<p>This thesis describes the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry as an analytical tool. The theory of NMR spectroscopy in general and quantitative NMR spectrometry (qNMR) in particular is described and the instrumental properties and parameter setups for qNMR measurements are discussed. Examples of qNMR are presented by impurity determination of pharmaceutical compounds and analysis of urine samples from rats fed with either water or a drug (metabolic profiling). The instrumental parameter setup of qNMR and traditional data pre-treatments are examined. Spectral smoothing by convolution with a triangular function, which is an unusual application in this context, was shown to be successful regarding the sensitivity and robustness of the method in paper II. In addition, papers III and IV comprise the field of peak alignment, especially designed for ¹H-NMR spectra of urine samples. This is an important preprocessing tool when multivariate analysis is to be applied. A novel peak alignment method was developed and compared to the traditional bucketing approach and a conceptually different alignment method.</p><p>Univariate, multivariate, linear and nonlinear data analyses were applied to qNMR data. In papers I–II, calibration models were created to examine the potential of qNMR for these applications. The data analysis in papers III–VI was mainly explorative. The potential of data fusion and data correlation was examined in order to increase the possibilities of analysing the highly complex samples from metabolic profiling (papers V–VI). Data from LC/MS analysis of the same samples were used with the ¹H-NMR data in different ways. Correlation analyses between the¹H-NMR data and the drug metabolites identified from the LC/MS data were also performed. In this process, data fusion proved to be a valuable tool.</p>

This thesis describes the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry as an analytical tool. The theory of NMR spectroscopy in general and quantitative NMR spectrometry (qNMR) in particular is described and the instrumental properties and parameter setups for qNMR measurements are discussed. Examples of qNMR are presented by impurity determination of pharmaceutical compounds and analysis of urine samples from rats fed with either water or a drug (metabolic profiling). The instrumental parameter setup of qNMR and traditional data pre-treatments are examined. Spectral smoothing by convolution with a triangular function, which is an unusual application in this context, was shown to be successful regarding the sensitivity and robustness of the method in paper II. In addition, papers III and IV comprise the field of peak alignment, especially designed for 1H-NMR spectra of urine samples. This is an important preprocessing tool when multivariate analysis is to be applied. A novel peak alignment method was developed and compared to the traditional bucketing approach and a conceptually different alignment method. Univariate, multivariate, linear and nonlinear data analyses were applied to qNMR data. In papers I–II, calibration models were created to examine the potential of qNMR for these applications. The data analysis in papers III–VI was mainly explorative. The potential of data fusion and data correlation was examined in order to increase the possibilities of analysing the highly complex samples from metabolic profiling (papers V–VI). Data from LC/MS analysis of the same samples were used with the 1H-NMR data in different ways. Correlation analyses between the 1H-NMR data and the drug metabolites identified from the LC/MS data were also performed. In this process, data fusion proved to be a valuable tool.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3288068 bytes, checksum: 0a30af77d23fdb0cbfe338a83f189634 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Population´s commonsense regards crack cocaine as an impure byproduct of cocaine. In Brazil, the cocaine levels in crack samples or the profiling of its adulterants is not a mandatory analysis of official forensic laboratories. The state of Paraiba has shown a marked increase in the number of analyses done on crack cocaine samples seized by the police forces between 2007 and 2010, rising from 250 to 575 analyses. On the other hand, there is no literature data on the concentration of cocaine on these samples. The present study aimed at developing and validating a method based on quantitative hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-qNMR) to determine cocaine in crack cocaine samples seized within the state of Paraiba. 1H-qNMR is a primary analytical method and can become accurate and precise when certain acquisition and processing parameters are properly set. The 1H-qNMR method was compared to a high performance liquid chromatography method with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA). The results from both methods allowed us to determine that the average concentration of cocaine in the samples was higher than 70%. The average concentration determined by the 1H-qNMR method was 71.9%, with samples ranging from 5.2 to 89.1%. The results from the HPLC-PDA method were slightly higher, with an average figure of 74.4% and samples ranging from 4.9 to 93.8%. The best correlation between HPLC-PDA and 1H-qNMR data was obtained when integration from region 7 of the spectrum was used (singlet signal at 3.6 ppm from the methyl protons of the ester function) yielding a Pearson´s correlation coefficient of 0.83. Precision and accuracy of the 1H-qNMR method was sensitive to several acquisition and processing parameters that need to be optimized. The HPLC-PDA method developed proved to be fast, accurate and precise for the quantification of cocaine in 47 samples of seized crack cocaine. In addition, the analysis of crack cocaine samples by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed that the main adulterant present in the samples was phenacetin, a result that was confirmed by the 1H-NMR data. / O senso comum da população tem o crack como um subproduto impuro da cocaína. No Brasil, a análise do teor de cocaína em amostras de crack ou a pesquisa de adulterantes adicionados não constitui rotina nos laboratórios oficiais das perícias forenses. O estado da Paraíba apresentou um crescente número de análises em amostras de crack apreendidas pelas forças policiais entre os anos de 2007 e 2010, passando de 250 para 575 exames. Por outro lado, não existem na literatura dados sobre o teor de cocaína nestas amostras. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia baseada no uso da espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear quantitativa de hidrogênio (RMNq-1H) para avaliar o grau de pureza de amostras de crack apreendidas no estado da Paraíba. A RMNq-1H é um método analítico primário e pode tornar-se exata e precisa quando satisfeitos parâmetros de aquisição e processamento dos dados. O método de RMNq-1H foi comparado à metodologia desenvolvida e validada baseada em cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a detector de arranjo de diodos (CLAE-DAD). Os resultados das duas metodologias permitiram determinar que o teor médio de cocaína nas amostras foi superior a 70%. O teor médio de cocaína determinado pelo método de RMNq-1H foi de 71,9%, com amostras variando entre 5,2 a 89,1%. Os resultados do método de CLAE-DAD foram ligeiramente superiores, onde o teor médio de todas as amostras foi de 74,4%, com amostras variando entre 4,9 e 93,8% de cocaína. A melhor correlação obtida entre os resultados de CLAE-DAD e RMNq-1H foi aquela que utilizou a região 7 (singleto em 3,6 ppm correspondente a metila da função éster), com coeficiente de correlação de Pearson de 0,83. A precisão e exatidão da RMNq-1H mostrou-se sujeita a diversos parâmetros de aquisição que precisam ser otimizados. Por sua vez a metodologia por CLAE-DAD mostrou-se rápida, exata e precisa para quantificação de cocaína em 47 amostras de crack analisadas. Além disso, as amostras foram submetidas a análise por cromatografia a gás acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG/EM), mostrando que o principal adulterante nas amostras foi a fenacetina, dado confirmado por RMN-1H.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit sind One-part Geopolymere, hergestellt aus drei verschiedenen Silikatquellen und Natriumaluminat, mit Hilfe der Festkörper-Kernspinresonanz-Spektroskopie (NMR) charakterisiert worden. Die Methode erlaubt neben der Untersuchung von kristallinen auch die von amorphen Phasen, was einen der Hauptvorteile der NMR gegenüber der Röntgendiffraktometrie darstellt. Unter der Verwendung von Reisschalenasche konnte ein vollständig amorphes Material hergestellt werden, während Microsilica und ein siliciumreiches Nebenprodukt aus der Chlorsilan-Herstellung zur Bildung von Geopolymer-Zeolith-Kompositen führte. Zeolith Na-A ist bei diesen der kristalline Hauptbestandteil und je nach Ausgangszusammensetzung variiert die Stoffmenge dieser Phase. Die Bildung von Zeolithen ist für herkömmliche Two-part Geopolymere mit kleinem Si/Al-Verhältnis hinreichend bekannt hier für One-part Geopolymere untersucht worden. Verschiedene Methoden der NMR-Spektroskopie wurden eingesetzt. So konnten mehrere Wasser-Spezies in den Geopolymer-Zeolith-Kompositen durch die Verwendung von Einzelpuls-, Kreuzpolarisations- und rotor-synchronisierten Spin-Echo-Experimenten unterschieden werden. Wiederholungsmessungen nach mehr als 500 Tagen konnten keine relevanten Alterungseffekte nachweisen und bestätigten die chemische Stabilität der Komposite. Weiterführend sind REDOR- (rotational-echo double-resonance) und TRAPDOR (transfer of population in double resonance) MAS NMR Experimente durchgeführt worden. Die beiden Faujasith-ähnlichen Zeolithe Na-X und Na-Y wurden als Modellsubstanzen genutzt, um das 29Si-27Al TRAPDOR-Verhalten von Q4(mAl)-Einheiten in Alumosilikaten zu analysieren. Zusätzliche quantitative 29Si MAS NMR Messungen (qNMR) konnten den Reaktionsgrad der Silikatquellen bestimmen und diesen in Relation zu den mechanischen Eigenschaften der Materialien setzen. Durch Kombination der erzielten Ergebnisse konnte der Reaktionsprozess von One-part Geopolymeren illustriert werden. / One-part geopolymers produced from three different silica sources and sodium aluminate were characterized using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR) spectroscopy. The method allows the investigation of crystalline as well as amorphous phases in the materials. The latter is one of the main advantages of NMR over X-ray diffraction. The use of rice husk ash produced a fully amorphous material. On the contrary, microsilica and a silica-rich industrial byproduct from chlorosilane production led to the formation of geopolymer-zeolite composites. Zeolite Na-A was found as major crystalline phase in these composites. Depending on the starting composition, the relative amounts of this phase varied. The formation of zeolites is well known for conventional two-part geopolymers with low Si/Al-ratios and was investigated in this study for one-part mixes. Different solid-state NMR spectroscopic methods were applied. Various water species could be distinguished in the composites using single pulse, cross polarisation and rotor-synchronised spin echo measurements. Measurements after more than 500 days revealed no significant aging effects of the composites, which confirm their chemical stability. REDOR (rotational-echo double-resonance) and TRAPDOR (transfer of population in double resonance) MAS NMR experiments were conducted. Two faujasite-type zeolites - Na-X and Na-Y - were used as model systems to analyse the 29Si-27Al TRAPDOR behaviour of different Q4(mAl) sites in alumosilicates. Additionally, quantitative 29Si MAS NMR measurements were used to investigate the degree of reaction of the silica feedstocks, showing relations to the mechanical properties of the hardened materials. Combining the findings gained in the present study, the reaction process of one-part geopolymers could be illustrated.