Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-05-20T18:19:22Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-20T18:19:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T15:00:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5203027 bytes, checksum: 79c21eb8016ee6896b1af0b560f73d99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Parts with complex geometry and with free-form surface are of great interest in many industrial applications, either for functional or aesthetic issue. Its spread is due to advances in CAD / CAM systems and coordinate measuring technology. Despite technological advances, product design remains a major problem in industry. The problems range from design conception to those inherent in the manufacturing process and control, which are often discovered only in the product application phase. The dimensional variations of shape and surface texture are specified in the technical drawing using geometric and dimensional tolerance. To part with complex geometry variations are allowable tolerances specified by line and surface profile. Their control typically consists of a comparison of the coordinate points measured on the surface to the CAD model available. This paper contains a proposal to systematize procedures for quality assurance of measurement of parts with complex geometry and free-form surface by using coordinate measuring machines. The proposal was based on extensive study on the subject, the findings of problems revealed in visits to six companies that use technology to coordinate measurement and the results of case studies from a company in the automotive sector. The system focuses on the major sources of errors of coordinate measuring and proved easy to be applied in the selected company. / Peças com geometria complexa e superfície com forma livre são de grande interesse em muitas aplicações industriais, seja por questão funcional ou estética. Sua disseminação deve-se, em parte, aos avanços nos sistemas CAD/CAM e na tecnologia de medição por coordenadas. Apesar dos avanços tecnológicos, o projeto do produto continua sendo um dos maiores problemas da indústria. Os problemas vão desde a concepção do projeto até àqueles inerentes ao processo de fabricação e controle, que muitas vezes são descobertos somente na aplicação do produto. As variações dimensionais, de forma e de textura da superfície são especificadas no desenho técnico através de tolerância dimensional e geométrica. Para peça com geometria complexa as variações admissíveis são especificadas através de tolerâncias de perfil de linha e de superfície. O seu controle tipicamente consiste na comparação dos pontos coordenados medidos sobre a superfície com o modelo CAD disponível. Este trabalho contém uma proposta de sistematização de procedimentos para garantia da qualidade da medição de peças com geometria complexa e superfície com forma livre através de máquina de medir por coordenadas cartesianas. A proposta foi baseada no amplo estudo sobre o tema, nas constatações de problemas evidenciados nas visitas realizadas em seis empresas que utilizam a tecnologia de medição por coordenadas e nos resultados de estudos de casos realizados numa empresa do setor automotivo. A sistemática foca nas principais fontes de erros da medição por coordenadas e demonstrou ser de fácil aplicação na empresa selecionada.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007 / An assessment undertaken by the Clothing and Textile Centre in the Western Cape (Clotex) during 2002 revealed that there was a great need for quality in the clothing sector. Furthermore, the research undertaken by the Department of Science and Technology (2004) supports and recommends the development of simple, paper-based systems for implementation and measurement for quality and production systems. An analysis of the macro- and micro-environmental factors confronting the clothing industry revealed that substantial pressure was placed on the clothing industry due to unfavourable exchange rates, increased pricing and illegal imports. The result has been a decline in sales, profits and exports, which has lead to the closure of many clothing companies in the Western Cape during the period 2003 to present. Furthermore, this has resulted in the increase of SMME companies that have been established due to the increase in unemployment. A combination of qualitative and quantitative research techniques was applied during this study, namely focus-group sessions and survey questionnaires. Six focus-group sessions were held with participants from the retail sector, large manufacturers and small manufacturers with the purpose to establish the quality needs in the clothing industry and the type of quality systems utilised. The outcome of the focus group was the development of a questionnaire, using both a combination of scale response questions as well as dichotomous questions. As a result a research survey was conducted amongst the small manufacturing companies in the Western Cape who conform to the provisions contained in the National Business Act, 1996 (Act 102 of 1996). The research revealed that all the respondents had implemented quality control systems. Quality control systems are viewed as preventative systems in ensuring that goods not conforming to customer specifications are prevented from reaching the customer. The research analysis further revealed that communication between buyer and seller was an integral part of the success of the business. The research provides small-business with a framework, which will facilitate the evaluation of the current quality practices with the view to improving or implementing an effective quality assurance system.

Thesis (MTech (Quality))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. / Education is undoubtedly of great significance to everyone, and as a consequence countries are working hard to ensure that their educational systems are responsive to their socio-economic needs. In search for competitive advantage, institutes of higher learning throughout the world are focussing their attention in ensuring the provision of quality academic programmes. Botswana's public technical colleges are no exception. In recent years, the government of Botswana through Department of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (DTVET) has stepped up its efforts to expand and transform technical and vocational education in that country. In spite of these investments, studies show that the quality of training is still a serious concern. This study aims to explore the extent to which the Botswana institutions implement quality management systems. Critical areas and attributes where institutions should focus their efforts in relation to quality are explored. To achieve the objective of the study, both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were used. The case study research method was employed to investigate issues which have affected the capacity of the institutions to implement quality management systems. Data was gathered from students, teachers and the college management team members by means of a self-administered questionnaire. This study hopes to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by providing insights into the implementation of quality management systems in the training institutions in Botswana.

Thesis (MTech (Quality))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / The study has been carried out on impact of implementing ISO standards on SMEs to seek general evaluation of its benefits. The purpose of this paper is to outline the benefits of ISO implementation on South African small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The SME sector is the backbone of developed economies, which is regarded as the engine of growth for economies all over the world. For developing countries, SMEs often offer the only realistic prospects for increases in employment since they employ the largest percentage of the workforce population. With the trend towards global market orientation and trade liberalisation, SMEs are moving towards implementing quality systems. The empirical study aims to explore current implementation of quality management tools and advanced improvement techniques in the Western Cape SMEs, in order to understand what factors impact on how quality control is managed. Two main categories are analysed, namely tangible and intangible. This study will assist other SMEs in developing countries on ISO 9000 implementation. This study is restricted to small and medium-sized companies in South Africa implementing ISO system and other quality tools or techniques. Data collection of this study is done based on a combination of survey questionnaires and interviews with managers, supervisors and general staff.

Nowadays more and more radiotherapy departments use intensity modulated beams for treatment of patients. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (ImRT) is able to modificate intensity of radiation across the iradiated field. In this way it is posible to achieve better dose conformity than in conventional radiotherapy. Implementation of ImRT allows us to escalate dose to target volume with same side effects of organs at risk as in conventional radiotherapy or to reduce normal tissue complication - decrease dose to organ at risk with the same tumour dose. This fact reguires extension of our guality system to all network of delivery dose to patients, inclusive linear accelerator with multileaf collimator, treatment planning system, electronic portal imaging device and so on. Quality assurance is guaranteed both periodical user tests and independent verification of The State Office for Nuclear Safety. The aim of this work is finding the optimal and effective way for the verification treatment plans, determining criteria for evaluation measured results, proposing summary all aspects of radiation protection patients which are treate ionisation beams with intensity modulated radiotherapy. The optimization one of the principles of radiation protection will be provided by routin verification treatment plans.

A implantação de Sistemas de Gestão da Qualidade em ambiente laboratorial vem se tornando uma necessidade frequente, devido à demanda dos clientes por resultados confiáveis e rastreáveis. No Brasil, a Coordenação Geral de Acreditação do Inmetro (Cgcre) é o órgão responsável pela acreditação de laboratórios segundo a NBR ISO/IEC 17025, sendo o Laboratório de Metalurgia Física (LAMEF) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul acreditado para a realização de ensaios de materiais metálicos desde 2010. Em 2013, tendo passado por um processo de aumento de escopo de acreditação para os ensaios mecânicos, evidenciou-se o não atendimento ao item de garantia da qualidade da NBR ISO/IEC 17025 e da NIT-DICLA-026. Para atender aos requisitos, foram conduzidas análises através de Ensaios de Proficiência e por monitoramento interno da qualidade pelos métodos do Erro Normalizado e de Análise de Variância. Quando identificados desvios dos critérios de aceitação, ações corretivas foram tomadas, visando a melhoria contínua dos sistemas de medição. Os resultados do trabalho demonstraram que a implantação sistemática de métodos estatísticos para o monitoramento da qualidade dos ensaios foi fundamental para o processo de aumento do escopo de acreditação do LAMEF, o qual foi consolidado no início de 2014. / The implementation of Quality Management Systems in laboratory environment is being an increasing necessity, due to customer demand for reliable and traceable test results. The General Coordination for Accreditation of Inmetro (Cgcre/Inmetro) is the Brazilian body responsible for the accreditation of laboratories according to ISO/IEC 17025 standard, and the Physical Metallurgy Laboratory (LAMEF) from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) has been accredited in performance of metallic materials tests since 2010. In 2013, during the process of accreditation scope extension on mechanical testing, there were identified nonconformities to the quality assurance requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 and NIT-DICLA-026. In order to comply with these requirements, studies have been carried out through Proficiency Testing and internal quality monitoring via Normalized Error and Analysis of Variance methods. Corrective actions were taken when deviations from the acceptance criteria were identified, aiming the measurement systems continuous improvement. The results of this work have demonstrated that the systematic implementation of statistical methods for monitoring the testing quality was critical to the process of LAMEF extension of scope, which was consolidated in the early 2014.

Apesar da introdução do controle da qualidade individual nas técnicas complexas de tratamentos, tem-se comprovado que, mesmo assim, é possível a ocorrência de erros na aplicação da dose no momento da aplicação. No entanto, ainda não estão bem estabelecidas as ferramentas de redundância a fim de controlar a dose no momento da terapêutica, além do que, as técnicas mais modernas de tratamento radioterápico desenvolvem as aplicações com feixes rotacionais e os dosímetros tradicionalmente utilizados em controle da qualidade oferecem limitações angulares. Assim, este trabalho vem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de controle da qualidade de transmissão in vivo utilizando filmes radiocrômicos acoplados ao cabeçote do acelerador linear, durante aplicações radioterápicas nas técnicas de tratamento conformacional e IMRT. A metodologia de controle da qualidade desenvolvida neste trabalho baseia-se na obtenção da distribuição de dose in vivo de tratamentos radioterápicos com um filme radiocrômico EBT2 posicionado em um suporte acrílico, semelhante a uma bandeja, a uma distância fonte-superfície de 56,8 cm, acoplado ao acessório holder do acelerador linear durante a aplicação de todo o tratamento teleterápico. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma análise gama para comparação da distribuição de dose medida pelo filme com a esperada pelo sistema de planejamento, obtida no plano coronal e central de um objeto simulador, com dimensões semelhantes ao suporte acrílico, posicionado à distância de 100 cm, como resultado da transferência do plano em questão. Com os resultados encontrados na seção conformacional, avaliando tanto a simulação Monte Carlo quanto as irradiações, pode-se concluir que a diferença entre a distribuição de dose do sistema de planejamento, na distância foco detector de 100 cm, e do filme, na distância de 56,8 cm, é diminuta e, desta forma, é viável criar uma metodologia para verificação dosimétrica de transmissão utilizando o filme radiocrômico acoplado ao cabeçote do acelerador. O controle da qualidade proposto na técnica de IMRT concordou com o esperado em 24 das 25 situações testadas, apresentando apenas um resultado diferente, ou seja, uma concordância de 96% com o esperado. As avaliações in vivo concordaram com 98% dos controles avaliados. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que a metodologia proposta neste trabalho é factível para o controle da qualidade de transmissão in vivo, em tratamentos radioterápicos que usam a técnica de tratamento conformacional e IMRT e, como ela não oferece dificuldades para o deslocamento angular do gantry, ela poderá ser aplicada em técnicas teleterápicas mais modernas. / Even with the introduction of the individual quality control in the complex techniques of radiation therapy treatments, the occurrence of errors in the release of the dose at the time of application is possible. However, in order to monitor the dose at the time of therapy, redundancy tools are not yet well established, Besides that, the most modern techniques of radiation treatment use rotational beams to deliver the desired dose distributions and the dosimeters traditionally used in quality control of radiation therapy suffer angular limitations. In this way, this work aims to contribute to the development of a methodology of transmission quality control in vivo presenting a dose control technique using radiochromic film coupled to the headstock linear accelerator for radiotherapy applications to monitor conformational techniques and IMRT treatment. The quality control methodology developed in this work is based on obtaining the in vivo dose distribution of radiotherapy treatments with a radiochromic film EBT2, positioned on an acrylic stand, similar to a tray at a source-surface distance of 56.8 cm, coupled to the linear accelerator accessory holder during application of any treatment. It was subsequently performed a gama analysis for comparison of the dose distribution measured by the film with the expected dose distribution by the treatment planning system. The expected dose distribution was obtained in the coronal and central plane of a phantom, with similar dimensions to the acrylic stand and positioned on a source-surface distance of 100 cm as a result of the transfer of the plan in question. Based on the results presented in the conformational section, evaluating both, Monte Carlo simulation and irradiation results, it can be concluded that the difference between the distribution of the dose planning system, focus distance 100 cm detector, and the film, on distance of 56.8 cm, are small, and in this way it is feasible to create a methodology for dosimetry verification using radiochromic film coupled to the head of the accelerator. The proposed quality control in IMRT technique agreed with expected in 24 simulations of the 25 situations tested, showing only one different result, i.e., there was a 96% concordance with the expected. In this way, it can be concluded that the methodology proposed in this work is feasible for the in vivo quality control of radiation therapy treatments that use the conformational and IMRT treatment techniques, and also can be applied to the most modern radiotherapy techniques since, it does not offer difficulties with the angular displacement of the gantry.