Propomos um esquema inovador para o teletransporte em variáveis contínuas usando um OPO, oscilador paramétrico ótico, como fonte de estados emaranhados e desenvolvemos a instrumentação necessária para implementá-lo. O OPO é utilizado em um regime de operação onde dois feixes de comprimentos de onda distintos são produzidos, o que permitirá que o estado de uma dada cor seja aniquilado e que sua recriação seja em uma cor diferente. A realização dessa proposta permite teletransportar estados quânticos da luz entre cores distintas do espectro eletromagnético. Devido a sintonizabilidade do OPO, será possível a comunicação quântica entre diferentes tipos de sistemas que servirão como elementos de processamento na manipulação da informação quântica. A fidelidade deste processo é tanto maior quanto maior for o emaranhamento do par empregado, dessa forma, o maior desafio para a realização do teletransporte é justamente a construção de um canal quântico com o maior nível de emaranhamento possível experimentalmente. Várias tentativas de construção do canal quântico foram feitas, porém nenhuma delas apresentou-se, até o momento, adequada para a realização com sucesso do protocolo. Em uma das tentativas, um OPO duplamente ressonante, alcançou-se uma compressão de ruído de intensidade, nunca antes medida na história do nosso laboratório, porém o excesso de ruído de fase medido, originado do laser, degradou o emaranhamento, impossibilitando o prosseguimento da montagem. Atualmente, estamos investindo em um OPO triplamente ressonante como provável canal quântico do nosso protocolo. Medidas preliminares de emaranhamento desse novo OPO foram realizadas, entretanto ainda não se mostrou suficiente para o teletransporte. / This work has aimed to implement and develop the instrumentation needed in an innovative approach of the teleportation in continuous variables using an OPO, optical parametric oscillator, as source of entangled states. OPO is used in a type of operation where two intense beams of different wavelengths are produced. It allows that the state of a given color is annihilated and reconstructed in a different color. The realization of the bicolor teleportation will make possible the interaction of fields with other entanglement experiments such atoms that operate at different frequencies. Due to the tunable OPO, quantum communication between different types of systems, which serve as processing elements in the manipulation of quantum information, will be possible. The protocol\'s fidelity depends on the level of entanglement between the beams so the greatest challenge of our set up is the construction of a quantum channel with the highest level of entanglement experimentally achieved. Several attempts of quantum channel were constructed, but none of them appeared suitable for carrying out successfully the protocol. In one of the attempts, a doubly resonant OPO reached a intensity noise compression that has never been measured in the history of our laboratory but the excess phase noise measured, originated from the commercial laser, degraded entanglement and prevented the continuation of the set up. We are working now with a triply resonant OPO as a probable quantum channel of the protocol. Preliminary measurements of entanglement of this new OPO were done, although it still was not enough to implement teleportation.

The preparation of single photons in a pure quantum state is a subject of great interest in physics, enabling the control of light at an unprecedented level. The ease with which certain degrees of freedom of photon states, such as polarisation, can be manipulated, along with the inherent resilience of photons to decoherence, makes them well suited for use as qubits. Recent rapid developments in the transmission and processing of quantum information, as well as the likely technological impact of potential real-world applications such as quantum cryptography and quantum computation, mean that the demand for high performance single photon sources is likely to increase in the near future. One approach to producing single photon states, which are known to be in a well-defined spatio-temporal mode without destructively measuring them, is to take advantage of nonlinear optics. Nonlinear processes can be used to realise frequency conversion by generating a single, correlated pair of photons from an intense pump laser source. The detection of one of the photons from a pair can then be used to indicate the presence of the other photon in the pair, a procedure known as heralding. This thesis describes the development of a source of heralded single photons at 1550 nm, generated directly in the core of a photonic crystal fibre (PCF). By taking advantage of low loss fibre components for the required spectral filtering of the generated photon state, a heralding fidelity of 52% was achieved. The source was designed to be used with a picosecond pulsed fibre laser, making it relatively low cost and maintenance free. With 148 mW of average pump power a heralded output photon rate of 6.4 × 104 s-1 was observed, demonstrating the brightness of the source. The purity of the generated single photons was established by measuring non-classical interference, with a visibility of 70%, between the photons output from this source and a source based on a PPLN waveguide. The fabrication of a series of birefringent PCFs for the generation of spectrally pure state photons at 1550 nm is also discussed. These PCFs will be useful for incorporation in the next generation of high performance, fibre-based photon sources.

Structures that demonstrate nonclassicality are of foundational interest in quantum mechanics, and can also be seen as resources for numerous applications in quantum information processing - particularly in the Hilbert space of N qubits. The theory of entanglement, quantum contextuality, and quantum nonlocality within the N-qubit Pauli group is further developed in this thesis. The Strong Kochen-Specker theorem and the structures that prove it are introduced and explored in detail. The pattern of connections between structures that show entanglement, contextuality, and nonlocality is explained. Computational search algorithms and related tools were developed and used to perform complete searches for minimal nonclassical structures within the N-qubit Pauli group up to values of N limited by our computational resources. Our results are surveyed and prescriptions are given for using the elementary nonclassical structures we have found to construct more complex types of such structures. Families of nonclassical structures are presented for all values of N, including the most compact family of projector-based parity proofs of the Kochen-Specker theorem yet discovered in all dimensions of the form 2N, where N>=2. The applications of our results and their connection with other work is also discussed.

Quantum information processing (QIP) is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the development of computers and information processing systems that utilize quantum mechanical properties of nature to carry out their function. QIP systems have become vastly more practical since the turn of the century. Today, QIP applications span imaging, cryptographic security, computation, and simulation (quantum systems that mimic other quantum systems). Many important strategies improve quantum versions of classical information system hardware, such as single photon detectors and quantum repeaters. Another more abstract strategy engineers high-dimensional quantum state spaces, so that each successful event carries more information than traditional two-level systems allow. Photonic states in particular bring the added advantages of weak environmental coupling and data transmission near the speed of light, allowing for simpler control and lower system design complexity. In this dissertation, numerous novel, scalable designs for practical high-dimensional linear-optical QIP systems are presented. First, a correlated photon imaging scheme using orbital angular momentum (OAM) states to detect rotational symmetries in objects using measurements, as well as building images out of those interactions is reported. Then, a statistical detection method using chains of OAM superpositions distributed according to the Fibonacci sequence is established and expanded upon. It is shown that the approach gives rise to schemes for sorting, detecting, and generating the recursively defined high-dimensional states on which some quantum cryptographic protocols depend. Finally, an ongoing study based on a generalization of the standard optical multiport for applications in quantum computation and simulation is reported upon. The architecture allows photons to reverse momentum inside the device. This in turn enables realistic implementation of controllable linear-optical scattering vertices for carrying out quantum walks on arbitrary graph structures, a powerful tool for any quantum computer. It is shown that the novel architecture provides new, efficient capabilities for the optical quantum simulation of Hamiltonians and topologically protected states. Further, these simulations use exponentially fewer resources than feedforward techniques, scale linearly to higher-dimensional systems, and use only linear optics, thus offering a concrete experimentally achievable implementation of graphical models of discrete-time quantum systems.

Sistemas quânticos cuja dinâmica é não-unitária e que evoluem adiabaticamente apresentam características únicas com aplicações no campo da computação quântica. Estudamos nessa dissertação o formalismo de sistemas quânticos abertos, a teoria de semigrupos dinâmicos e os chamados operadores de Lindblad. Enunciamos e provamos o teorema adiabático na formulação de T. Kato a fim de entender a idéia e o formalismo por trás de regimes adiabáticos. Utilizamos essas ferramentas para descrever o problema de otimização de trajetórias adiabáticas em sistemas quânticos dissipativos (cuja dinâmica é dada por uma classe de operadores de Lindblad) e, seguindo as indicações de Avron et al. [8], obtemos as condições para que essa otimização seja única e aplicamos esse resultado em algoritmos quânticos de busca. / Quantum systems whose dynamics is non-unitary and develop adiabatically exhibit unique characteristics with applications in the field of quantum computing. We study in this dissertation formalism of open quantum systems, the theory of dynamical semigroups and called Lindblad operators. We state and prove the adiabatic theorem in Kato T. formulation in order to understand the idea and the formalism behind adiabatic regimes. We use these tools to describe the adiabatic trajectory optimization problem in dissipative quantum systems (whose dynamics is given by a Lindblad operator class) and following the advice of Avron et al. [8], we obtain the conditions for this optimization is unique and apply this result in search of quantum algorithms.

Neste trabalho realizamos a implementação experimental de informação quântica (IQ) em um sistema de dois bits quânticos (q-bits) de spin 3/2 via ressonância quadrupolar nuclear (RQN). Foram implementadas portas lógicas quânticas que são necessárias para a criação e manipulação dos estados pseudo-puros (PPSs). Ademais, foi proposto um método de tomografia de estado quântico (TEQ) baseado na seleção de coerências de múltiplo quantum por ciclagem de fases. A TEQ foi empregada para avaliar os estados quânticos implementados experimentalmente. A amostra utilizada foi um monocristal de KClO3, o núcleo medido foi 35Cl, que possui spin 3/2. Neste sistema foi possível obter os quatro PPSs da base computacional. Sobre os PPSs foram aplicados portas lógicas quânticas CNOT e Hadamard, que produziram estados de sobreposição e estados emaranhados. Sobre os estados emaranhados foram analisados os conceitos de correlações clássicas e quânticas. A TEQ dos estados implementados experimentalmente mostrou altas fidelidades (maior de 90%). Também foi possível criar estados coerentes de spin aplicando rotações sobre os PPSs. Com base nos estados coerentes de spin foram gerados estados coerentes comprimidos mediante a aplicação de evoluções não lineares, presentes naturalmente em sistemas de RQN. Estes resultados promissores mostram que a RQN pode ser satisfatoriamente aplicada como uma ferramenta experimental em estudos de IQ. / In this work we describe the experimental implementation of quantum information processing (QIP) in a two spin qubits system by nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR). We implemented quantum gates and their applications in the creation and manipulation of pseudo-pure state (PPS). Furthermore, we propose one method of Quantum State Tomography (QST) based on coherence pathways selected by RF phase cycling. QST is one of the tools used to evaluate QIP implementations, it allows to completely evaluate the quantum state of the spin system. We experimentally implemented NQR-QIP in a KClO3 single crystal and observing 35Cl, a spin 3/2 nucleus. It was possible to obtain all the four PPS associated with the computational basis and to apply the Controlled-not (CNOT) and Hadamard gates on them. The reading of the resulting states was performed by the proposed QST method, and resulted in experimental quantum state fidelities greater than 90%. It was also possible to create squeezed spin states. This states are generated by non linear interactions, which naturally arise in a NQR system. These are very promising results and they indicate that NQR can be successfully applied as an experimental tool for studying fundamental QIP theory.

Decoherence is a major barrier to the implementation of quantum technologies. Theoretical techniques for understanding decoherence in composite systems have traditionally been focused on systems with distinguishable emission spectra, where measuring the frequency of an emitted photon allows one to determine which process took place. Here the photon contains information about the state of the system. On the other hand, systems with indistinguishable spectra do not necessarily completely reveal information about the state of the system when a photon is emitted. It can be impossible to say for certain which of two nearly degenerate transitions has occurred just by measuring the photon's frequency. It is then possible to preserve information within the system throughout the decay process. In this Thesis we show that indistinguishable spectra can lead to protected coherences within one part of a coupled quantum system, even as another part decays. We develop a zero-temperature exact approach for modelling such systems, and compare it to the microscopically derived Born-Markov master equation. This comparison helps us to understand the range of validity of the Markovian approximation. We use this understanding to extend the master equation approach to finite temperature within the Markovian regime, and we compare its high temperature results to a semiclassical model. We examine the physical conditions required for coherence protection, and remarkably we find that heating the system can improve coherence protection. Similarly, increasing the decay rate of the unprotected part of the coupled system can also enhance the coherence of the protected part. These effects are the results of linewidth broadening and thus greater spectral indistinguishability. The findings in this Thesis are of interest to both those seeking to engineer hybrid quantum systems and those seeking to develop theoretical techniques for dealing with the decoherence of composite quantum systems.

Les états quantiques multimodes sont au coeur des protocoles detraitement quantique de l’information et de métrologie quantique. Àpartir d’un peigne de fréquence optique injectant un oscillateurparamétrique optique pompé en mode synchrone (SPOPO) nousavons généré des états multimodes en temps/fréquence. Unsimulateur quantique est alors mis en place à partir de ce SPOPO et demise en forme d’impulsion, et permet de mettre en évidence de étatsclusters pouvant compter jusque 12 noeuds et un protocole departage de secret quantique à six partenaires. De plus, une détectionmultipixel résolue en fréquence est développée et utilisée pourréaliser un état cluster linéaire à 8 noeuds. Nous avons égalementutilisé cette source pour développer un spectromètre ayant unesensibilité allant au delà de celle imposée par les fluctuations du videquantique. / Multimode squeezing plays an essential role in quantum informationprocessing and quantum metrology. Using optical frequency combs,we generate multi-temporal-mode state from a synchronouslypumped optical parametric oscillator (SPOPO). An on-demandquantum network simulator is developed using the SPOPO andultrafast pulse shaping; up-to-twelve-node cluster states and asix-partite quantum secret sharing protocol are experimentallyemulated with this simulator. Furthermore, frequency resolvedmultipixel detectors are employed, and used to realize aline-shape-eight-node cluster state. We also developed a multimodequantum spectrometer, which is able to exceed the standardquantum limit for measuring manifold parameters of ultrafast pulses.

Orientador: Carlos Ourivio Escobar / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T17:22:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rigolin_GustavoGarcia_D.pdf: 2659522 bytes, checksum: 04f0cc5c9d3d83caae7857516ee7a413 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Nesta tese estudamos em detalhes uma das características da Mecânica Quântica que mais destoa de nosso senso comum: o Emaranhamento Quântico. Apresentamos uma revisão dos principais resultados obtidos no entendimento do emaranhamento, em especial do emaranhamento bipartite. Definimos formalmente o que é um estado quântico emaranhado e, em seguida, apresentamos maneiras de qualificar e quantificar este emaranhamento. Mostramos uma nova maneira de se discernir entre estados emaranhados e não emaranhados agindo apenas localmente em um dos constituintes do sistema. Apresentamos dois limitantes inferiores que nos permitem estimar o grau de emaranhamento de qualquer estado Gaussiano de dois modos. A partir de uma generalização do protocolo de teletransporte de um q bit para N q bits, criamos uma medida de emaranhamento para sistemas multipartites que possui fácil interpretação física. Estudamos também as implicações do emaranhamento na dedução das relações de incerteza de Heisenberg para sistemas de partículas idênticas. Investigamos uma possível relação entre caos e emaranhamento bipartite, onde obtemos um decréscimo no emaranhamento conforme o sistema se torna mais caótico. Finalizamos essa tese apresentando um estudo sobre o comportamento do emaranhamento a temperaturas finitas, em especial para um sistema de dois qbits descritos pela Hamiltoniana de Heisenberg xYZ / Abstract: In this dissertation we study in details one of the most astonishing features of Quantum Mechanics which totally departs from our common sense: Quantum Entanglement. We review most of what is known in the study of entanglement, specially bipartite entanglement. We formally define entanglement and, whereupon, present how to qualify and quantify entangled states. We show a novel way to distinguish between entangled and non-entangled states acting locally onto one of the constituents of the system. Then, we present two lower bounds for the entanglement of formation for arbitrary two-mode Gaussian states. Generalizing the teleportation protocol to N qubits, we create a multipartite measure of entanglement which has a simple physical interpretation and is easily computed from the state describing the system. We also study the implications of entanglement in deducing uncertainty relations for identical particles. In addition to this, we investigate the influence of chaos on the degree of bipartite entanglement in spin chains. We show that chaos decreases entanglement. We end this dissertation presenting a study about the behavior of entanglement at finite temperatures, focusing at two qubits interacting via the Heisenberg xYZ Hamiltonian / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

A aplicação da Mecânica Quântica para o processamento de informação chamou a atenção para o problema da perda de características quânticas e, consequentemente, estimulou os estudos de tal fenômeno. Desde então, uma das maiores dificuldades neste campo é responder a pergunta: Como entender a interação entre sistema e ambiente? Em sistemas quânticos abertos tal interação é responsável pelo fenômeno da decoerência, que transforma um estado quântico inicialmente puro em uma mistura estatística de estados possíveis. Banhos térmicos são comumente utilizados para modelar a influência inevitável do ambiente e descrever matematicamente seus efeitos. Muitos estudos têm sido realizados no sentido de construir mecanismos que evitam a perda de informação para o ambiente, recuperando-se a potencialidade oferecida pelo mundo quântico. Assim, seria possível a utilização de um ruído estocástico para anular os efeitos do ruído térmico? Em outras palavras, queremos construir um ambiente artificial onde a ação do banho térmico é minimizada devido à presença de um campo estocástico. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a influência da injeção de um ruído estocástico colorido na dinâmica de um oscilador harmônico em contato com um banho térmico, quando o sistema de interesse é preparado em um estado coerente. Nós faremos isso através de uma equação mestra quântica, abordando-a com o auxílio da representação P de Glauber-Sudarshan. Será sugerido que a recoerência causada pelo ruído estocástico colorido é uma assinatura da não-Markovianidade. / The application of Quantum Mechanics to information processing called attention to the problem of losing quantum characteristics and, consequently, stimulated the studies of such phenomenon. Since then, one of the biggest difficulties in this field is to answer the question: How can the interaction between system and environment be understood? In open quantum systems such interaction is responsible for the decoherence phenomenon, which turns a quantum pure initial states into a statistical mixture of possible states. Thermal environments are commonly used to model the unavoidable influence of the environment and to mathematically describe its effects. Many studies have been done in order to build a mechanism that avoids the loss of information to the environment, recovering the potentiality offered by the quantum world. Thus, would be possible to use a stochastic noise to cancel the thermal noise effects? In other words, we want to build an artificial environment where the action of the thermal bath is minimized due to the presence of a stochastic field. The purpose of this work is to investigate the influence of the injection of a colored stochastic noise in the dynamics of a harmonic oscillator in contact with a thermal bath, when the system of interest is initially prepared in a coherent state. We are going to do this through a Glauber-Sudarshan P-representation approach to a quantum master equation. It will be suggested that the recoherence caused by the colored stochastic noise is a signature of non-Markovianity.