Les différences spatiales existant dans les conditions environnementales peuvent favoriser l’apparition de réponses physiologiques plastiques de la part de plusieurs organismes. Ainsi, des environnements divergents, mais stables temporellement, peuvent mener à la création de différences physiologiques intrinsèques chez un organisme. Le but de cette thèse est de déterminer si les populations contigües chez les adultes des moules zébrée et quagga (Dreissena polymorpha et D. bugensis respectivement) dans un environnement où les contraintes sont distribuées sous forme de mosaïque peuvent favoriser l’apparition de traits divergents. Si tel est le cas, nous déterminerons si les différences enregistrées sont plastiques ou sont des ajustements irréversibles. La comparaison entre des masses d’eau du Saint-Laurent contrastées en terme de physico-chimie de l’eau à permis d’identifier des différences en termes d’indice de condition (contenu en glycogène, ratio ARN/ADN, résistance et masse de la coquille). La réponse enregistrée pour les tissus des moules zébrées et quagga sont similaires, cependant la coquille plus légère (mince) des moules quagga semble lui conférer un avantage lorsque les deux espèces coexistent. Les échantillonnage effectués en milieu naturel et en laboratoire ont démontrés que la distribution en amont des moules zébrés est limitée par l’intrusion saline. Cependant, il semble que les individus retrouvés dans la zone où se retrouve l’intrusion saline sont en meilleur condition (masse des tissus mous vs. la taille de la coquille) que ceux échantillonnés en amont dans la section d’eau douce. Afin de déterminer si les différenciations observées entre les populations locales sont de nature plastique ou sont issues de différenciation physiologique irréversible, nous avons effectué des expériences de transfert réciproque entre les moules en provenance des masses d’eau des Grand Lacs et ceux de l’estuaire moyen. Les résultats indiquent que le taux de croissance de la coquille dépend de l’origine de la population, est indépendante du site de transfert. En comparaison, le ratio ARN/ADN, qui représente une mesure à court terme de la condition et de la croissance, est significativement plus élevé pour les moules en provenance de l’estuaire. Dans le milieu fluvial (eau douce) ou les deux espèces coexistent, les moules quagga croissent plus rapidement que les moules zébrées. Ce résultat va de pair avec l’observation du remplacement des moules zébrées par les moules quagga qui s’opère actuellement dans le système des Grand Lacs –fleuve Saint-Laurent. Il semble cependant que les moules quagga ne performent pas aussi bien que les moules zébrées en milieu estuarien. Ainsi, cela suggère que leur influence risque d’être limité aux régions exclusivement d’eau douce, à moins bien sur qu’elle ne puissent s’ajuster physiologiquement comme le font les moules zébrées. La comparaison de la croissance des coquilles entre les périodes estivales et hivernales indique que la période estivale est plus productive. La moule quagga exhibe un taux de croissance supérieur à celui des moules zébrées pour l’été 2002, hiver 2002 et l’hiver 2003 mais cette observation est inversée pour l’été 2003. / Spatial differences in environmental conditions can lead to plastic physiological responses in many organisms. Yet stable but divergent environmental conditions over multiple generations can produce intrinsic local differences in an organism’s physiology. The goal of this research is to determine whether a contiguous population of adult zebra and quagga mussel (Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis) in a stable mosaic of environmental constraints has developed divergent traits and if so are they plastic or irreversible adjustments. Comparison among contrasting St. Lawrence River water-masses found population differentiation in condition (tissue glycogen content, RNA/DNA ratio of tissue as well as shell strength and mass. Though the soft tissue responses of zebra and quagga mussels were similar, the lighter shell of the quagga mussels appears to be an advantage where the two species co-occur. Field sampling and laboratory experiments show that the downstream distribution of zebra mussels is constrained by the tidal intrusion of salinity, but counter-intuitively that the animals at this limit were actually in better condition than those upriver. To explore whether the observed population differentiation represents plasticity or alternatively intrinsic local differentiation, reciprocal transplants of adult mussels from the fluvial estuary and the Great Lakes water masses were conducted. Results indicate that shell growth depends on source population, independent of the environment (river source mussels > estuary source mussels). In contrast, RNA/DNA ratio, a short-term measure of tissue condition and growth, was significantly higher for estuary mussels. In the riverine environment where they coexist, quagga mussels grew faster than zebra mussels, supporting observations that they are displacing zebra mussels throughout the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence system. Yet quagga mussels did not perform as well in the estuarine environment suggesting that their influence will be limited to the strictly freshwater unless they can adjust physiologically as zebra mussels did. Comparisons of shell growth between summer and winter transplants indicated that summer is more productive and that quagga mussels grow faster than zebra mussels. Yet the summer growth rates of the two species measured at the same site in consecutive years reversed, indicating both spatial and temporal components to growth and production.

Total phosphorus concentrations in the open waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes are currently at or beneath target concentrations set by international agreement. Despite the success of phosphorus loading controls in remediating nearshore eutrophication problems in the past, nuisance growth of Cladophora has recently returned to the lower Great Lakes. This thesis examines soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in a northwestern segment of Lake Ontario to assess whether allochthonous or autochthonous sources of phosphate lead to localized areas of PO43- enrichment that may help to explain the seemingly paradoxical resurgence of Cladophora. As SRP is often an overestimate of PO43- in P-limited waters, measures of SRP made with the standard method were compared with measures of SRP made with modified methods (i.e., using dialysis and magnesium-induced co-precipitation) designed to more accurately measure phosphate when it was expected to be at low concentrations. Measures of SRP made with standard and modified methods did not differ, however, SRP was 1 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than a more sensitive steady-state radiobioassay for PO43- used for comparison in offshore waters. Although the utility of SRP is limited when phosphate concentrations are very low, SRP is useful to measure localized areas of phosphate enrichment, and its relative concentrations can be compared in time and space. To quantify the degree to which allochthonous inputs and dreissenids contribute to PO43- concentrations that permit Cladophora growth, intensive sampling for SRP was carried out prior to, during and following the Cladophora growing season. SRP was higher in the nearshore than offshore and near the mouth of a large tributary and a treated wastewater outfall than in samples from other locations along the shoreline, but only in the spring and autumn. Phosphate turnover times indicated lower P-limitation in the nearshore and near local inputs versus the offshore. Higher concentrations of SRP were measured in samples taken 15 cm and 50 cm above dreissenid mussel-beds than in those obtained at corresponding depths over other substrata and from higher up in the water column through the Cladophora growing season, while Chl a concentrations displayed the reverse trend. These results suggest that PO43- excreted by dreissenids could be more important in time and space than external inputs in supporting nuisance Cladophora growth in the current nearshore environment. Continued research and monitoring of P dynamics in the nearshore combined with model approaches should better predict whether more stringent P controls would be effective in managing Cladophora growth.

Total phosphorus concentrations in the open waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes are currently at or beneath target concentrations set by international agreement. Despite the success of phosphorus loading controls in remediating nearshore eutrophication problems in the past, nuisance growth of Cladophora has recently returned to the lower Great Lakes. This thesis examines soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in a northwestern segment of Lake Ontario to assess whether allochthonous or autochthonous sources of phosphate lead to localized areas of PO43- enrichment that may help to explain the seemingly paradoxical resurgence of Cladophora. As SRP is often an overestimate of PO43- in P-limited waters, measures of SRP made with the standard method were compared with measures of SRP made with modified methods (i.e., using dialysis and magnesium-induced co-precipitation) designed to more accurately measure phosphate when it was expected to be at low concentrations. Measures of SRP made with standard and modified methods did not differ, however, SRP was 1 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than a more sensitive steady-state radiobioassay for PO43- used for comparison in offshore waters. Although the utility of SRP is limited when phosphate concentrations are very low, SRP is useful to measure localized areas of phosphate enrichment, and its relative concentrations can be compared in time and space. To quantify the degree to which allochthonous inputs and dreissenids contribute to PO43- concentrations that permit Cladophora growth, intensive sampling for SRP was carried out prior to, during and following the Cladophora growing season. SRP was higher in the nearshore than offshore and near the mouth of a large tributary and a treated wastewater outfall than in samples from other locations along the shoreline, but only in the spring and autumn. Phosphate turnover times indicated lower P-limitation in the nearshore and near local inputs versus the offshore. Higher concentrations of SRP were measured in samples taken 15 cm and 50 cm above dreissenid mussel-beds than in those obtained at corresponding depths over other substrata and from higher up in the water column through the Cladophora growing season, while Chl a concentrations displayed the reverse trend. These results suggest that PO43- excreted by dreissenids could be more important in time and space than external inputs in supporting nuisance Cladophora growth in the current nearshore environment. Continued research and monitoring of P dynamics in the nearshore combined with model approaches should better predict whether more stringent P controls would be effective in managing Cladophora growth.

Defending against Dos- and DDoS attacks is difficult to accomplish; finding and filtering out illegitimate traffic from the legitimate flow is near impossible. Taking steps to mitigate or even block the traffic can only be done once the IP addresses of the attackers are known. This is achievable by monitoring the flows to- and from the target and identifying the attacker's IP addresses, allowing the company or their ISP to block the addresses itself by blackholing them (also known as a null route). Using the IP accounting and monitoring tool “pmacct”, this thesis aims to investigate whether or not the pmacct suite is suited for larger installations when tracking and mitigating DDoS-attacks, such at an Internet Service Provider (ISP). Potential problems are the amount of traffic that need to be analyzed and the computational power required to do it. This thesis also provide information about the pmacct suite at large. The conclusions are positive, indicating it does scale up to handle larger installations when given careful consideration and planning. / Att försvara sig mot DoS-och DDoS-attacker är svårt att åstadkomma; att hitta och filtrera ut illegitim trafik från det legitima flödet är nästan omöjligt. Att vidta åtgärder när en sådan attack upptäcks kan endast göras när IP-adresserna från angriparna är kända. Detta kan uppnås genom att man övervakar trafikflödet mellan målet för attacken och angriparna och ser vilka som sänder mest data och på så sätt identifierar angriparna.. Detta tillåter företaget eller dess ISP att blockera trafiken ifrån dessa IP-adresser genom att sända trafiken vidare till ingenstans. Detta kallas blackhole-routing eller null-routing. Genom att använda redovisnings- och övervakningsprogrammet pmacct syftar denna uppsats på att undersöka hurvida pmacct-sviten är lämpad för större installationer när det gäller att spåra och förhindra DDoS-attacker, såsom hos en Internetleverantör eller dylikt. Potentialla problem som kan uppstå är att mängden trafik som måste analyserar blir för stor och för krävande. Denna avhandling går även igenom pmacct-verktyget i sig. Slutsatserna är lovande, vilket indikerar att den har potential av att kunna hantera sådana stora miljöer med noggrann planering.