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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

The P. furiosus Mre11/Rad50 complex facilitates 5’ strand resection by the HerA helicase and NurA nuclease at a DNA double-strand break

Hopkins, Ben Barrett 26 January 2011 (has links)
The Mre11/Rad50 complex has been implicated in the early steps of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair through homologous recombination in several organisms. However, the enzymatic properties of this complex are incompatible with the generation of 3’ single-stranded DNA for recombinase loading and strand exchange. In thermophilic Archaea, the mre11 and rad50 genes cluster in an operon with genes encoding a bidirectional DNA helicase, HerA, and a 5’ to 3’ exonuclease, NurA, suggesting these four enzymes function in a common pathway. I show that purified Mre11 and Rad50 from Pyrococcus furiosus act cooperatively with HerA and NurA to resect the 5’ strand at a DNA end under physiological conditions in vitro where HerA and NurA alone do not show detectable activity. Furthermore, I demonstrate that HerA and NurA physically interact, and this interaction stimulates both helicase and nuclease activities. The products of HerA/NurA long-range resection are oligonucleotide products and HerA/NurA activity demonstrates both sequence specificity and a preference to cut at a specific distance from the DNA end. I demonstrate a novel activity of Mre11/Rad50 to make an endonucleolytic cut on the 5’ strand, which is consistent with a role for the Mre11 nuclease in the removal of 5’ protein conjugates. I also show that Mre11/Rad50 stimulates HerA/NurA-mediated resection through two different mechanisms. The first involves an initial Mre11 nucleolytic processing event of the DNA to generate a 3’ ssDNA overhang, which is then resected by HerA/NurA in the absence of Mre11/Rad50. The second mechanism likely involves local unwinding of the DNA end in a process dependent on Rad50 ATPase activity. I propose that this unwinding step facilitates binding of HerA/NurA to the DNA end and efficient resection of the break. Furthermore, the binding affinity of NurA for 3’ overhang and unwound DNA end substrates partially explains the efficiency of the two resection mechanisms. Lastly, 3’ single-stranded DNA generated by these enzymes can be used by the Archaeal RecA homolog RadA to catalyze strand exchange. This work elucidates how the conserved Mre11/Rad50 complex promotes DNA end resection in Archaea, and may serve as a model for DSB processing in eukaryotes. / text
12

DNA double-strand break repair studied by atomic force microscopy

Zabolotnaya, Ekaterina January 2018 (has links)
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), where both strands of the DNA duplex are simultaneously fractured, are considered the most lethal type of DNA damage. The conserved Mre11-Rad50 DNA repair complex enables the catalytic activities of the Mre11 nuclease and the Rad50 ATPase to function together to coordinate the recognition and processing of DSBs prior to the recruitment of long-range end-resection machinery required to trigger the DSB repair by the homologous recombination (HR) pathway. Fast-scan atomic force microscopy (AFM) in fluid conditions was primarily used to explore the architectural arrangement, DNA binding and processing machinery of the Mre11-Rad50 complex from the thermophilic crenarchaeote Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. The structural analysis identified four distinct architectural arrangements and demonstrates the key role of the Rad50 zinc hooks in the oligomerisation of the complex. AFM imaging showed a dynamic and Velcro-like interplay between Mre11-Rad50 protein complexes and the DNA double-helix using the Rad50 coiled-coils in a novel mode of DNA binding. The complex appears to use the Rad50 zinc hook region to bind to and track along dsDNA for broken DNA-terminals. Furthermore, the present study shows that this archaeal complex can drive extensive ATP-dependent unwinding of DNA templates. It is the first time that such unwinding has been observed in a single molecule study. These observations reveal novel activities leading to the proposal of a new model for Mre11-Rad50 action during DSB repair. AFM was also used to visualise the structure and activity of the HerA-NurA protein complex, which has been predicted to combine the activity of the NurA nuclease and hexameric HerA-translocase to generate long single-stranded DNA overhangs essential for DSB repair by HR in archaea. The present data verify and clarify the presumed biological role of this complex. Overall, the present study provides new insights into the initial steps of DNA DSB repair by the HR pathway and, most importantly, the detection of the broken ends.
13

Functional studies of new protein-protein interactions potentially involved in homologous recombination in hyperthermophilic archaea : study of interactions between PCNA and Mre11-Rad50 complex & Primase and RadA / Études fonctionnelles des nouvelles interactions protéine-protéine impliquées potentiellement dans la recombinaison homologue chez les archées hyperthermophiles

Lu, Yang 30 November 2018 (has links)
Les archées hyperthermophiles ont une température optimale de croissance supérieure à 80°C.Les cellules exposées à un stress thermique subissent une augmentation de la sensibilité aux agents induisant des cassures double brin de l’ADN. Les études sur les eucaryotes et bactéries ont démontré que la recombinaison homologue joue un rôle essentiel non seulement dans la réparation de l’ADN, mais aussi dans le redémarrage des arrêts de la fourche de réplication. Les enzymes associées aux étapes initiales de la recombinaison homologue chez les archées sont homologues à celles des eucaryotes, et différentes des analogues bactériens. De plus, plusieurs études ont démontré que les protéines impliquées dans la recombinaison homologue sont essentielles chez les archées hyperthermophiles, soulignant l’importance biologique de cette voie de réparation chez ces organismes particuliers. Le rôle de la recombinaison homologue pour la stabilité génomique a été bien étudié chez les eucaryotes et les bactéries, cependant, peu de ses propriétés fonctionnelles ont été étudiées chez les archées hyperthermophiles. Pour mieux comprendre le mécanisme de recombinaison homologue impliquée au niveau de la maintenance génomique chez les archées, un réseau d’interactions protéine-protéines a été révélé précédemment au laboratoire à partir des protéines de Pyrococcus abyssi. Ces travaux ont démontré de nouvelles interactions où interviennent les protéines de la réplication et les protéines de la recombinaison de l’ADN. L’objet de cette étude de thèse est de présenter deux interactions : PCNA/Mre11-rad50 (MR) complexe et Primase/RadA. Pour la première fois chez P. furiosus, une interaction physique et fonctionnelle a été démontrée entre le PCNA et le complexe MR (l’initiateur de HR). Un motif, situé en position Cterminale de Mre11, permet l’interaction avec PCNA.PCNA stimule l’activité endonucléase du complexe MR à distance proche de l’extrémité 5’ d’une cassure double brin. Cette propriété est en accord avec l’intervention ultérieure des enzymes assurant la suite du mécanisme de réparation par recombinaison homologue. Par ailleurs, les protéines RadA, Primase et P41 ont été produites et purifiées. Leurs fonctions enzymatiques ont été confirmées. Cependant, nous n’avons pas pu caractériser la fonction de l’association de RadA/Primase. / Hyperthermophilic archaea (HA) are found in high-temperature environments and grow optimally above 80°C. Usually, cells exposed to heat stress display an increased sensitivity to agents inducing double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). Studies in Eukaryotes and Bacteria have revealed that homologous recombination (HR) plays a crucial role not only in DNA DSBs repair, but also in the collapsed/stalled DNA replication fork restart.Recombinase and various HR-associated enzymes in archaea specifically resemble the eukaryotic homologues, rather than bacterial homologues.Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated the necessity of HR proteins in HA, suggesting that, HR is an important mechanism in HA. HR influencing genome stability has been well studied in Eukaryotes andBacteria, however, few of its functional properties have been studied in HA.To better understand how HR mechanism is involved in the archaeal genome maintenance process, a previous work proposed a protein-protein interaction network based on Pyrococcus abyssi proteins. Through the network, new interactions involving proteins from DNA replication and DNA recombination were highlighted. The targets of the study presented here for two protein interaction are: PCNA/Mre11-rad50 complex (MR complex) and Primase/RadA. For the first time in P. furiosus, we showed both physical and functional interactions between PCNA (Maestro in DNA replication) and MR complex (initiator of HR). We have identified a PCNA-interaction motif (PIP) located in the C-terminal of Mre11, and shown that PCNA stimulated MR complex endonuclease cleavage proximal to the s’ strand of DNA DSBs at physiological ionic strength. For the second interaction, we have purified the proteins PabRadA/PfuRadA, PabPrimase and PabP41, and confirmed its enzymatic functions. However, we were not able to characterize the function of Primase/RadA association.
14

Étude du rôle de la phosphorylation du complexe Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 dans le maintien de l'intégrité génomique

Simoneau, Antoine 11 1900 (has links)
L'ADN de chaque cellule est constamment soumis à des stress pouvant compromettre son intégrité. Les bris double-brins sont probablement les dommages les plus nocifs pour la cellule et peuvent être des sources de réarrangements chromosomiques majeurs et mener au cancer s’ils sont mal réparés. La recombinaison homologue et la jonction d’extrémités non-homologues (JENH) sont deux voies fondamentalement différentes utilisées pour réparer ce type de dommage. Or, les mécanismes régulant le choix entre ces deux voies pour la réparation des bris double-brins demeurent nébuleux. Le complexe Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 (MRX) est le premier acteur à être recruté à ce type de bris où il contribue à la réparation par recombinaison homologue ou JENH. À l’intersection de ces deux voies, il est donc idéalement placé pour orienter le choix de réparation. Ce mémoire met en lumière deux systèmes distincts de phosphorylation du complexe MRX régulant spécifiquement le JENH. L’un dépend de la progression du cycle cellulaire et inhibe le JENH, tandis que l’autre requiert la présence de dommages à l’ADN et est nécessaire au JENH. Ensembles, nos résultats suggèrent que le complexe MRX intègre différents phospho-stimuli pour réguler le choix de la voie de réparation. / The genome of every cell is constantly subjected to stresses that could compromise its integrity. DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are amongst the most damaging events for a cell and can lead to gross chromosomal rearrangements, cell death and cancer if improperly repaired. Homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) are the main repair pathways responsible for the repair of DSBs. However, the mechanistic basis of both pathways is fundamentally different and the regulation of the choice between both for the repair of DSBs remains largely misunderstood. The Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 (MRX) complex acts as a DSB first responder and contributes to repair by both homologous recombination and NHEJ. Being at the crossroads of both DSB repair pathways, the MRX complex is therefore in a convenient position to influence the repair choice. This thesis unravels two distinct phosphorylation systems modifying the MRX complex and specifically regulating repair by NHEJ. The first relies on cell cycle progression and inhibits NHEJ, while the second requires the presence of DNA damage and is necessary for efficient NHEJ. Together, our results suggest a model in which the MRX complex would act as an integrator of phospho-stimuli in order to regulate the DSB repair pathway choice.
15

Étude du rôle de la phosphorylation du complexe Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 dans le maintien de l'intégrité génomique

Simoneau, Antoine 11 1900 (has links)
L'ADN de chaque cellule est constamment soumis à des stress pouvant compromettre son intégrité. Les bris double-brins sont probablement les dommages les plus nocifs pour la cellule et peuvent être des sources de réarrangements chromosomiques majeurs et mener au cancer s’ils sont mal réparés. La recombinaison homologue et la jonction d’extrémités non-homologues (JENH) sont deux voies fondamentalement différentes utilisées pour réparer ce type de dommage. Or, les mécanismes régulant le choix entre ces deux voies pour la réparation des bris double-brins demeurent nébuleux. Le complexe Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 (MRX) est le premier acteur à être recruté à ce type de bris où il contribue à la réparation par recombinaison homologue ou JENH. À l’intersection de ces deux voies, il est donc idéalement placé pour orienter le choix de réparation. Ce mémoire met en lumière deux systèmes distincts de phosphorylation du complexe MRX régulant spécifiquement le JENH. L’un dépend de la progression du cycle cellulaire et inhibe le JENH, tandis que l’autre requiert la présence de dommages à l’ADN et est nécessaire au JENH. Ensembles, nos résultats suggèrent que le complexe MRX intègre différents phospho-stimuli pour réguler le choix de la voie de réparation. / The genome of every cell is constantly subjected to stresses that could compromise its integrity. DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are amongst the most damaging events for a cell and can lead to gross chromosomal rearrangements, cell death and cancer if improperly repaired. Homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) are the main repair pathways responsible for the repair of DSBs. However, the mechanistic basis of both pathways is fundamentally different and the regulation of the choice between both for the repair of DSBs remains largely misunderstood. The Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 (MRX) complex acts as a DSB first responder and contributes to repair by both homologous recombination and NHEJ. Being at the crossroads of both DSB repair pathways, the MRX complex is therefore in a convenient position to influence the repair choice. This thesis unravels two distinct phosphorylation systems modifying the MRX complex and specifically regulating repair by NHEJ. The first relies on cell cycle progression and inhibits NHEJ, while the second requires the presence of DNA damage and is necessary for efficient NHEJ. Together, our results suggest a model in which the MRX complex would act as an integrator of phospho-stimuli in order to regulate the DSB repair pathway choice.
16

Construction and Analysis of a Genome-Wide Insertion Library in Schizosaccharomyces pombe Reveals Novel Aspects of DNA Repair

Li, Yanhui 09 February 2015 (has links)
No description available.

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