de två komponenter som totalt dominerar grundvattensituationen i området. En stor del av arbetet har fokuserats på kalibreringen av den horisontella hydrauliska konduktiviteten i åsen och den vertikala hydrauliska konduktiviteten i Dalälvens botten. I modellen är den vertikala hydrauliska konduktiviteten i Dalälvens botten kalibrerad till intervallet 0,01 – 0,1 md-1 beroende på bottnens mäktighet.</p><p>På sträckan mellan Bäsna och Övre Tjärna så fungerar modellen bra. Simulerade och observerade grundvattennivåer stämmer väl överens. Även vattnets transporttider i åsen, simulerade i PMPATH, stämmer väl överens med uppskattade transporttider. Modellen kan användas för enklare studier av ämnestransport.</p><p>Vid simulering av provpumpningen i Lennheden så är överensstämmelsen god österut i åsen, från Lennheden till Övre Tjärna. Västerut i åsen, från Lennheden till Bäsna, är avsänkningen av grundvattennivån för kraftig. Möjliga orsaker till den för kraftiga avsänkningen är att åsens utbredning är underskattad och att Dalälvens botten har en för lågt ansatt vertikal hydraulisk konduktivitet längs sträckan Lennheden – Bäsna.</p><p>Den klart viktigaste åtgärden för att förbättra modellen skulle vara att grundligt undersöka Dalälven, särskilt längs sträckan Djurmo – Båtsta, med avseende på dess bottens vertikala hydrauliska konduktivitet och mäktighet.</p>

The S shaped log log drawdown time curve typical of pumping tests in unconfined aquifers is reinvestigated via numerical experiments. We examine the temporal and spatial evolution of the rate of change in storage in an unconfined aquifer during pumping. This evolution is related to the transition of water release mechanisms from the expansion of water and compaction of the porous medium to the drainage of water from the unsaturated zone above the initial water table and initially saturated pores as the water table falls during the pumping of the aquifer. We conclude that the transition of the water release mechanisms and vertical flow are the cause of the S shaped drawdown time. Cross-correlation analysis is then employed to examine the relationship between hydraulic properties of an unconfined aquifer and pressure observations. The analysis reveals that head observed in the saturated zone at late times along a streamline is positively correlated with the conductivity (K(s)) of the region upstream of the observation location, and negatively correlated with the K(s) of the region downstream of the observation location along the same streamline. Besides, head observations in the saturated zone at the early time are positively correlated with specific storage (S(s)) in a narrow region between the observation and pumping locations. At intermediate and late times, the head positively correlates with the heterogeneity of α (pore-size distribution parameter) in a thin disk-shaped unsaturated region above the pumping and observation locations. Saturated water content θ(s) in the vadose zone directly above the pumping and monitoring locations is found positively correlated with the head observations during the intermediate times and late times.In the end, a stochastic inverse estimation is conducted to jointly interpret a sequential pumping test in a three dimensional unconfined aquifer. K(s), S(s), θ(s) and α are estimated at the same time. The estimated results capture the pattern of the heterogeneous parameters as well as the details with a smooth distribution. The estimated heterogeneous parameter fields produce better head predictions than the traditional homogeneous method.

名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類:工学博士(課程) 学位授与年月日:昭和56年3月25日

Analytical solutions for aquifer response to pumping are commonly used to infer the hydraulic properties of aquifers. This dissertation develops new analytical solutions for the analysis of pumping test data from confined and unconfined aquifer.An analytical solution for flow to a partially penetrating well of infinitesimally small radius in a compressible unconfined aquifer is developed that allows inferring its saturated and unsaturated hydraulic properties from drawdowns recorded in the saturated and/or the unsaturated zone. The effects of unsaturated zoneconstitutive parameters and thickness on drawdowns in the saturated and unsaturated zones as functions of position and time is investigated; the solution is validated against numerical simulations of drawdown in a synthetic aquifer having unsaturated properties described by the van Genuchten (1980) - Mualem (1976)constitutive model; used to analyze drawdown data from a pumping test conducted by the US Geological Survey at Cape Cod,Massachusetts; and corresponding estimates of van Genuchten - Mualem parameters are compared with laboratoryvalues obtained for similar materials in the area.Drawdowns generated by extracting water from a large diameter (e.g. water supply) well are affected by wellbore storage. An analytical solution in Laplace transformed space for drawdown in a uniformanisotropic confined aquifer caused by withdrawing water at a constant rate from a partially penetrating well with storage is developed. When the pumping well is fully penetrating the solution reduces to that of Papadopulos and Cooper (1967); to that of Hantush (1964) when the pumping well has no wellbore storage; to the solution of Theis (1935) when both conditions are fulfilled; and to that of Yang et al. (2006) when the pumping well is partially penetrating, having finite radius but lacking storage. The solutionis validated against synthetic pumping test data and used to explore graphically the effects of partial penetration, wellbore storage and anisotropy on time evolutions of drawdown in the pumping well and in observation wells.The analytical solution for unconfined aquifers is extended to the case of a finite diameter pumping well with storage. The extended analytical solution is used to investigate the effects of storage in the pumping well and delayed piezometer response on drawdowns in the saturated and unsaturated zones as functions of position and time. The solution is validated against numerical simulations of drawdown in a synthetic aquifer having unsaturated properties described by the van Genuchten (1980) - Mualem (1976) model. It is then used to analyze a seven-day pumping test conducted by University of Waterloo researchers at the Canadian Forces Base Borden in Ontario, Canada; and to compare our results with those ofMoench (2008).

SILVEIRA, Renata Nayara Câmara Miranda. Aquífero Aluvionar como suporte à irrigação na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Curu, Ceará. 2014. 89 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em engenharia agrícola)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2014. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T17:45:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rncmsilveira.pdf: 2062403 bytes, checksum: 6ac238b50b9e5c8904fdf72748241c4f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-06-30T23:50:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rncmsilveira.pdf: 2062403 bytes, checksum: 6ac238b50b9e5c8904fdf72748241c4f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-30T23:50:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rncmsilveira.pdf: 2062403 bytes, checksum: 6ac238b50b9e5c8904fdf72748241c4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / This research aimed to study the support capacity of shallow tubular wells as a source of water to irrigation in the current conditions of water scarcity in the Curu Irrigated Perimeter - Pentecost, located on the Curu river watershed. After registering the wells, it was done pumping tests in 14 wells, and physicochemical analysis of water, static levels and the elaboration of a groundwater flow network. It was done 14 aquifer tests to obtain the hydrodynamic parameters of saturated soil (hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and effective porosity).We adopted the method of "auger hole" to obtain the hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil. It was also used the scaled three-step method for the production of 11 wells. Through georeferencing tools to register the water wells and the survey of the water table, we plotted up the data in the flow network map using the Surfer 8.0 software, which allows us to trace the equipotential lines and flow lines. The results led us to the following conclusions: The high variability in flow rates in shallow wells, represented by the high variation coefficient is inherent to the variability characteristics of the alluvial soils layers. The average flow in the studied wells provides support for irrigation of all "agricultural plots" assessed on a daily journey of 12 hours work; Despite the high correlations between flow and hydrodynamic properties of the soil, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity, the flow estimation through these variables, although salutary because of the savings cost and time to perform the pumping tests, it is not recommended for current conditions of this research, considering the possibility of high relative errors values for some hydraulic conductivity ranges and transmissivity; The time reduction in water distribution flow to the main channels and thus the return flow to Curu river through drains and groundwater discharge are primarily responsible for shaping the equipotential curves generated from the water table. The water quality coming from the shallow wells has no physical and/or chemical limitations for irrigation to the major farming in the Curu Irrigated Perimeter - Pentecost, especially considering the irrigation water system to be practiced, microprinkler, and efficiencies provided, with little significance as aquifer recharge source. / A pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a capacidade de suporte de poços rasos tubulares como fonte de água para irrigação para as condições atuais de escassez hídrica no Perímetro Irrigado Curu – Pentecoste, inserido na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Curu. Após o cadastro dos poços realizaram-se testes de bombeamento em 14 poços, além de análises fisico-químicas da água, levantamento de níveis estáticos e elaboração de uma rede de fluxo do lençol freático. Realizou-se 14 testes do aquífero para obtenção dos parâmetros hidrodinâmicos do solo saturado (condutividade hidráulica, transmissividade e porosidade efetiva). Adotou-se o método de “auger hole” para obtenção da condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado. Utilizou-se ainda o método escalonado com três etapas para o teste de produção em 11 poços. Através do georreferenciamento dos poços cadastrados e do levantamento dos níveis estáticos, plotou-se o mapa da rede de fluxo utilizando o programa Surfer 8.0, que permitiu traçar as linhas equipotenciais e as linhas de fluxo. Os resultados permitiram as seguintes conclusões: A elevada variabilidade nos valores de vazão dos poços rasos, traduzida pelo elevado coeficiente de variação é inerente às características de variabilidade das camadas constituintes dos solos aluviais. A vazão média relativa aos poços avaliados proporciona suporte para irrigação de todos os “lotes agrícolas” avaliados com uma jornada diária de trabalho de 12 horas; Apesar das elevadas correlações entre vazão e os atributos hidrodinâmicos do solo condutividade hidráulica e transmissividade, a estimativa de vazão através destas variáveis, embora salutar em razão da redução de custos e tempo para a realização dos testes de bombeamento, não é recomendável para as condições da presente pesquisa, tendo em vista a possibilidade de elevados valores de erros relativos para algumas faixas de condutividade hidráulica e de transmissividade; A redução temporal das vazões de distribuição de água para os canais principais e, portanto, das vazões de retorno para o Rio Curu através dos drenos e da descarga subterrânea são os principais responsáveis pela conformação das curvas equipotenciais geradas a partir dos níveis freáticos. A qualidade da água oriunda dos poços rasos não apresenta limitações de ordem física e/ou química para fins de irrigação dos principais cultivos no Perímetro Irrigado Curu Pentecoste, sobretudo considerando o sistema de aplicação da água de irrigação a ser praticado, microaspersão, e as eficiências previstas, com pouca significação como fonte de recarga do aquífero.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This research aimed to study the support capacity of shallow tubular wells as a source of water to irrigation in the current conditions of water scarcity in the Curu Irrigated Perimeter - Pentecost, located on the Curu river watershed. After registering the wells, it was done pumping tests in 14 wells, and physicochemical analysis of water, static levels and the elaboration of a groundwater flow network. It was done 14 aquifer tests to obtain the hydrodynamic parameters of saturated soil (hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and effective porosity).We adopted the method of "auger hole" to obtain the hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil. It was also used the scaled three-step method for the production of 11 wells. Through georeferencing tools to register the water wells and the survey of the water table, we plotted up the data in the flow network map using the Surfer 8.0 software, which allows us to trace the equipotential lines and flow lines. The results led us to the following conclusions: The high variability in flow rates in shallow wells, represented by the high variation coefficient is inherent to the variability characteristics of the alluvial soils layers. The average flow in the studied wells provides support for irrigation of all "agricultural plots" assessed on a daily journey of 12 hours work; Despite the high correlations between flow and hydrodynamic properties of the soil, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity, the flow estimation through these variables, although salutary because of the savings cost and time to perform the pumping tests, it is not recommended for current conditions of this research, considering the possibility of high relative errors values for some hydraulic conductivity ranges and transmissivity; The time reduction in water distribution flow to the main channels and thus the return flow to Curu river through drains and groundwater discharge are primarily responsible for shaping the equipotential curves generated from the water table. The water quality coming from the shallow wells has no physical and/or chemical limitations for irrigation to the major farming in the Curu Irrigated Perimeter - Pentecost, especially considering the irrigation water system to be practiced, microprinkler, and efficiencies provided, with little significance as aquifer recharge source. / A pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a capacidade de suporte de poÃos rasos tubulares como fonte de Ãgua para irrigaÃÃo para as condiÃÃes atuais de escassez hÃdrica no PerÃmetro Irrigado Curu â Pentecoste, inserido na Bacia HidrogrÃfica do Rio Curu. ApÃs o cadastro dos poÃos realizaram-se testes de bombeamento em 14 poÃos, alÃm de anÃlises fisico-quÃmicas da Ãgua, levantamento de nÃveis estÃticos e elaboraÃÃo de uma rede de fluxo do lenÃol freÃtico. Realizou-se 14 testes do aquÃfero para obtenÃÃo dos parÃmetros hidrodinÃmicos do solo saturado (condutividade hidrÃulica, transmissividade e porosidade efetiva). Adotou-se o mÃtodo de âauger holeâ para obtenÃÃo da condutividade hidrÃulica do solo saturado. Utilizou-se ainda o mÃtodo escalonado com trÃs etapas para o teste de produÃÃo em 11 poÃos. AtravÃs do georreferenciamento dos poÃos cadastrados e do levantamento dos nÃveis estÃticos, plotou-se o mapa da rede de fluxo utilizando o programa Surfer 8.0, que permitiu traÃar as linhas equipotenciais e as linhas de fluxo. Os resultados permitiram as seguintes conclusÃes: A elevada variabilidade nos valores de vazÃo dos poÃos rasos, traduzida pelo elevado coeficiente de variaÃÃo à inerente Ãs caracterÃsticas de variabilidade das camadas constituintes dos solos aluviais. A vazÃo mÃdia relativa aos poÃos avaliados proporciona suporte para irrigaÃÃo de todos os âlotes agrÃcolasâ avaliados com uma jornada diÃria de trabalho de 12 horas; Apesar das elevadas correlaÃÃes entre vazÃo e os atributos hidrodinÃmicos do solo condutividade hidrÃulica e transmissividade, a estimativa de vazÃo atravÃs destas variÃveis, embora salutar em razÃo da reduÃÃo de custos e tempo para a realizaÃÃo dos testes de bombeamento, nÃo à recomendÃvel para as condiÃÃes da presente pesquisa, tendo em vista a possibilidade de elevados valores de erros relativos para algumas faixas de condutividade hidrÃulica e de transmissividade; A reduÃÃo temporal das vazÃes de distribuiÃÃo de Ãgua para os canais principais e, portanto, das vazÃes de retorno para o Rio Curu atravÃs dos drenos e da descarga subterrÃnea sÃo os principais responsÃveis pela conformaÃÃo das curvas equipotenciais geradas a partir dos nÃveis freÃticos. A qualidade da Ãgua oriunda dos poÃos rasos nÃo apresenta limitaÃÃes de ordem fÃsica e/ou quÃmica para fins de irrigaÃÃo dos principais cultivos no PerÃmetro Irrigado Curu Pentecoste, sobretudo considerando o sistema de aplicaÃÃo da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo a ser praticado, microaspersÃo, e as eficiÃncias previstas, com pouca significaÃÃo como fonte de recarga do aquÃfero.

No description available.

The Karoo has been receiving considerable attention since the early 1970’s when uranium mining was at its peak, with numerous research studies being instigated to look at all aspects of uranium mining. It has recently been observed that there seems to be resurgence in uranium exploration in and around the town of Beaufort West. A study on the transport mechanisms of uranium and thorium in fractured-rock aquifers, initiated in the hope of understanding the actual processes controlling radionuclide mobilisation, is reported here. Hydrochemical investigations of the various boreholes were sampled for water quality in June, 2009. The hydrochemical description is typical of shallow fresh groundwater, changing composition to a more sulphate hydrochemical facies along the flow path. While the geochemistry of groundwater in the study area seems to have minimal effects on uranium concentrations, the low levels of uranium in boreholes sampled suggest the importance of hydrological and lithological variability on the measured concentrations. Nevertheless, the uranium concentration is within the recommended levels as specified in the US-EPA, WHO and SA water quality guidelines and thus poses no immediate threat to the general public. Analysis of pumping and tracer tests, reveals that the fractured-rock aquifer can be highly transmissive and that transport can take place via multiple flow paths having different hydraulic properties. Tracer diffusing into stagnant water zones within fracture asperities and the rock matrix are seen as an important retardation mechanism, that has implications for remediation should the aquifer be contaminated by radionuclides. In terms of conceptualising flow at a local scale, aperture sizes ranging from (563-828ìm) along with high flow velocities (1.90E-03m/s), points to the importance of bedding-plane fractures as conduits of groundwater flow. The groundwater flow has been influenced by dolerite dykes creating compartments isolated from each other, suggesting a highly complex aquifer system. Based on the conceptual model, it is shown that these structures can create unique, site specific flow conditions. The integration of all available data into the conceptual model provides an effective research tool that can be built upon as a basis for further research. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Geology / unrestricted