Salvage of pyrimidine nucleosides and bases by S. griseus and the regulation of aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) were studied. The velocity-substrate curve for S. griseus ATCase was hyperbolic for both aspartate and carbamoylphosphate. The enzyme activity was diminished in the presence of ATP, CTP, or UTP. The synthesis of ATCase was repressed in cells grown in the presence of exogenous uracil. The specific activity of cells grown with uracil was 43 percent of that for cells grown in minimal medium only. Maximal ATCase and dihydroorotase activities were found in the same column fraction after size-exclusion chromatography, suggesting that both activities could reside in the same polypeptide. The pyrimidine salvage enzymes cytosine deaminase and uridine phosphorylase were identified in S. griseus using HPLC reversed-phase chromatography.

Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) of Streptomyces was characterized and its interaction with other pyrimidine enzymes explored.

The enzyme that catalyzes the committed step in pyrimidine biosynthesis, aspartate transcarbamoylase, has been compared in selected endospore-forming organisms and in morphologically similar control organisms. The ATCases and pyrimidine salvage from Sporosarcina ureae, Sporolactobacillus inulinus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Micrococcus luteus were compared to those of Bacillus subtilis. While the ATCases from Sporosarcina ureae, Sporolactobacillus inulinus, and L. fermentum were found to exhibit characteristics to that of Bacillus with respect to molecular weight and kinetics, M. luteus ATCase was larger at approximately 480 kDa. Furthermore, pyrimidine salvage in Sporosarcina ureae and M. luteus was identical to those of B. subtilis, while pyrimidine salvage of Sporolactobacillus inulinus and L. fermentum resembled that of the pseudomonads.

La lumière solaire constitue le principal facteur de risque des cancers de peau non mélanocytaires (NMSC). L'effet génotoxique de la lumière solaire est dû aux dommages dans l'ADN induits par les rayonnements ultraviolets (UV). Les rayons UVB longs (290-315 nm) sont les principaux responsables de l'initiation et de la promotion des NMSC qui prennent naissance dans les kératinocytes épidermiques. En effet, l’absorption directe des photons d’UVB par l’ADN conduit à la génération de deux principaux types de dommages, les dimères cyclobutyliques de pyrimidines (CPD) et les photoproduits de pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone (6-4PP). Les CPD sont les plus abondants et sont hautement mutagènes. Ils sont responsables des mutations de transitions C → T au niveau des sites dipyrimidiniques, les mutations signatures observées dans les cancers de peau. Les cellules possèdent différents mécanismes pour éviter la conversion des CPD en mutations, à savoir, l’arrêt du cycle cellulaire, la réparation des dommages dans l'ADN par le système de réparation par excision de nucléotides (NER) et la mort cellulaire par apoptose. L’importance de la NER dans la prévention des cancers de peau est bien démontrée par le fait qu’une déficience en protéines de la NER, comme chez les patients atteints de Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP), entraîne une incidence jusqu’à 2000 fois plus élevée de cancers de peau. De nombreux facteurs influencent la NER et une meilleure compréhension de ces derniers pourrait conduire au développement de nouvelles stratégies de prévention contre les cancers de peau. La peau est un assemblage complexe de cellules et de matrice dans lequel la communication entre les composants épidermiques et dermiques est essentielle pour de nombreux mécanismes cutanés. En utilisant des peaux reconstruites dérivées uniquement de fibroblastes et de kératinocytes primaires humains, nous avons analysé l’impact des composants dermiques sur l’efficacité de réparation des CPD épidermiques. Nous avons montré que l’élimination des CPD dans les kératinocytes est positivement influencée par la présence d'un derme et nous avons déterminé que cet effet du derme sur les kératinocytes proviendrait de molécules sécrétées. En étudiant le sécrétome, nous avons découvert que la cytokine CXCL5 (ou ENA78 - Epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78) possède un patron d'expression unique : elle est pratiquement absente du milieu de culture des peaux reconstruites, comparativement au milieu de culture de fibroblastes et de kératinocytes seuls. En modulant les niveaux de CXCL5 dans les milieux de culture de kératinocytes, nous avons montré que CXCL5 était un inhibiteur de la réparation des CPD. Cette première étude décrit l'impact des molécules sécrétées par le derme sur la réparation iii des CPD épidermiques et met en lumière un nouveau rôle de CXCL5 dans la réparation des dommages induits par les rayons UV. L’environnement immédiat des kératinocytes n’est pas le seul facteur qui peut influencer la réparation des CPD, le régime d’irradiation a également un impact sur cette efficacité d’élimination des lésions. Jusqu’à présent, l'efficacité de la NER a été largement étudiée après une seule exposition aiguë aux rayons UV. Cependant, l'utilisation d’une irradiation unique n'est pas représentative de l'exposition solaire humaine, qui est plutôt constituée d’une multitude d'irradiations répétées. Dans ce travail, nous avons donc exposé des cellules épidermiques à un régime d’irradiation chronique composé de faibles doses d’UVB (CLUV) afin de déterminer l’impact de cette irradiation sur la réparation NER. Nous avons montré que le traitement CLUV entraîne l’accumulation de CPD résiduels, qui ne sont pas réparés mais plutôt tolérés et dilués lors de la réplication de l’ADN. Nous avons également constaté que le prétraitement CLUV réduisait la capacité d'élimination des nouveaux dommages sans induire de sensibilité accrue à la mort cellulaire. Enfin, en utilisant nos données expérimentales, nous avons élaboré un modèle théorique pour prédire l’induction, la dilution et la réparation des CPD épidermiques lors d’une irradiation chronique aux rayons UVB. Nos résultats montrant que les kératinocytes accumulent des dommages dans l'ADN après des irradiations chroniques, constituent un facteur important à prendre en compte, car l'accumulation de CPD non réparés pourrait entraîner une augmentation des mutations dans les kératinocytes. Dans l’ensemble, ces travaux soulignent l’importance d’utiliser des modèles plus complexes, visant une meilleure représentation physiologique, pour mieux comprendre les réponses de la peau à l’exposition solaire. / Skin exposure to solar light is the main risk factor for non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). The genotoxic effect of sunlight is attributed to DNA damage induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiations. Long UVB wavelengths (290-315 nm) are the main responsible for NMSC initiation and promotion that occur in epidermal keratinocytes. Indeed, the direct absorption of UVB photons by DNA leads to the generation of the two main types of UV-induced DNA damage, i.e. cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and (6-4) pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PP). CPD are the most abundant and are highly mutagenic. They are responsible for the C → T transition mutations at dipyrimidine sites, the signature mutation found in sun-related skin cancers. Skin cells use different mechanisms to avoid the conversion of UVB-induced CPD into skin cancer driver mutations, i.e. cell cycle arrest, DNA damage removal by nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway and cell death by apoptosis. The importance of NER for skin cancer prevention is well demonstrated by the fact that a deficiency in NER proteins, such as in Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) patients, leads to an increase of up to 2,000-fold in skin cancer occurrence. Many factors influence NER and a better understanding of those factors might lead to new prevention strategies against skin cancer. Skin is a complex assembly of cells and matrix in which a crosstalk between epidermal and dermal components is essential for many cutaneous mechanisms. Using self-assembled tissue-engineered skin equivalents derived from human primary fibroblasts and keratinocytes, we have analyzed the impact of dermal components on epidermal CPD repair efficiency. We showed that CPD repair in keratinocytes is positively influenced by the presence of the dermis and we brought evidence that this dermal effect comes from secreted molecules. We then investigated the secretome and found that the cytokine CXCL5 (also known as ENA78 - Epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78) has a unique expression pattern, i.e. is virtually absent in the culture medium of reconstructed skin, when compared to the media from fibroblasts and keratinocytes alone. By modulating CXCL5 levels in keratinocytes culture medium, we have shown that CXCL5 is an inhibitor of CPD repair. This work outlines the impact of the secreted dermal components on epidermal UV-induced DNA damage repair and shed light on a novel role of CXCL5 in CPD repair. The immediate environment of the keratinocytes is not the only factor that can influence the CPD repair, the irradiation protocol also has an impact on this damage removal. Until now, v NER efficiency has been extensively studied after a single acute UVB exposure. However, the use of single UVB irradiation is not representative of the human solar exposure, which is rather a multitude of repeated irradiations than a single acute one. In this work, we thus exposed keratinocytes to a chronic low-dose of UVB (CLUV) protocol to determine the impact of this irradiation procedure on CPD removal. We showed that the CLUV treatment leads to the accumulation of residuals CPD. Those residual CPD are not repaired but rather tolerated and diluted through DNA replication. We also found that a CLUV pre-treatment reduces CPD removal rate of newly generated damage without inducing a higher sensitivity to UV-induced cell death. Finally, using our experimental data, we derived a theoretical model to predict CPD induction, dilution and repair that occur in keratinocytes when chronically irradiated with UVB. These results showing that keratinocytes accumulate DNA damage after chronic irradiations is an important factor to consider since the accumulation of unrepaired CPD might lead to an increase of skin cancer driver mutations formation. Taking together, this work outlines the importance of more relevant and physiological models to study the skin response to solar exposure.

Les molécules organométalliques présentant d’intéressantes propriétés, notamment en optique non linéaire (ONL), en luminescence et en photovoltaïque, trouvent leur utilité dans la préparation de nouveaux matériaux pour des applications dans les domaines de l’optoélectronique, de la photonique et des cellules solaires à colorant photosensible (DSSC). Ce manuscrit de thèse présente la synthèse et les résultats des propriétés ONL du second ordre de nouveaux complexes dissymétriques push-pull de motif D–π–M–π–A et basés sur les diacétylures de platine (II), les diacétylures de ruthénium (II) et les dérivés du ferrocène. Ces complexes sont constitués de ligands du méthylènepyrane en tant que groupes électrodonneurs pro-aromatiques (D) et de ligands formaldéhyde, indane-1,3-dione, pyrazine, pyrimidine ou iodure de pyrimidinium en tant que groupes électroattracteurs (A), ces deux groupes étant séparés par le centre métallique et différents espaceurs π-conjugués. La réponse en optique non linéaire (ONL) du second ordre des complexes a été mesurée à l’aide de la méthode EFISH (Electric-Field-Induced Second Harmonic) et a été comparée à celle de leurs analogues tout organiques. Tous les complexes ont donné des valeurs µβ de la réponse ONL, fortement augmentées par la méthylation de la pyrimidine. En utilisant les mêmes types de groupes électrodonneurs et électroattracteurs, les plus fortes réponses ONL ont été obtenues avec les complexes de ruthénium. Pour l’un d’entre-eux, une valeur µβ0 particulièrement élevée de 6000.10-48 esu a pu être mesurée. / Organometallic molecular systems exhibiting interesting properties, such as non-linear optical (NLO) responses, luminescence and energy photoconversion, are of great interest in the preparation of novel materials with potential applications in opto-electronics, photonics and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). This manuscript highlights the synthesis, characterization and the second-order NLO properties of new asymmetrical D–π–M–π–A push–pull dialkynyl ruthenium- and platinum-based as well as dialkenyl ferrocene-based complexes. All complexes incorporate pyranylidene ligands as pro-aromatic donor groups (D) and formaldehyde, indane-1,3-dione pyrazine, pyrimidine or pyrimidinium iodide as electron-withdrawing groups (A) separated by the metal fragment and various π-linkers. The second order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of all complexes were measured by the electric-field-induced second harmonic generation (EFISH) technique and compared to those of their purely organic analogs. All complexes exhibited µβ values, which dramatically increased upon methylation of the pyrimidine group. With the same donor–acceptor group combination, the strongest NLO response was obtained with the ruthenium complexes, which exhibited a remarkably high µβ0 value of 6000.10-48 esu.

The origin of the first RNA polymers is central to most current theories regarding the origin of life. However, difficulties associated with the prebiotic formation of RNA have lead many researchers to conclude that simpler polymers, or proto-RNAs, preceded RNA. These earlier polymers would have been replaced by RNA over the course of evolution. A remaining difficulty for this theory is that the de novo synthesis of a feasible proto-RNA has not yet been demonstrated by plausible prebiotic reactions. This thesis focuses on two problems associated with prebiotic proto-RNA synthesis: The formation of nucleosides and the necessity of reversible backbone linkages for error correction in nucleic acid polymers. "The Nucleoside Problem", or the lack of success in forming pyrimidine nucleosides by plausible prebiotic reactions, represents a significant stumbling block to the RNA world hypothesis. Nearly four decades ago Orgel and coworkers demonstrated that the purine nucleosides adenosine and inosine are synthesized by heating and drying their respective bases and ribose in the presence of magnesium, but these reaction conditions do not yield the pyrimidine nucleosides uridine or cytidine from their respective bases. In this thesis a potential solution to The Nucleoside Problem is hypothesized based upon a proposed chemical mechanism for nucleoside formation. This hypothesis is supported by the successful synthesis of 2-pyrimidinone nucleosides by a plausible prebiotic reaction in good yield, demonstrating that pyrimidine nucleosides could have been available in the prebiotic chemical inventory, but that uridine and cytidine were likely not abundant. Reversible backbone linkages are necessary to provide a mechanism for error correction in non-enzymatic template-directed syntheses of proto-RNAs. In this thesis, acetals are explored as low-energy, reversible linkage groups for nucleosides in polymers. The synthesis of glyoxylate-acetal nucleic acids (gaNAs) through simple heating-drying reactions from neutral aqueous solutions is demonstrated, and these linkages are shown to be hydrolytically stable under a considerable range of solution conditions. Computational models demonstrate that the glyoxylate linkage is an excellent electronic and isosteric replacement for phosphate. Molecular dynamics simulations also indicate that a gaNA duplex would have structural properties that closely match a phosphate-linked RNA helix, suggesting the possibility for cross-pairing between gaNAs and RNAs, allowing for sequence transfer and genetic continuity through the evolution from proto-RNAs to RNA. The principles illustrated in this thesis by 2-pyrimidinone nucleoside and gaNA synthesis can be extended to other prebiotic condensation reactions. Factors affecting condensation yield, such as thermodynamics, kinetics, reactant solubility, and salt effects, are summarized herein.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative rod, aerobic, non-fermenting, oxidase positive, pigment producing, and nutritionally versatile bacterium. Infections by P. aeruginosa are the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, given virulence factor production that suppresses antibiotic therapy and promotes persistent infection. This research is the first comprehensive report of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway for all phases of growth in minimal and rich media coupled with the evaluation of virulence factor production of P. aeruginosa in comparison to four other bacterial species (Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Burkholderia cepacia, and Escherichia coli wild-type strains). Cellular growth and passing genetic information to the next generation depend on the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, the precursors of DNA and RNA. The pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway is essential and found in most organisms, with the exception of a few parasites that depend upon the pyrimidine salvage pathway for growth. Both the pyrimidine biosynthetic and salvage enzymes are targets for chemotherapeutic agents. In our laboratory, research on pyrimidine auxotrophic mutants showed the role of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway and its intermediates on P. aeruginosa metabolism and impaired virulence factors production. The present research shows that pyrimidine enzymes are active in all phases of growth, including the production of two forms of ATCase in the late log phase in P. aeruginosa. This finding may be explained by the displacement of the inactive PyrC' by the active PyrC or PyrC2 to form a new and larger pyrBC encoded ATCase. Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild-type appears to produce by far the most virulence factors, haemolysin, iron chelation, rhamnolipid, adherence, and three types of motility (swimming, swarming, and twitching) investigated in this study, when compared to the other four wild-type strains. Growth analysis was carried out as typically done in minimal medium but also in rich medium to simulate conditions in the blood and lung tissues of humans as P. aeruginosa infections develop.

Thesis (PhD (Genetics))--Stellenbosch University, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The current understanding of the regulation of carbohydrate accumulation is still under investigation despite the tremendous work done in this subject. Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides have been implicated in many biochemical processes in plants. Amongst others, they are building blocks for nucleic acid synthesis, an energy source, precursors for the synthesis of primary products such as sucrose, polysaccharides, phospholipids, as well as secondary products. With the aim of placing adenine and uridine nucleotides in the context of sucrose and starch metabolism and carbon partitioning in higher plant, we have investigated the transcripts, enzymes and metabolites in carbohydrate metabolism and both de novo and salvage of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides in both sugarcane and tobacco tissues. For that purpose, adenylate kinase (ADK) and UMP synthase were chosen for silencing and over expression as they are rate limiting steps of de novo adenine and uridine nucleotides biosynthesis, respectively. Sugarcane with repressed ADK activity showed significant increase in both the starch and adenylate pools. Increase in starch content was highly correlated with reduced ADK activity. As a result of decreased ADK activity, the salvage pathway was up regulated via the increased activity of both adenosine kinase (AK) and adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRTase) which positively correlated with increase in adenine nucleotide contents. In addition hexose phosphates and ADP glucose, the committed substrate for starch biosynthesis positively correlated with changes in starch content. A high ratio of ATP/ADP was observed in all transgenic lines compared with the untransformed wild type and suggested to favour starch synthesis. Over expression of cytosolic ADK in tobacco demonstrated an expression of the enzyme where 2/3 of the total activity was in the direction of ADP production. As a result of over expression of ADK, starch content increased in all transgenic plants and positively correlated with changes in the activity of ADK. Despite changes in adenine nucleotide content, the salvage pathway was not activated and no significant changes in both AK and APRTase acivities were found between the transgenic and the untransformed plants. Sucrose synthase (SuSy) activity in breakdown direction positively correlated with changes in starch content suggesting a contribution in the starch accumulation in tobacco plants. In addition the ratio of ATP/ADP was low in all transgenic lines compared with the untransformed wild type. This was in line with the higher content in ADP compare to ATP in all transgenic lines and was supported by the over expression of ADK, and predominantly in the direction of ADP production. Repressed UMP synthase in transgenic sugarcane resulted in increases in sucrose, starch and uridinylate. UDP-glucose, hexose phosphates and uridinylate content positively correlated with changes in sucrose content. Transgenic lines had increased sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity and low activity in SuSy, which suggests alteration of carbon flux toward sucrose. As a result of decreased UMP synthase activity, an up regulation of the salvage pathway was observed and predominantly via increased activity of uridine kinase (UK) which positively correlated with changes in the uridinylate pool. In addition to repressed UMP synthase activity, starch content and adenine nucleotides increased in transgenic lines. Tobacco plants transformed with a cytosolic UMP synthase demonstrated an over expression of the enzyme in all transgenic lines. As a result of over expression of UMP synthase, key metabolites were up regulated, amongst them sucrose. Increase in sucrose content positively correlated with both hexoses and hexose phosphates but not the uridinylate pool. SPS activity positively correlated with increase in sucrose content, and accounted for most of the sucrose synthesized in transgenic lines. Despite the increase in the adenylate pool, no significant changes were observed in starch content. The depletion level of UDP-glucose in all transgenic lines was a mere reflection of the higher activity of UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) in the formation of glucose-1-phosphate. In addition, no salvage pathway was up regulated in transgenic lines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige beskikbare inligting in verband met die reguleering van koolhidraat akkumulasie word steeds ondersoek ten spyte van die groot hoeveelheid navorsing wat reeds in hierdie verband gedoen is. Purien en pirimidien nukleotide speel ‘n rol in baie biochemiese prosesse in plante. Onder andere is hulle boublokke vir nukleïensuur sintese, ‘n energie bron, voorlopers vir die sintese van primêre produkte soos byvoorbeeld sukrose, polisakkariede, fosfolipiede, asook sekondêre produkte. Met die vooruitsig om adenine- en uridiennukleotide in verband te plaas met sukrose en stysel metabolisme en koolstof afskorting in plante, ondersoek ons hier die transkripte, ensieme en metaboliete in koolhidraat metabolisme in beide de novo en berging van purien en pirimidien nukleotide in suikerriet asook tabak weefsel. Vir hierdie doel is adenilaatkinase (ADK) en UMP-sintase gekies vir uitskakeling en ooruitdrukking, juis omdat hulle tempo vermindering stappe van de novo adenine- en uridiennukleotide biosintese is. Suikerriet met onderdrukte ADK aktiwiteit wys betekenisvolle vermeerdering in beide die stysel en adenilaat poele. Verhoging in styselinhoud was hoogs gekorreleerd met verminderde ADK aktiwiteit. As gevolg van ‘n vermindering in ADK aktiwiteit, is die bergingspad opwaards gereguleer via die vermeerdering van beide adenosienkinase (AK) en adenien-fosforibosieltransferase (APRTase) aktiwiteit wat positief korreleer met die vermeerdering in adeniennukleotied-inhoud. Addisioneel word hexosefosfate en ADP-glukose, die toegewysde substraat vir stysel biosintese, positief gekorreleer met veranderinge in styselinhoud. ‘n Hoë verhouding van ATP/ADP was geobserveer in alle transgeniese lyne in vergelyking met die nie-getransformeerde wilde tipe en blyk stysel sintese te begunstig. Ooruitdrukking van sitologiese ADK in tabak demonstreer die uitdrukking van die ensiem waar 2/3 van die totale aktiwiteit in die rigting van ADP produksie was. As ‘n resultaat van ooruitdrukking van ADK, word stysel inhoud vermeerder in alle transgeniese plante en positief gekorreleer met die verandering in die aktiwiteit van ADK. Ten spyte van veranderinge in adeniennukleotide inhoud was die bergingspad nie geaktiveer nie en geen betekenisvolle veranderinge in beide AK en APRTase aktiwiteit was gevind tussen die transgeniese en nie-transgeniese plante nie. Sukrose sintese (SuSy) aktiwiteit tydens afbreking korreleer positief met die veranderinge in stysel inhoud en dui moontlik op ‘n bydrae in die stysel akkumulasie in tabak plante. Verder was die verhouding van ATP/ADP laag in alle transgeniese lyne in vergelyking met die nie-getransformeerde wilde tipe. Hierdie bevinding word ondersteun deur die hoër inhoud in ADP in vergelyking met ATP in alle transgeniese lyne en word verder ondersteun deur die ooruitdrukking van ADK, hoofsaaklik in die rigting van ADP produksie. Onderdrukte UMP-sintase in transgeniese suikerriet lei tot verhogings in sukrose, stysel en uridienilaat. UDP-glukose, hexose-fosfate en uridienilaat inhoud korreleer positief met die verandering in sukrose inhoud. Transgeniese lyne het verhoogde sukrose-fosfaatsintase (SPS) aktiwiteit en lae SuSy aktiwiteit wat dui op ‘n verandering in koolstof vloei in die rigting van sukrose. As gevolg van die afname in UMP-sintese aktiwiteit, word ‘n verhoogde reguleering van die bergingspad gesien, en dít hoofsaaklik via verhoogde aktiwiteit in uridienkinase (UK) wat positief korreleer met veranderinge in die uridienilaat poel. Addisioneel tot die onderdrukking van UMP-sintase was stysel inhoud en adenine- nucleotides in transgeniese lyne verhoog. Tabak plante wat getransformeer is met sitologiese UMP-sintase demonstreer verhoogde uitdrukking van die ensiem in al die transgeniese lyne. As ‘n resultaat van ooruitdrukking van UMP-sintase is sleutel metaboliete, onderandere sucrose, oorgereguleer. ‘n Verhoging in sukrose inhoud korreleer positief met beide hexose en hexose-fosfate maar nie met die uridienilaat poel nie. SPS aktiwiteit korreleer positief met die verhoging in sukrose inhoud en verklaar die meeste van die sukrose vervaardig in transgeniese lyne. Ten spyte van die verhoging in die adenilaat poel word geen noemenswaardige veranderinge gesien in die stysel inhoud nie. Die uitputtingsvlak van die UDP-glukose in alle transgeniese lyne was slegs ‘n aanduiding van die hoër aktiwiteit van UDP-glukose pirofosforilase (UGPase) in die formasie van glukose-1-fosfaat. Verder was geen bergingspad opgereguleer in die transgeniese lyne nie. / The South African Sugarcane Research Institute and the Gabonese Government who provided the financial support for this work

The enzyme, aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) from Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, has been purified. The holoenzyme has a molecular mass of approximately 510kDa, harbors predominantly positive charges and is hydrophobic in nature. The holoenzyme possesses two subunits, a smaller one of 40 kDa and a larger one of 45 kDa. A third polypeptide has been found to contribute to the overall enzymatic activity, having an approximate mass of 55 kDa. The ATCase purification included the generation of cell-free extract, streptomycin sulfate cut, 60 °C heat step, ammonium sulfate cut, dialysis and ion, gel-filtration and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The enzyme's performance throughout purification steps was analyzed on activity and SDS-PAGE gradient gels. Its enzymatic, specific activities, yield and fold purification, were also determined.

Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) catalyzes the first committed step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. Bacterial ATCases have been divided into three classes, class A, B, and C, based on their molecular weight, holoenzyme architecture, and enzyme kinetics. Moraxella bovis is a fastidious organism, the etiologic agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). The M. bovis ATCase was purified and characterized for the first time. It is a class A enzyme with a molecular mass of 480 to 520 kDa. It has a pH optimum of 9.5 and is stable at high temperatures. The ATCase holoenzyme is inhibited by CTP > ATP > UTP. The Km for aspartate is 1.8 mM and the Vmax 1.04 µmol per min, where the Km for carbamoylphosphate is 1.05 mM and the Vmax 1.74 µmol per min.