京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22992号 / 理博第4669号 / 新制||理||1670(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 高柳 匡, 教授 青木 慎也, 教授 田中 貴浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Shik, Hoi Yin = 自旋模型中量子相變與量子糾纏的研究 / 石海燕. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-96). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Shik, Hoi Yin = Zi xuan mo xing zhong liang zi xiang bian yu liang zi jiu chan de yan jiu / Shi Haiyan.

Orientador: Kyoko Furuya / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T21:50:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Netto_DomeniqueVelloso_M.pdf: 11311141 bytes, checksum: 3ff0f796112fbf62feb5f0de7b56c879 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Neste trabalho realizamos para o modelo de Jahn-Teller E Ä b, que descreve a interação de um qubit com um modo de um oscilador, um estudo do emaranhamento e o relacionamos com a bifurcação do ponto fixo do análogo clássico do modelo. Estudamos também a incidência de caos e sua variação em função dos parâmetros do sistema. Confirmamos os indícios de que no limite massivo do oscilador (m ® ¥ ) o emaranhamento do estado fundamental do sistema como função do seu parâmetro crítico apresenta uma mudançã não suave no seu comportamento quando esse parâmetro atinge o valor crítico. Confirmamos também que para esse mesmo valor crítico o análogo clássico apresenta uma bifurcação de alguns de seus pontos fixos. Sobre a possível influência do caos no emaranhamento, pudemos observar que o aparecimento de região caótica substancial no modelo clássico ocorre quando o parâmetro crítico está nas vizinhanças do valor crítico. A análise da função de Husimi no estado fundamental nos permitiu estabelecer dois aspectos: (i) uma conexão entre a localização do máximo desta função e a localização dos pontos fixos no espaço de fase, comprovando a ocorrência da bifurcaçãco no estado quãntico nesta representação; (ii) verificar que de fato há uma aproximação do limite clássico do oscilador quando aumentamos o parâmetro do modelo associado à quebra de degenerescência das energias do sistema. / Abstract: In this work we realize a study of entanglement for the Jahn-Teller E Ä b model, wich describes the interaction of a qubit with an oscillator mode, and relate it with the bifurcation of the fixed point of the classical analogue of the model. We also study qualitatively the ocurrence of chaos and its variation as a function of the parameters of the system. We have confirmed the signs that in the massive limit of the oscillator ( m ® ¥ ) the entanglement of the fundamental state of the system presents a non-smooth change (as a function of its critical parameter) in its behavior as this parameter attains the critical value. We also confirm that at this same critical value the classical analogue presents a bifurcation of some of its fixed points. Concerning the possible influence of chaos on the entanglement, we have been able to see the appearance of a substantial chaotic region in the classical phase space when the critical parameter is in the vici-nity of its critical value. The analysis of the Husimi function in the fundamental state allowed us to establish two things: (i) a connection between the localization of the maximum of this function and the localization of the fixed points in the phase space, confirming the occurrence of the bifurcation in the quantum state in this representation; (ii) verification that in fact the classical limit of the oscillator is approached when we increase the energy degeneracy breaking parameter of the system. / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) is a nonlinear optical process in which an incident field known as the pump interacts with a nonlinear crystal to produce two output fields known as signal and idler. Due to the conservation of energy and momentum, these output fields are entangled in the temporal and spatial degrees of freedom. The gain, which represents the strength of the interaction, increases in direct proportion to the strength of the pump field. In the low-gain regime, the generated field is an entangled two-photon state. This regime continues to be routinely employed in fundamental quantum optics experiments and quantum technologies. In the high-gain regime, the generated field is a multiphoton entangled state known as a bright squeezed vacuum. The goal of this thesis is to theoretically and experimentally characterize the spatial correlations present in high-gain SPDC. In order to characterize the spatial correlations between the generated fields, we utilize the Schmidt decomposition formalism. In this study, we examine the evolution of the Schmidt modes and spectrum with increasing pump amplitude. Our work shows that the Schmidt modes expand marginally in size, and the Schmidt spectrum narrows with respect to increasing gain. The narrowing of the Schmidt spectrum, as quantified by a decrease in the Schmidt number, indicates a gradual decrease in spatial entanglement.

The relative polarization of the two photons emitted when a positron annihilates at rest has been re-investigated with high precision and a different method of data analysis. An experiment using a pair of ideal polarization analyzers to measure this relative polarization would be a special case of the general class of thought experiments discussed by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR). EPR argued from these thought experiments that a physical system can exist in a state with definite values for two non-commuting variables. Since quantum mechanics can not describe such a state, EPR called quantum mechanics "incomplete". But EPR believed a complete theory -sometimes called a hidden variable theory- is possible. (This argument of EPR is sometimes called the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen "paradox".) Our experimental results, together with a theorem due to Bell, provide strong evidence that a local "hidden variable" theory is not possible. The results also rule out a hypothetical modification of quantum mechanics, suggested by Bohm and Aharonov, which was motivated by the EPR thought experiments. Compton scattering was used to analyze the linear polarization. But the theorem of Bell, mentioned above, applies to relatively "ideal" polarization measurements. Therefore, it was necessary to prove the existence, and find the explicit form of the function f relating Compton and ideal linear polarization measurements. The existence of f is shown here to follow from general principles of quantum mechanics, plus parity and angular momentum conservation; the explicit form of f is deduced from the Klein-Nishina equation. Experimental evidence is cited against the argument that f may be different in a local "hidden variable" theory.

In the twentieth century, the founding fathers of quantum mechanics explored the implications of their theory by designing gedanken experiments. In recent years, continuous improvement of the experimental manipulation of individual quantum systems has opened the way to exciting research, both on blackboards and in laboratories, and even towards field experiments. The manipulation of individual quantum systems is the basis for quantum information processing: when an information content is associated with transformations and measurements of quantum systems, it offers a new paradigm, full of potentialities, to information theory. This leads to quantum random number generation, quantum computing, quantum communication, including quantum teleportation and quantum cryptography, etc. One of the promises of quantum information is the realization of a quantum internet: quantum communication links would allow to share quantum states between the nodes (quantum computers) of the network.<p><p>Our work lies in the context of experimental quantum optics in optical fibers at telecommunication wavelengths, in view of quantum communication applications. More particularly, we study photon pairs entangled in their energy-time degree of freedom. The traditional approach to manipulate energy-time entangled photons is based on the notion of time bin: quantum information is encoded in the relative phase between distinct spatio-temporal paths, which interfere via Mach-Zehnder interferometers. The aim of our work is to demonstrate an alternative approach to manipulate energy-time entangled photons in optical fibers at telecommunication wavelengths. We investigate and implement an original method for their manipulation by building on proven techniques for their production, transmission and detection (namely nonlinear waveguides, optical fibers and single-photon detectors, respectively). The photon pairs produced by a parametric down-conversion source are sent through independent electro-optic phase modulators, which act as high-dimensional frequency beam splitters, transforming the photonic states in the frequency domain. We then use frequency filters to discriminate the photons' frequencies. Such experimental methods, whose classical origin can be traced back to coherent communication, have been previously used with attenuated coherent states as approximations of single photons.<p><p>In the present work, we aim to show that frequency-bin entanglement provides an interesting alternative platform for quantum communication. Our main experimental results towards this goal are the obtaining of high-visibility two-photon interference patterns allowing Bell inequality violations. Our method provides decisive advantages: high dimensionality, use of standard optical and optoelectronic components, inherent stability and robustness, no need for active stabilization in laboratory conditions, visibilities comparable to the highest obtained using other degrees of freedom, etc. It has however a few drawbacks, mainly high losses and the somewhat complexity of the radio-frequency system which is not standard in quantum optics. Exploiting the high dimensionality is also challenging. Overall, our method allows the implementation of traditional and original quantum optics experiments with interesting perspectives for quantum information and communication. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Long-term storage of quantum information has diverse applications in quantum information science. This work presents an experimental realization of quantum memories with lifetimes greater then 0.1 s. The memories are based on cold rubidium atoms confined in one-dimensional optical lattices. First realization of lattice-based quantum memory and entanglement between a light field and a spin wave is presented in Chapter II. Chapter III describes two different methods (two-photon and magnetic) of compensation for inhomogeneous differential light shifts between the memory levels due to optical trapping potentials, and demonstration of entanglement between a telecom-band light field and a light-shift compensated memory qubit. Highly excited Rydberg atoms present a unique platform for study of strongly correlated systems and quantum information, because of their enormous dipole moments and consequent strong, long-range interactions. In the experiment described in Chapter IV single collective Rydberg excitations are created in a cold atomic gas. After a variable storage period the excitations are converted into light. As the principal quantum number n of the Rydberg level is increased beyond ~ 70, no more than a single excitation is retrieved from the entire mesoscopic ensemble of atoms. In Chapter V, by spatially selective conversion of the spin wave into a light field, we demonstrate that Rydberg-level interactions create long-range correlations of collective atomic excitations. These results hold promise for studies of dynamics and disorder in many-body systems with tunable interactions and for scalable quantum information networks. Chapter VI presents initial observations of coherent many-body Rabi oscillations between the ground level and a Rydberg level using several hundred cold rubidium atoms. The strongly pronounced oscillations indicate a nearly complete excitation blockade of the entire mesoscopic ensemble by a single excited atom.

In this paper the features of quantum systems which lay the foundation of quantum entanglement are studied. General properties of entangled states are discussed, including their entropy and relation to Bell's inequality. Applications of entanglement, namely quantum teleportation and quantum cryptography, are also considered.

It is already known that one can always find a set of measurements on any two-qubit entangled state that will lead to a violation of the CHSH inequality. We provide an explicit state in terms of the angle between Alice's choice of measurements and the angle between Bob's choice of measurements, such that the CHSH inequality is always violated provided Alice's or Bob's choice of inputs are not collinear. We prove that inequalities with a corresponding Bell operator written as a linear combination of tensor products of Pauli matrices, excluding the identity, will generate the most nonlocal correlations using maximally entangled states in our experiment. From this result and a proposition from Horodecki et. al., we are able to construct the state that generates these optimal correlations. To achieve this state in a lab, one party must rotate their qubit using the orthogonal operation we provide and also rotate their Bloch sphere such that all their measurements lie in the same plane. We provide a comprehensive study of how Bell inequalities change when experiments introduce error via imperfect detection efficiency. The original cases of perfect efficiency are covered first and then a more realistic approach, when inefficient detectors are used, will follow. It is shown that less entanglement is needed to demonstrate more nonlocality in some Clasure-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) experiments when detector inefficiency is introduced. An example of this is shown for any given specific set of measurements in the CHSH Bell experiment. This occurs when one party has a detector of efficiency for each choice of input and the other party makes projective measurements. The efficiency can be pushed down to fifty percent while still violating the CHSH inequality, and for the experimental set-up illustrated, there is more nonlocality with less entanglement. Furthermore, it is shown that if the first party has an imperfect detector for only one choice of inputs rather than two, the efficiency can be brought down arbitrarily close to zero percent while still violating the CHSH inequality. Historically, nonlocality and entanglement were viewed as two equivalent resources, but recently this equality has come under question; these results further support this fundamental difference. Further more, we introduce Mermin's game in the case of relaxed conditions. The original constraints were that when the detectors in separate labs of a two-qubit experiment are in the same setting, then the results should be the same. We require that the outcomes are the same at least part of the time, given by some epsilon variable. Initially, one could find a maximum violation of one-fourth by allowing to parties to share the singlet state and have measurement settings one-hundred and twenty degrees apart from one another. By allowing some epsilon error in the perfect correlations regime, one can find a maximum violation of minus one plus the square root of two using the singlet state and measurement inputs that achieve Tsirelson's bound for the CHSH experiment. The reason is that we show Mermin's inequality is technically the CHSH inequality "in disguise", but with using constraints the CHSH experiment does not use. We derive Mermin's inequality under new conditions and give the projective measurements needed to violate maximally.

Orientador: Carlos Ourivio Escobar / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T17:22:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rigolin_GustavoGarcia_D.pdf: 2659522 bytes, checksum: 04f0cc5c9d3d83caae7857516ee7a413 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Nesta tese estudamos em detalhes uma das características da Mecânica Quântica que mais destoa de nosso senso comum: o Emaranhamento Quântico. Apresentamos uma revisão dos principais resultados obtidos no entendimento do emaranhamento, em especial do emaranhamento bipartite. Definimos formalmente o que é um estado quântico emaranhado e, em seguida, apresentamos maneiras de qualificar e quantificar este emaranhamento. Mostramos uma nova maneira de se discernir entre estados emaranhados e não emaranhados agindo apenas localmente em um dos constituintes do sistema. Apresentamos dois limitantes inferiores que nos permitem estimar o grau de emaranhamento de qualquer estado Gaussiano de dois modos. A partir de uma generalização do protocolo de teletransporte de um q bit para N q bits, criamos uma medida de emaranhamento para sistemas multipartites que possui fácil interpretação física. Estudamos também as implicações do emaranhamento na dedução das relações de incerteza de Heisenberg para sistemas de partículas idênticas. Investigamos uma possível relação entre caos e emaranhamento bipartite, onde obtemos um decréscimo no emaranhamento conforme o sistema se torna mais caótico. Finalizamos essa tese apresentando um estudo sobre o comportamento do emaranhamento a temperaturas finitas, em especial para um sistema de dois qbits descritos pela Hamiltoniana de Heisenberg xYZ / Abstract: In this dissertation we study in details one of the most astonishing features of Quantum Mechanics which totally departs from our common sense: Quantum Entanglement. We review most of what is known in the study of entanglement, specially bipartite entanglement. We formally define entanglement and, whereupon, present how to qualify and quantify entangled states. We show a novel way to distinguish between entangled and non-entangled states acting locally onto one of the constituents of the system. Then, we present two lower bounds for the entanglement of formation for arbitrary two-mode Gaussian states. Generalizing the teleportation protocol to N qubits, we create a multipartite measure of entanglement which has a simple physical interpretation and is easily computed from the state describing the system. We also study the implications of entanglement in deducing uncertainty relations for identical particles. In addition to this, we investigate the influence of chaos on the degree of bipartite entanglement in spin chains. We show that chaos decreases entanglement. We end this dissertation presenting a study about the behavior of entanglement at finite temperatures, focusing at two qubits interacting via the Heisenberg xYZ Hamiltonian / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências