Orobanche ramosa L. is an annual, parasitic weed present in the western Murray-Mallee region of South Australia. A quarantine zone was established to encompass all known infestations, and has been adjusted over time as new infestations have been discovered. The movement of fodder, machinery, grain and straw, horticultural crops, livestock, and soil is controlled by strict quarantine procedures, to prevent further spread across the landscape. O. ramosa presents a unique situation for weed managers: plants are obligate parasites, relying entirely on broadleaved hosts for their water and nutrition; and seeds are tiny (0.3 mm), produced in large numbers (up to 100 000 seeds per plant), and are long-lived, persisting in the soil seed bank for up to 13 years. The dispersal vectors for O. ramosa in South Australia are the focus of this Master’s thesis. Two dispersal vectors were chosen for investigation: sheep and wind. Sheep were examined as possible vector for seeds, both via the gut (internal transport, or endozoochory) and via adhesion on the external surface of the animal (external transport, or epizoochory). Internal transport via sheep was investigated with a classic gut-passage experiment, which showed a peak in excretion of weed seeds at day 2, reducing to zero seeds excreted at day 8, and a half-life of 2 days. Two phases of external transport on sheep was studied: attachment and retention. Attachment was confirmed by finding seeds on the body wool and feet of sheep that had been kept for 7 days on soil with an O. ramosa seedbank. Seed retention was confirmed by placing seeds onto the body and still finding them in wool samples after 7 days. Wind was the other dispersal vector investigated for O. ramosa. A survey of natural wind dispersal was conducted, which confirmed wind as a vector and allowed trap design to be tested. Then a portable field-based wind tunnel was used to investigate the effects of ground cover (bare ground and cereal stubble) and wind speed (low, medium and high) on wind dispersal of O. ramosa seeds. For the stubble treatments, more seeds were trapped within the tunnel, and on bare ground more seeds were trapped exiting the tunnel. Importantly, the data showed that low wind speeds readily move O. ramosa seeds, and that the seeds are capable of aerodynamic lift in the wind profile. Results are discussed in the context of dispersal biology, quarantine procedures, and future work that would further refine knowledge of likely dispersal vectors for O. ramosa. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1459246 / Thesis (M.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2009

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-72). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Master of Science / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Alison Paige Adams / Avian influenza (AI) is a zoonotic disease that has garnered much attention in recent years due to its detrimental effects on poultry, producers and potentially human health. This disease can be extremely fatal to domestic poultry, killing as high as 90-100% of the flock. This virus has the potential to cause devastation to and loss of entire flocks. AI is typically spread between wild fowl and domestic poultry with a zoonotic potential to also affect human health as well as other animals. Its spread also has a massive economic impact due to the decreased amounts of available poultry products to consumers around the world. This report will examine the worldwide history and epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). In the last ninety-two years, there have been five recorded outbreaks of HPAI in the United States (US). Globally, notable outbreaks have occurred in Italy (1997-2001), the Dutch region of Europe (2003), Canada (2004), and more recently, in Asia. Preventative measures will be examined in this report. In particular, biosecurity, quarantine, surveillance, and eradication are some of the most widely recognized and accepted ways to help prevent and control HPAI outbreaks. However, none of these methods are failsafe strategies to completely prevent or control the spread of HPAI. This report will focus on an additional preventative measure - currently available and potential future vaccination programs. There is a global shift toward procuring poultry that are AI-free as well as unvaccinated for AI. This is, in part, due to the limitations of currently available vaccines in completely ridding poultry of this disease. Vaccinations may reduce the amount of virus in infected birds, but this does not prevent birds from becoming infected. When addressing the control and eradication of HPAI, some future challenges include viral mutations, intermingling of domesticated and wild birds, and vaccine development. Because of the current limitations of vaccines and future challenges in controlling the spread of infection, there is no one single solution to this problem. It will require a multi-faceted approach.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da radiação gama nas fases do ciclo evolutivo de ácaros: Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus desertorum, Oligonychus ilicis, visando o tratamento quarentenário como um método alternativo de controle. Para a realização do trabalho, ácaros das três espécies acondicionadas em bandejas plásticas medindo 20x15 cm circundadas por algodão hidrofóbico e cola entomológica (Stick®) para evitar uma possível fuga dos ácaros. Posteriormente, cada espécie foi colocada separadamente dentro de gaiolas de madeiras revestidas com tela tipo organdi (1,5 x 1,5 x 1,5m), e mantidos em casa de vegetação sob hospedeiro alternativo, plantas de Feijão de Porco (Canavalia ensiformis L) e folhas de café (Coffea arábica L) apenas para O. ilicis. Os ácaros foram identificados em um microscópio estereoscópico e transferidos com um pincel de ponta fina sobre placas de petri individualizadas com 1 acaro fêmea por placa (um total de 32 placas) contendo folhas de feijão de porco e folhas de café (C. arábica L). A irradiação dos ácaros femeas foram feitas em um irradiador com fonte Cobalto-60, tipo Gammacell-220, sob uma taxa de dose 0.486 kGy/hora, com doses de: 0 (controle) 100, 200, 300 e 400 Gy, em um total de 5 tratamentos e 32 repetições para cada ácaro. As avaliações foram realizadas a cada 24 horas, por um período de 22 dias após a irradiação, contando-se o número de: ovos, ninfas, adultos e mortalidade dos ácaros. Para as análises estatísticas foram utilizados modelos lineares generalizados com distribuição do tipo quase-binomial e gaussiana para análise dos dados de proporções de mortalidade e duração em dias das fases de ovos e ninfas das três espécies de ácaros envolvidas no estudo. A verificação da qualidade do ajuste dos dados foi feita por meio do uso do gráfico meio-normal de probabilidades com envelope de simulação. Quando houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, múltiplas comparações (teste de Tukey, P<0,05) foram realizadas por meio da função glht do pacote multicomp com ajuste dos valores de P. Todas as análises foram realizadas utilizando-se o software estatístico R, versão 2.15.1. A diminuição da viabilidade dos ovos e das ninfas dos ácaros foi diretamente proporcional ao aumento das doses de radiação gama. A dose de 200 Gy foi esterilizante para todas as fases do ciclo evolutivo de O.ilicis e 300 Gy para T.urticae e T. desertorum. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Una de las medidas de proteccionismo de los países frente a las importaciones de productos vegetales es el requerimiento de certificación sanitaria, con la finalidad de proteger al país frente al posible ingreso de plagas cuarentenarias. La mosca de la fruta es una de las plagas más perjudiciales económicamente a nivel mundial, en vista de que ocasiona pérdidas anuales del total de producción agrícola de los países hospedantes. De igual forma, los agricultores de estos países se ven sumamente afectados, debido a que deben invertir en diferentes mecanismos tanto de control, como de erradicación de plagas. Nuestro país no es exento a esta plaga, por lo que en muchos casos nuestras exportaciones se han visto restringidas. El año pasado la Unión Europea impuso una serie de restricciones a la importación de mango a través de una serie de requisitos con la finalidad de que el Perú cumpla al menos con uno de ellos para que sus exportaciones de mango no se vean afectadas, los requisitos impuestos fueron país libre de la mosca de la fruta, área libre de la mosca de la fruta, parcela que durante los últimos tres meses no haya tenido rastro de la mosca de la fruta o aplicar un tratamiento eficaz. En la presente investigación buscamos analizar cada uno de estos requisitos y establecer a cuál de ellos debería acogerse nuestro país. / One of the protectionist measures of the countries against imports of plant products is the requirement of sanitary certification, in order to protect the country against the possible entry of quarantine pests. The fruit fly is one of the most economically damaging pests in the world, since it causes annual losses of the total agricultural production of the host countries. Similarly, farmers in these countries are highly affected, because they must invest in different mechanisms, both for control and eradication of pests. Our country is not exempt from this plague, which is why in many cases our exports have been restricted. Last year the European Union imposed a series of restrictions on mango imports through a series of requirements in order for Peru to comply with at least one of them so that its mango exports are not affected; the requirements imposed were fruit fly free country, fruit fly free area, piece of ground that for the last three months we have had no trace of fruit fly or applied effective treatment.. In the present investigation, we seek to analyze each of these requirements and establish which of them should be accepted by our country. / Tesis

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In the event of another pandemic influenza, it will be important to understand the public’s perception of quarantine and social distancing methods, as these methods will be the first line of defense in attempting to contain or lessen the severity of the outbreak until a vaccine and medications can be developed and produced in mass quantities. College students perceptions are particularly important to look at as their living situations can vary drastically from the general public, i.e. living far away from home and with roommates. This study looks at college students perceptions of quarantine and social distancing measures that could be implemented in the event of an outbreak of pandemic influenza. The data revealed that undergraduate college students in this study favored the use of government implemented quarantine and social distancing methods, except for requiring that religious services be temporarily canceled. They are also worried about the potential problems that may occur as a result of the implementation of quarantine and social distancing methods, and the only information source that the majority of them trust to give them useful and accurate information regarding an influenza pandemic in their community was their physician or other health care professional. Of most significance to the college student population, as opposed to the general public, is the place of quarantine for the other people that live in the same residence. Fifty-three percent of the respondents in this study favored quarantining the other people living in their residence in a separate quarantine facility compared to 29% in the Blendon (2006) study that surveyed the general adult population in the United States.

People are afraid of contagious diseases. The thought that disease can spread throughout an entire population tends to make people wary of their interactions with their surrounding environment. Hearing about, or even seeing pictures of mosquitoes can make people squeamish or even stimulate an itch. Throughout the ages, the reaction to contagious diseases has been to quarantine and isolate. From the bubonic plague to the 1918 “Spanish” flu, the protocol was to quarantine those infected and isolate the rest. It may be this practice that inspired such precautions be taken by the public. Often these precautions are not warrantless and come to be second nature: Don’t get too close to sick people who appear to sneeze or cough often; cover your mouth when sneezing or coughing; wash your hands frequently. In recent years, the world has encountered new outbreaks from not so new diseases: 2002 SARS. 2009 “Swine” Flu. 2014 both Measles and Ebola. 2016 Zika. To the public, it seems that the next disease may strike at any moment. It is often the government’s duty to intervene and alleviate the damages. This thesis examines the legal aspects of the Zika virus and how past regulations have affected the spread of contagious diseases. In addition, it will examine past outbreaks of different diseases: how the country reacted, what policies were enacted, and how they relate to the current case of the Zika Virus.