A Tuberculose vem acometendo animais selvagens desde o surgimento das primeiras coleções organizadas. Particularmente, macacos são altamente suscetíveis as micobactérias, gerando grandes perdas econômicas para as instituições, além do risco de transmissão para o homem e animais. As principais micobatérias, que causam a doença em primatas em cativeiro, são o Mycobacterium tuberculosis e Mycobacterium bovis. Acredita-se que primatas do "novo mundo" são menos suscetíveis do que os do "velho mundo", entretanto observa-se que tuberculose tem sido documentada em várias espécies. A principal forma de transmissão é através de aerossóis contendo os bacilos. A doença pode evoluir para a forma ativa ou latente, dependendo do estado imunológico do animal. Os sinais clínicos podem ser insidiosos, com somente uma alteração comportamental, seguido por anorexia e letargia, alterações respiratórias ou simplesmente o animal pode aparecer morto no recinto. O diagnóstico clínico é difícil e problemático, sendo que muitas vezes as lesões consistentes com a doença só são observadas na necropsia. Por isso o uso de outras ferramentas de diagnóstico é importante, como o teste de tuberculinização, cultivo e isolamento bacteriano, que são os mais usados na rotina das instituições, e os exames radiográficos do tórax e abdômen, testes moleculares e sorológicos. Toda instituição que mantém primatas em cativeiro deveriam possuir programas de prevenção para evitar a entrada da micobactéria dentro da coleção, principalmente ao se adquirir novos animais. Por isso, o emprego de medidas de biossegurança é essencial para diminuir o risco de doenças para o homem e para os animais dentro das instituições. Essas medidas consistem na implantação de uma série de procedimentos e normas operacionais rígidas, como programas de quarentena, programas de saúde para os funcionários e formação de equipe capacitada e treinada. / Tuberculosis has been affecting wild animals since the arising of the first organized collections. Specially, monkeys are highly susceptible to mycobacteria, which cause great economic losses in the institutions, beyond the risk of transmission to man and animals. The main species of mycobacteria, that cause disease in nonhuman primates in captivity, are Mycobacerium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. It is believed that nonhuman primates from the "new world" are less susceptible than the "old world" ones, however it is noted that tuberculosis has been continually documented in several species. Aerosols that contain infectious bacilli are the main transmission mode. The disease can progress to active or latent form, which depends on the animal's immune status. The clinical signs can be insidious, with only a behavior change, followed by anorexia and lethargy, respiratory alteration or the animal can appear dead in the room. The clinical diagnostic is difficult and problematic, and often lesions are only observed at necropsy. Therefore, the use of other diagnostic tools is important, as the tuberculin skin test, bacterial culture and isolation, that are most used during the routine of institutions, and radiography of the chest and abdomen, molecular and serological tests. Every institution that maintains nonhuman primates in captivity should have prevention programs to avoid the entry of mycobacteria inside of collection, mainly when new animals are acquired. Thus, the use of biosecurity measures is essential to reduce the risk of disease in humans and animals within institutions. These measures consist in implanting series of rigid procedures and operational standards, like quarantine programs, health programs for employees and formation of the qualified team.

Em todo serviço de hemoterapia, a questão da segurança transfusional gera grande preocupação, visto que não existe transfusão isenta de risco de contaminação. Este trabalho tem como objetivo sugerir ao Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do estado de Santa Catarina (HEMOSC), uma proposta de programa de uso de plasma de quarentena visando a segurança transfusional. O plasma de quarentena é aquele originado de um doador de repetição, que apresentou todos os testes sorológicos para doenças hemotransmissíveis não reagentes em doação anterior, até que o doador realize uma nova doação, este hemocomponente é mantido em quarentena, evitando o uso do mesmo em período de janela imunológica. Se todos os testes laboratoriais exigidos pela legislação vigente mantiverem-se não reativos após a nova doação, a unidade de plasma é liberada para uso. Sugere-se adequações no sistema de informática, referentes a triagem clínica e processamento do sangue, especificações para armazenamento e congelamento de plasma. Após análise da produção de plasma da hemorrede catarinense nos anos de 2012 e 2013, foi possível constatar que a instituição apresenta grande potencial para implantação da proposta, sendo necessário adequações na área física dos setores de processamento da hemorrede / Throughout the hemotherapy service, the question of transfusion safety generates great concern, whereas there is no free risk transfusion of contamination. This work aims to suggest to the Center of Hematology of the state of Santa Catarina (Hemosc) a proposal for use of quarantine plasma program to transfusion safety. The quarantine plasma that is originated from a donor replay, which showed all the non-reactive serologic tests for diseases transmissible by blood previous donation until the donor make a new donation, the blood component is kept in quarantine, avoiding the use of it in window periods. If all laboratory tests required by law are kept non-reactive after the new donation, the plasma unit is released for use. To implement the program for this product, adjustments in the computer system, related to recruitment, clinical screening, processing of blood, and specifications for storage and freezing of plasma is needed. After analysis of plasma production in Santa Catarina in 2012 and 2013, we acknowledge that the institution has a great potential for deployment of the proposal, being necessary adjustments in the physical area of the sectors of processing of the HEMOSC

Establishing blood serum profiles is important for understanding animal disease ecology and nutrition, the effects of capture and immobilization, and general physiological variation among individuals and populations. Elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) have been successfully translocated to several states for reintroduction or population augmentation, including most recently in Kentucky, where over the course of three years (2011-13) wild elk were captured, temporarily quarantined, and subsequently moved to Missouri and Virginia to establish populations in those states. I used this opportunity to collect a variety of biological samples, including blood from which I present and compare serological profiles for a variety of elk age and sex classes. Additionally, I took the opportunity to investigate the effects of the translocation process on some morphological and physiological parameters of elk. Quarantine and processing of elk can be stressful for animals and lead to injury or death. I characterized how elk respond to this process by measuring biochemical serum values along with various physiological parameters at 5 handling events from the time of capture until final transport to recipient states. Changes observed in parameters between paired workups were indicative of the physical exertion and stress associated with handling activities.

Mathematical models of disease spreading are a key factor of ensuring that we are prepared to deal with the next epidemic. They allow us to predict how an infection will spread throughout a population, thereby allowing us to make intelligent choices when attempting to contain the disease. Whether due to a lack of empirical data, a lack of computational power, a lack of biological understanding, or some combination thereof, traditional models must make sweeping assumptions about the behavior of a population during an epidemic. In this thesis, we implement granular epidemic simulations using a rich social network constructed from real-world interactions. We develop computational models for three diseases, and we use these simulations to demonstrate the effects of twelve potential intervention strategies, both before and during a hypothetical epidemic. We show how representing a population as a temporal graph and applying existing graph metrics can lead to more effective interventions.

This Masters Thesis is a response to the personal willingness of obtaining something positive from the global crisis, caused by Covid-19. In such a situation, an understanding of the role of light in domiciles is appropriate not only functionally, but emotionally, as new ways of living in space are introduced. Indeed, flexibility has turned to be a claimed characteristic in the house, as well as access to daylight and outdoor spaces. Those aspects are to be considered positive in the near future. Nevertheless, what can be considered as positive light and the extent to which it is related to flexibility is a factor to study.  How positive light can be achieved is also a factor to consider. Throughout this project, positive light will be defined under the exceptional circumstances of quarantine. The distribution of a survey, a discussion of architectural theories, as well as a study of positive light in my personal home will be carried out in order to gain an insight into its definition.

O Submédio do Vale do São Francisco (VSF), que compreende parte dos estados da Bahia e de Pernambuco, é considerado atualmente o principal polo de produção de uvas frescas para exportação do Brasil. Entre as principais pragas que afetam essa cultura na região destaca-se a mosca-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata, conhecida como moscamed ou mosca-do-mediterrâneo. Para a viticultura do VSF, populações elevadas de C. capitata representam o principal problema quarentenário para as exportações de uvas in natura, e tratamento quarentenário a frio, na pós-colheita, é obrigatório para uvas que se destinam aos Estados Unidos, Japão e Mercosul, onerando o custo final de produção. Visando aperfeiçoar as estratégias de manejo de C. capitata nessa cultura, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos estudar a biologia e comportamento desse inseto em cultivares de uvas de mesa produzidas no VSF, assim como avaliar o uso da radiação X como tratamento pós-colheita de cachos de uvas. Dados de estudos de preferência de oviposição e biologia de C. capitata em quatro cultivares de uvas de mesa, duas vermelhas (?Benitaka\' com semente e ?Crimson\' sem semente) e duas brancas (?Itália\' com semente e ?Festival\' sem semente) mostraram que esse inseto manifesta preferência de oviposição por bagas de cultivares vermelhas (Benitaka e Crimson), em condições de livre escolha. A cultivar de uva utilizada pelas larvas de C. capitata como alimento influenciou no desenvolvimento e sobrevivência dos estágios imaturos biológico, bem como no comportamento reprodutivo, longevidade e parâmetros demográficos das coortes de C. capitata recuperadas. Os valores estimados de Ro, rm e ? para coortes estudadas reafirmam que C. capitata se caracteriza por ser uma espécie com um alto potencial de crescimento e que as cultivares avaliadas constituem hospedeiros favoráveis à multiplicação desse inseto. Além disso, os resultados obtidos mostraram que C. capitata manifesta preferência de oviposição em cachos de uva Itália com maturação fisiológica mais avançada, em condições de escolha. No entanto, as fêmeas podem iniciar o ataque nas bagas, em parreirais desta variedade, aos 60 dias após a poda das plantas, quando os frutos ainda apresentam características físico-químicas desfavoráveis para a oviposição e desenvolvimento das fases imaturas, tais como: elevada firmeza e acidez e baixo teor de SST. As doses letais, DL99,9968, para inibir a emergência de adultos, quando aplicadas sobre ovos de 48h e larvas jovens (L1) infestando bagas de uvas Itália, foram estimadas em 12,08 e 20,44 Gy, respectivamente. Parâmetros químicos e sensoriais não foram afetados pela exposição das uvas às diferentes doses de raios X testadas, após 72h de armazenamento. Os conhecimentos biológicos, comportamentais e demográficos obtidos na presente pesquisa contribuirão ao aperfeiçoamento das estratégias de manejo de C. capitata nesta cultura, nas condições do VSF / The Lower Basin of the San Francisco Valley (VSF), which includes part of the states of Bahia and Pernambuco, is currently considered the major exporter and producer of table grapes in Brazil. Ceratitis capitata, also known as Moscamed or Mediterranean fly is among the main pests affecting fruit crops in the region. For the viticulture of the VSF, high populations of C. capitata are considered the main quarantine problem for exports of fresh table grapes, and for that reason post-harvest quarantine cold treatment is compulsory for grapes aimed to markets like the United States, Japan and Mercosur, adding additional charges to the final production cost. In order to improve the management strategies against C. capitata in this crop, this research aimed to study the biology and behavior of this insect in some table grape varieties grown in the VSF, as well as evaluate the use of Xrays as post-harvest treatment in table grape bunches. Studies on C. capitata oviposition preference and biology in four varieties of table grapes, two red (\'Benitaka\' seeded and \'Crimson\' seedless) and two white (\'Itália\' seeded and \'Festival\' seedless) showed that this insect expresses an oviposition preference for berries on red cultivars (Benitaka and Crimson), under free choice conditions. The table grape cultivar used for medfly larvae as food also influenced the development and survival of biologically immature stages as well as on reproductive performance, longevity and demographic parameters of C. capitata cohorts originating from the studied table grape varieties studied. The estimated values of Ro, rm and ? for the studied cohorts reaffirm that C. capitata is characterized by being a specie with a high growth potential and that the cultivars used in this research are favorable hosts for the multiplication of this insect. In addition, the results showed that C. capitata under choice conditions has clear preference of oviposition in \'Itália\' bunches in advanced physiological maturity. However, females can start attacking berries of this variety in vineyards, only 60 days after pruning, when the fruits still have unfavorable physicochemical characteristics for oviposition and immature stages development, such as high firmness and acidity and low in SST. The lethal dose, DL99,9968 to inhibit the emergence of adults when applied on 48 hours eggs and young larvae (L1) infesting \'Itália\' grape berries were estimated at 12,08 and 20,44 Gy, respectively. Chemical and sensory parameters were not affected by the exposure of table grapes to the different X-ray doses tested after 72 hours of storage. Biological, behavioral and demographic knowledge obtained in this study will contribute to the improvement of C. capitata management strategies in this crop under the VSF conditions

O Submédio do Vale do São Francisco (VSF), que compreende parte dos estados da Bahia e de Pernambuco, é considerado atualmente o principal polo de produção de uvas frescas para exportação do Brasil. Entre as principais pragas que afetam essa cultura na região destaca-se a mosca-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata, conhecida como moscamed ou mosca-do-mediterrâneo. Para a viticultura do VSF, populações elevadas de C. capitata representam o principal problema quarentenário para as exportações de uvas in natura, e tratamento quarentenário a frio, na pós-colheita, é obrigatório para uvas que se destinam aos Estados Unidos, Japão e Mercosul, onerando o custo final de produção. Visando aperfeiçoar as estratégias de manejo de C. capitata nessa cultura, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos estudar a biologia e comportamento desse inseto em cultivares de uvas de mesa produzidas no VSF, assim como avaliar o uso da radiação X como tratamento pós-colheita de cachos de uvas. Dados de estudos de preferência de oviposição e biologia de C. capitata em quatro cultivares de uvas de mesa, duas vermelhas (?Benitaka\' com semente e ?Crimson\' sem semente) e duas brancas (?Itália\' com semente e ?Festival\' sem semente) mostraram que esse inseto manifesta preferência de oviposição por bagas de cultivares vermelhas (Benitaka e Crimson), em condições de livre escolha. A cultivar de uva utilizada pelas larvas de C. capitata como alimento influenciou no desenvolvimento e sobrevivência dos estágios imaturos biológico, bem como no comportamento reprodutivo, longevidade e parâmetros demográficos das coortes de C. capitata recuperadas. Os valores estimados de Ro, rm e ? para coortes estudadas reafirmam que C. capitata se caracteriza por ser uma espécie com um alto potencial de crescimento e que as cultivares avaliadas constituem hospedeiros favoráveis à multiplicação desse inseto. Além disso, os resultados obtidos mostraram que C. capitata manifesta preferência de oviposição em cachos de uva Itália com maturação fisiológica mais avançada, em condições de escolha. No entanto, as fêmeas podem iniciar o ataque nas bagas, em parreirais desta variedade, aos 60 dias após a poda das plantas, quando os frutos ainda apresentam características físico-químicas desfavoráveis para a oviposição e desenvolvimento das fases imaturas, tais como: elevada firmeza e acidez e baixo teor de SST. As doses letais, DL99,9968, para inibir a emergência de adultos, quando aplicadas sobre ovos de 48h e larvas jovens (L1) infestando bagas de uvas Itália, foram estimadas em 12,08 e 20,44 Gy, respectivamente. Parâmetros químicos e sensoriais não foram afetados pela exposição das uvas às diferentes doses de raios X testadas, após 72h de armazenamento. Os conhecimentos biológicos, comportamentais e demográficos obtidos na presente pesquisa contribuirão ao aperfeiçoamento das estratégias de manejo de C. capitata nesta cultura, nas condições do VSF / The Lower Basin of the San Francisco Valley (VSF), which includes part of the states of Bahia and Pernambuco, is currently considered the major exporter and producer of table grapes in Brazil. Ceratitis capitata, also known as Moscamed or Mediterranean fly is among the main pests affecting fruit crops in the region. For the viticulture of the VSF, high populations of C. capitata are considered the main quarantine problem for exports of fresh table grapes, and for that reason post-harvest quarantine cold treatment is compulsory for grapes aimed to markets like the United States, Japan and Mercosur, adding additional charges to the final production cost. In order to improve the management strategies against C. capitata in this crop, this research aimed to study the biology and behavior of this insect in some table grape varieties grown in the VSF, as well as evaluate the use of Xrays as post-harvest treatment in table grape bunches. Studies on C. capitata oviposition preference and biology in four varieties of table grapes, two red (\'Benitaka\' seeded and \'Crimson\' seedless) and two white (\'Itália\' seeded and \'Festival\' seedless) showed that this insect expresses an oviposition preference for berries on red cultivars (Benitaka and Crimson), under free choice conditions. The table grape cultivar used for medfly larvae as food also influenced the development and survival of biologically immature stages as well as on reproductive performance, longevity and demographic parameters of C. capitata cohorts originating from the studied table grape varieties studied. The estimated values of Ro, rm and ? for the studied cohorts reaffirm that C. capitata is characterized by being a specie with a high growth potential and that the cultivars used in this research are favorable hosts for the multiplication of this insect. In addition, the results showed that C. capitata under choice conditions has clear preference of oviposition in \'Itália\' bunches in advanced physiological maturity. However, females can start attacking berries of this variety in vineyards, only 60 days after pruning, when the fruits still have unfavorable physicochemical characteristics for oviposition and immature stages development, such as high firmness and acidity and low in SST. The lethal dose, DL99,9968 to inhibit the emergence of adults when applied on 48 hours eggs and young larvae (L1) infesting \'Itália\' grape berries were estimated at 12,08 and 20,44 Gy, respectively. Chemical and sensory parameters were not affected by the exposure of table grapes to the different X-ray doses tested after 72 hours of storage. Biological, behavioral and demographic knowledge obtained in this study will contribute to the improvement of C. capitata management strategies in this crop under the VSF conditions

Coronapandemin har medfört strikta regler om social distansering och isolering i ett försök att minska spridningen av COVID-19. Individer ombeds att arbeta hemifrån och inte träffa närstående. Forskning visar att individer upplever ensamhet som mest när den är ofrivillig, förutsättningar som den rådande pandemin har skapat. Syftet är därför att undersöka hur individer upplever samt hanterar ensamhet under pandemin. Studien bygger på ett bekvämlighetsurval där de tio deltagarnas intervjuer har analyserats med en induktiv tematisk analys. I analysen identifierades åtta teman; ​egenskaper​, ​vikten av att ta sitt ansvar,​ ​ensamhet som ett mentalt tillstånd​, ​distraktioner​, ​saknad av det gamla livet,​ ​oväntad personlig utveckling​, ​färre sociala utbyten samt ​ökad kvalité av befintliga relationer.​ Resultatet visar att påtvingade förändringar i det sociala livet som skapar flertalet ofrivilligt ensamma stunder påverkar deltagarna mest negativt. Samtliga deltagare menade att ensamhet är ett mentalt tillstånd som kräver distraktioner för att känslorna inte ska bli för påfrestande för psyket. Distraktionerna inkluderade både självständiga och sociala aktiviteter, något som stämmer överens med befintlig forskning om copingstrategier vid kronisk ensamhet. Deltagarna upplever sig dock inte som kroniskt ensamma på grund av pandemin, även om antalet ofrivilligt ensamma stunder har ökat, samt menar att social isolering bara är en av pandemins många aspekter. Slutsatsen är att det inte enbart är ensamhet som leder till att individer kan må dåligt under en världspandemi samt att framtida forskning bör fokusera på hur friska unga och vuxna påverkas av perioder av isolering då fältet domineras av geriatriska studier. / The corona pandemic has led to strict rules regarding social distancing and isolation in an attempt to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Individuals are asked to work from home and not see their close ones. Research shows that individuals experience loneliness the most when it’s involuntary, conditions that the prevailing pandemic has created. The purpose is therefore to investigate how individuals experience and deal with loneliness during the pandemic. The study is based on a convenience sample where the ten participants' interviews have been analyzed with an inductive thematic analysis. In the analysis eight themes were identified; ​characteristics, the importance of taking responsibility, loneliness as a mental state, distractions, missing the old life, unexpected personal growth, fewer socialexchangesa​ndbetterqualityofexistingrelationships.​Theresultsshowthat forced changes in the social life that create a lot of involuntarily lonely moments affect the participants most negatively. All participants also defined loneliness as a mental state that requires distractions so the emotions do not become too stressful for the psyche. The distractions included both independent and social activities, which is consistent with existing research on coping strategies for chronic loneliness. However, the participants do not feel chronically lonely due to the pandemic, even though the amount of involuntary lonely moments has increased, and believe that social isolation is just one of the many aspects of the pandemic. The conclusion is that it’s not only loneliness that leads to individuals feeling unwell during a world pandemic and that future research should focus on how healthy young people and adults are affected by periods of isolation since the field is dominated by geriatric studies.

No description available.

This study inquires as to whether Walmart’s sustainability campaign represents a sincere and holistic change throughout the company’s global supply chain or if it is simply a public relations campaign which caters to the growing target market of “next-generation” consumers and justifies further expansion into “emerging markets”. A critical analysis of Walmart’s sustainability discourse is presented, using transcribed texts of various corporate and publicitygeared publications. Frequently utilized terms and themes are identified throughout the big-box retailer’s sustainability campaign which convey a distinctly Neoliberal ethos—a political economy which lies at the heart of current practices of institutional unsustainability—and emphasize the role of the atomized individual—who may purchase protection from environmental risks via green products. Other themes, which are commonly associated with sustainability research, are glaringly absent: subsidiarity; human rights; steady-state economics; economic inequity; the precautionary principle. This research aims to shed light on the prospects for the sustainability of green overconsumption, which Walmart is leading the way in promoting, and for the continuation of the modern economistic zeitgeist into the twenty-first century.