Dans le cadre de l'approximation MLLA de la Chromodynamique Quantique, nous calculons analytiquement, pour des jets hadroniques à très haute énergie, les distributions inclusives en fonction de l'impulsion transverse du hadron émergent, ainsi que les corrélations à 2 particules. Dans un premier temps, nous obtenons, pour le spectre inclusif et pour les corrélations, les solutions exactes des équations d'évolution partoniques, qui sont ensuites calculées à petit x dans l'approximation du ``spectre limite''. La méthode du col nous permet enfin de généraliser les résultats précédents au delà de cette limite. Nos résultats pour les distributions inclusives sont en très bon accord avec les données expérimentales (Tevatron), et améliorent très sensiblement ceux obtenus dans les travaux antérieurs pour les corrélations. La comparaison avec les données à venir (Tevatron, LHC) fournira un test supplémentaire de l'hypothèse de dualité locale parton-hadron, ainsi que de la nécessité éventuelle d'inclure des corrections d'ordre supérieur (next-to-MLLA).

A measurement of the azimuthal decorrelation in di-jet events in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}= 7\,$TeV is presented. Using $19.6\,$nb$^{-1}$ of data collected in the ATLAS detector this measurement uses the angle ($\Delta\phi$) in the transverse plane between the two leading $p_T$ jets to measure the normalized differential cross section $\frac{1}{\sigma_{tot}}\frac{d\sigma}{d(\Delta\phi)}$. An unfolding correction is a applied to give a jet-level result. The unfolded spectrum is compared to the predictions of two Monte Carlo event generators: Pythia and Herwig++.

A measurement of the azimuthal decorrelation in di-jet events in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}= 7\,$TeV is presented. Using $19.6\,$nb$^{-1}$ of data collected in the ATLAS detector this measurement uses the angle ($\Delta\phi$) in the transverse plane between the two leading $p_T$ jets to measure the normalized differential cross section $\frac{1}{\sigma_{tot}}\frac{d\sigma}{d(\Delta\phi)}$. An unfolding correction is a applied to give a jet-level result. The unfolded spectrum is compared to the predictions of two Monte Carlo event generators: Pythia and Herwig++.

En aquest treball es presenten dues mesures, una de la constant d'acoblament forta i l'altra d'aquesta mateixa constant conjuntament amb els anomenats factors de color. Les dades foren recollides pel detector ALEPH durant els anys 1994-95 a energies al voltant dels 91.2 GeV.Per a les dues mesures s´usaren obervables de quatre jets. La mesura de la constant d´acoblament forta a partir de la taxa de sucesos a quatre jets fou la primera realitzada a partir d´un observable de quatre jet i en resultà una de les mesures més precises fins avui.La mesura conjunta de la constant d´acoblament i els factors de color representa un prova rigorosa de la teoria de les interaccions fortes, la cromodinàmica quántica. Els resultats, amb incerteses molt competitives, estan en acord absolut amb els valors esperats per la teoria i també amb els resultats d'altres col·laboracions. / In this work two measurements are presented. One is the measurement of the strong coupling constant alone, and the other the combined measurement of the strong coupling constant and the, so called, colour factors. Data were collected by the ALEPH detector during years 1994-95 at energies around 91.2 GeV.Both measurements made use of four-jet observables. The measurement of the strong coupling constant from the four-jet rate was the first ever made from a four-jet observable, and represents one of the most precise measurements at present.The combined measurement of the strong coupling constant and the colour factors is a stringent test of the theory, quantum chromodynamics. The results, with very competitive uncertainties, are in exact agreement both with the values expected by the theory and the results from other collaborations.

In this thesis, a leading-order QCD analysis of structure functions in neutrinonucleon interactions is performed. From the CCFR nucleon structure function data, the QCD parameter Lambda has been extracted. This measurement also corresponds to a measurement of the strong coupling constant. Two fits to the data have been performed, the nonsinglet-only fit and the singlet-nonsinglet combined fit. The result for Lambda was found to be 289 +62 &iexcl / 59 &sect / 76 MeV, where the errors are statistical and systematical, respectively. This result is compared to the world-wide measurements of this quantity. In order to verify the agreement, also the logarithmic slopes of the QCD model and the structure function data are calculated and compared.

Hard diffraction in proton collisions, where the initial state proton emerges from the interaction rather undisturbed despite a hard interaction scale, has been studied for a few decades. First observed in proton-proton collisions, the phenomenon is seen as well in deep inelastic electron-proton scattering (DIS) as a leading final state proton and a rapidity gap-region without final state particles. Although a rather successful description in terms of the exchange of a hadronic color singlet pomeron with a parameterized gluon content exists, it is still an open question whether a theoretically more well-founded description can be obtained based on quantum chromodynamics. The soft color interaction model (SCI) attempts this through additional gluon exchanges at momentum scales below the conventional scale of perturbative QCD and the hadronization scale. Such gluons can lead to an effective color singlet exchange and therefore to diffraction. This thesis explores the phenomenology of the SCI model in diffractive W and photon+jet production. For diffractive deep inelastic scattering, a dynamic color screening model is developed based on a summed amplitude for soft gluon exchanges. The studies of the model within Monte Carlo event simulation show that the additional dynamics improve the description of electron-positron scattering data from HERA. Dijet events in proton-proton collisions with an upper limit on the energy flow between the jets is sensitive to large angle gluon emissions. This thesis applies a resummation method which takes into account also secondary emissions to describe this observable and shows that a good description of data from ATLAS can be achieved. Supersymmetric extensions to the Standard Model provide a possible explanation for dark matter in the universe. The next-to-minimal supersymmetric extension (NMSSM) can contain a dark matter candidate in form of the lightest neutralino with a substantial singlino component. This thesis studies the prospects for indirect detection of dark matter for such viable NMSSM model points via the observation of neutrinos from neutralino annihilation in the sun with IceCube and the future extension PINGU. It is shown that with a few years of data taking large parts of the parameter space can be excluded or a discovery be made.

The diffractive production of two jets in deep inelastic e± p scattering is mea- sured in the kinematic region of photon virtuality 4 < Q2 < 80 GeV2 , inelasticity 0.1 < y < 0.7, momentum fraction xIP < 0.03, proton ver- tex momentum transfer |t| < 1 and mass of a dissociative baryonic system MY < 1.6 GeV. Diffractive events are identified with the large rapidity gap technique. Integrated and single differential cross sections are measured for jets of transverse momenta p∗ T1 > 5.5 GeV and p∗ T2 > 4.0 GeV and pseudora- pidities −3 < η∗ 1,2 < 0. The data were collected by the H1 experiment at the HERA collider in years 2005-2007, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 283.7 pb−1 . The measurements are compared with NLO predictions based on the DGLAP parton evolution.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:21:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mireztarrillo_ca_dr_ift.pdf: 1313516 bytes, checksum: aff2035e20e21e3f21523459f7686aa4 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Nessa tese, consideramos um modelo estatíıstico a quarks no qual todos os quarks individuais do sistema (quarks do mar e de valência) são confinados por uma interação efetiva central, relativística, com intensidade e expressões iguais para as componentes escalar e vetorial. Consideramos a distribuição de Fermi-Dirac para os quarks nesse modelo, a densidade de probabilidade para um sistema a quarks com níveis de energia e temperatura T, com potenciais químicos apropriados, correspondentes aos quarks leves up (u) e down (d), de modo que as funções de onda do próton e nêutron fiquem corretamente normalizadas. A diferença entre as interações dos quarks u e d é atribuída às contribuições devidas aos instantons, que são dependentes dos spins dos constituintes, e implicam na diferença de massa entre o nucleon (n1/2) e a ressonância 3/2. Os parâmetros do modelo são fixados por dados experimentais disponíveis. O parâmetro de temperatura T é ajustado pelo valor da violação da regra de soma de Gottfried, e os potenciais químicos pela normalização do nucleon, com o correspondente ajuste dos quarks de valência u e d. Para um melhor ajuste do modelo, acrescentamos efeitos devido aos processos da QCD perturbativa de emissão de glúons por quarks, que são divididos em pares quark-antiquark (os quais geram iguais componentes do mar). Consideramos no modelo que os quarks constituintes no nucleon possuem uma sub-estrutura, que por sua vez é extraída, para os quarks e antiquarks, a partir da função de estrutura do píon. Dentro deste modelo estatístico de quarks confinados linearmente obtemos a assimetria de sabores e a correspondente função de estrutura do nucleon. Obtemos a distribuição da razão e a diferençaa de quarks do mar no próton... / In this thesis, we consider a statistical quark model where all individual quarks of the system ( sea and valence quarks) are confined by an effective central interaction with intensity and equal expressions for scalar and vector components. We consider the Fermi-Dirac distribution for quarks in this model, the probability density for a quark system with energy levels and temperature T, with appropriate chemical potentials, related to the light quarks up (u) and down (d), to give the correct neutron and proton normalizations. The difference between the interactions of quarks u and d is supposed to come from instanton contributions, that are spindependent of the constituents, implying in the mass difference of nucleon (n1/2) and 3/2 resonance. The model parameters are determined by the available experimental data. The temperature parameter T is adjusted by the value of the Gottfried sum rule violation, and the chemical potentials by the corresponding normalization of the valence quarks u and d in the nucleon. Moreover, to improve the model, we consider perturbative QCD processes of gluon emissions by the quarks, which split into quark-antiquark pairs (to which generates equal components of the sea). Also, as the quarks in the model are considered as having substructure, such quark and antiquark substructure are extracted from the pion structure function. Within this statistical model of quarks confined linearly we obtain the flavor asymmetry and corresponding structure function of the nucleon. We obtain the ratio and the difference of sea quark distributions in the nucleon, given by ¯ d/¯u, ¯ d-¯u, as well as the ratio and the difference of the structure functions of neutron and proton: Fn 2 /Fp 2 and Fp 2 -Fn 2 , which are compared with the experimental available results. We made an application of the model, calculating the content of strangeness in the sea of the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The ultimate goal of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the cosmology of axions. Axions couple to QCDinstantons and these non-perturbative effects are modeled within the framework of the interacting instanton liquid model (IILM). The thesis describes the significant advances made within the IILM in order to study the quark-gluon plasma in realistic parameter regimes. In particular, a determination of the temperature-dependent axion mass in the IILM lays the foundation for a critical reevaluation and update of present cosmological axion constraints. We develop grand canonical Monte Carlo routines to study topological fluctuations in the quark-gluon plasma. The model is calibrated against the topological susceptibility at zero temperature, in the chiral regime of physical quark masses. A numerical framework to derive interactions among the pseudo-particles is developed that is in principle exact, and is used to cure a pathology in the presently available finite temperature interactions. The IILM reduces field theory to a molecular dynamics description, and we show that, quite generically, the dynamics for non-trivial backgrounds in the presence of light quarks is reminiscent of a strongly associating fluid. To deal with the well-known difficulty in simulating ionic fluids, we develop advanced algorithms based on Biased Monte Carlo techniques. We study the IILM at finite temperature in the quenched and unquenched sector, with due diligence to a consistent thermodynamic limit. Of particular interest is chiral symmetry breaking and the temperature dependence of the topological susceptibility, and we study in detail the effects of instanton--anti-instanton pairs. Our determination of the topological susceptibility provides, for the first time, a well-motivated axion mass for all temperatures. The misalignment mechanism for axion production is studied in detail, solving the evolution equations exactly in a radiation dominated FRW universe with the full temperature dependence of the effective degrees of freedom taken into account. Improved constraints in the classic and anthropic axion window are derived. We generalise the latter to large angle fine-tuning by including in the isocurvature contribution to the cosmic microwave background radiation the full anharmonic axion potential effects. Finally, we reexamine bounds from axion string radiation in the thermal scenario to complete a comprehensive update of all cosmological axion constraints.

Nos utilizamos as Regras de Soma da QCD para a obtencao de fatores de forma e larguras de decaimento dos processos semileptonicos Lambda_b -> Lambda_c + l + nu_l, Lambda_c -> Lambda + l + nu_l e Lambda_b -> p + l + nu_l. Estes decaimentos podem ser representados por uma funcao de tres pontos da corrente fraca de transicao e dos campos interpolantes das particulas envolvidas (por exemplo, Lambda_b e Lambda_c, no primeiro decaimento). Nos calculamos a parte teorica efetuando a expansao do produto de operadores desta funcao de tres pontos. No lado fenomenologico utilizamos a informacao obtida experimentalmente da amplitude de decaimento. Como usualmente se faz nas Regras de Soma da QCD, efetuamos uma transformada de Borel nestes dois lados a fim de obter os fatores de forma. De posse desta informacao podemos obter as larguras de decaimento. Apos o calculo destas quantidades, comparamos nossos resultados com os obtidos experimentalmente.