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A fauna edáfica de ácaros, apesar de abundante e muito diversa em ambientes naturais, ainda é pouco conhecida no Estado de São Paulo. O presente estudo foi realizado em duas partes. A primeira parte teve como objetivo avaliar a abundância e diversidade dos ácaros da superfamília Rhodacaroidea na Mata Atlântica (Pariquera-Açu, Cananéia, Piracicaba e São Pedro) e no Cerrado (Luiz Antonio, Pirassununga e São Carlos), em amostras de solo (0-5 cm) e folhedo tomadas à base de plantas das famílias Arecaceae e Myrtaceae, respectivamente. Para extração dos ácaros, as amostras foram processadas através de um equipamento do tipo Berlese-Tullgren modificado. Obteve-se um total de 969 Rhodacaroidea adultos, sendo 913 na Mata Atlântica e 56 no Cerrado. Foram encontrados 776 e 193 Rhodacaroidea no folhedo e no solo, respectivamente. Os ácaros encontrados pertencem a 15 gêneros diferentes. Os gêneros mais comuns na Mata Atlântica foram Neogamasellevans Loots & Ryke e Ologamasus Berlese, no folhedo, e Rhodacarus Oudemans, no solo. No Cerrado, Rhodacarus foi o gênero mais comum em ambos os substratos. Trinta e uma morfoespécies de Rhodacaroidea foram encontradas na Mata Atlântica, e cinco, no Cerrado. A uniformidade das freqüências de ocorrência de morfoespécies foi maior na Mata Atlântica que no Cerrado. A uniformidade também foi maior no folhedo que no solo da Mata Atlântica. Na segunda parte deste estudo, avaliaram-se a diversidade, a abundância e a distribuição dos ácaros edáficos no folhedo e em diferentes profundidades (0-5, 10-15, 20-25 e 30-35 cm) do solo. Avaliaram-se também os mesmos parâmetros para os fitonematóides presentes no solo às diferentes profundidades mencionadas. As coletas foram realizadas em Pariquera-Açu e Cananéia, na base da palmeira Euterpe edulis Mart. A extração dos ácaros foi realizada como indicado anteriormente. A extração dos fitonematóides foi realizada pelo método de Jenkins. Nesta parte, coletaram-se 2717 ácaros, 80% dos quais, do folhedo. No solo, a maior quantidade de ácaros foi encontrada na camada de 0-5 cm, exceto no outono. A maior abundância de ácaros no solo e no folhedo foi verificada no inverno. As ordens encontradas foram: Oribatida (80%), Mesostigmata (18%), Prostigmata e Astigmata, (juntos 2%). Os Oribatidas não foram identificados em níveis taxonômicos mais baixos no presente estudo. No folhedo, foram identificados 14 famílias, 19 gêneros e 32 morfoespécies de ácaros. No solo, foram encontradas 17 famílias, 19 gêneros e 27 morfoespécies. Neogamasellevans e Ologamasus foram os gêneros mais abundantes e diversos dentre os ácaros identificados. Dezesseis gêneros de fitonematóides foram encontrados. O número total de fitonematóides encontrados em cada profundidade, para todas as plantas amostradas, variou de 10 a 7340 indivíduos. Helicotylenchus Steiner foi o gênero mais abundante, seguido de Discocriconemella Grisse & Loof e Aorolaimus Sher. Os fitonematóides foram abundantes em todas as profundidades consideradas. Considerando-se a predominância dos ácaros na camada mais superior do solo, é de se esperar que os ácaros que por ventura estejam predando aqueles nematóides possam apresentar alguma eficiência apenas na camada mais superficial do solo. O aprofundamento nas pesquisas sobre a fauna de Rhodacaroidea em ambientes naturais gera informações que poderão ser utilizadas em futuros estudos, para o controle biológico de ácaros-praga no solo. / Although abundant and very diverse in the natural environments, the fauna of edaphic mites is still poorly known in the State of São Paulo. The present study was conducted in two parts. The objective of the first part was to evaluate the abundance and diversity of mites of the superfamily Rhodacaroidea in the Mata Atlântica (Pariquera-Açu, Cananéia, Piracicaba and São Pedro) and in the Cerrado (Luiz Antonio, Pirassununga and São Carlos) ecosystems, in soil (0-5 cm) and litter samples taken at the base of plants of the families Arecaceae and Myrtaceae, respectively. For extraction of the mites, the samples were processed through a modified Berlese-Tullgren equipment. A total of 969 adult Rhodacaroidea were obtained, 913 from Mata Atlântica and 56 from Cerrado. In relation to the substrate, 776 Rhodacaroidea were found in the litter and 193 in the soil. Those mites belong to fifteen different genera. The most common genera in Mata Atlântica were Neogamasellevans Loots & Ryke and Ologamasus Berlese, in the litter, and Rhodacarus Oudemans, in the soil. In Cerrado, Rhodacarus was the most common genus in both substrates. Thirty one morphospecies of Rhodacaroidea were found in Mata Atlântica, and five, in Cerrado. The equitability of the frequencies of occurrence of the morphospecies was higher in Mata Atlântica than in Cerrado. It was also higher in the litter than in the soil of Mata Atlântica. In the second part of this study, the diversity, abundance and distribution of edaphic mites in litter and soil samples of different depths (0-5, 10-15, 20-25 and 30-35 cm) were studied. The same parameters were also evaluated for plant nematodes present in soil samples at those different depths. Samples were taken in Pariquera-Açu and Cananéia, at the base of Euterpe edulis Mart (Arecaceae). Mites were extracted as indicated previously. Nematodes were extracted by Jenkins method. A total of 2717 mites was collected, 80% of which in the litter samples. In the soil, the largest number of mites was collected between 0 and 5 cm from the surface, except in the fall. Highest abundance of mites in the litter and soil was observed in the winter. The mite orders found were: Oribatida (80%), Mesostigmata (18%), Prostigamata and Astigamata (combined, 2%). Oribatida were not identified at lower taxonomic levels in this study. In the litter, 14 families, 19 genera and 32 morphospecies of mites were identified. In the soil, 17 families, 19 genera and 27 morphospecies were identified. Neogamasellevans and Ologamasus were the most abundant and diverse genera. Sixteen genera of plant nematodes were identified. The total number of plant nematodes found at each depth, for the combined samples, varied between 10 and 7340. Helicotylenchus Steiner was the most abundant genus, followed by Discocriconella Grisse & Loof and Aorolaimus Sher. Nematodes were abundant at all considered depths. Considering the predominance of the mites between 0 and 5 cm from the soil surface, it is conceived that predation on the former by the predatory mites may have some significance only at that depth. Further research on the fauna of Rhodacaroidea in natural environments generate information that could be used in future studies for the biological control of edaphic pest mites and nematodes.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O estudo objetivou avaliar a composição florística e estrutural dos componentes arbustivo-arbóreo da Floresta Ombrófila Densa submontana em diferentes estágios de regeneração natural, na vertente sudeste do Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande/RJ. Para o inventário florístico foram realizadas coletas assistemáticas em diferentes trechos nessa vertente. A complementação da lista de espécies foi feita a partir, da consulta às exsicatas dos herbários do Rio de Janeiro (FCAB, GUA, HB, HRJ, R, RB, RBR, RFA, RFFP e RUSU) e do inventário fitossociológico. Foi verificado o status de conservação das espécies inventariadas para a Flora Brasileira. Para o inventário fitossociológico foram estabelecidas 34 parcelas amostrais, totalizando 1,02 ha de área amostrada. Todos os indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos com DAP ≥ 5 cm foram registrados e, após identificação, foram depositados no Herbário da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HRJ). O pacote estatístico FITOPAC 2.1. foi utilizado para a análise dos dados. A similaridade entre o remanescente investigado neste estudo e as outras quatorze áreas distintas do Rio de Janeiro, da própria Ilha Grande ou não, foi avaliada, utilizando-se o coeficiente de Similaridade de Sorensen; pelo critério de agrupamento por ligação média não ponderada (UPGMA) e pelo método de autorreamostragem para a estrutura de grupos; utilizados os programas PAST v1.34 e Multiv 2.4. A partir do levantamento em herbários e dos inventários florístico e fitossociológico realizados neste trabalho, foram analisados 3.470 registros, sendo 1.778 do levantamento de herbários, 1.536 do levantamento fitossociológico e 156 do inventário florístico. Esses registros corresponderam a 606 espécies ou morfo-espécies de Angiospermas e uma de Pteridófita. Os resultados obtidos revelaram a existência de 22 espécies ameaçadas de extinção para a Flora do Brasil. Dentre, as quais, sete são exclusivas da amostragem fitossociológica: Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & J.W. Grimes, Chrysophyllum flexuosum Mart., Ficus pulchella Schott ex Spreng., Macrotorus utriculatus Perkins, Myrceugenia myrcioides (Cambess.) O.Berg, Rudgea interrupta Benth e Urbanodendron bahiense (Meisn.) Rohwer. No estudo fitossociológico, inventariou-se 1.536 indivíduos de 217 espécies, subordinadas a 53 famílias. O índice de diversidade de Shannon (H) calculado foi de 4,702 nats/ind e equabilidade (J) de 0,874. As 10 famílias com maior riqueza foram: Myrtaceae (31 spp.), Rubiaceae (21), Fabaceae (17), Lauraceae (12), Euphorbiaceae (11), Monimiaceae (8), Melastomataceae (7), Sapindaceae (7), Sapotaceae (6) e Annonaceae (6). Os 10 maiores Valores de Importância das espécies foram para Chrysophyllum flexuosum (3,43%), Lamanonia ternata Vell. (3,40%), Hyeronima alchorneoides Allemão (2,83%), Actinostemon verticillatus (Klotzsch) Baill. (2,55%), Psychotria brasiliensis Vell. (2,55%), Eriotheca pentaphylla (Vell.) A. Robyns (2,28%), Guatteria australis A. St.-Hil. (2,12%), Mabea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. (2,04%), Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. (1,89%) e Rustia formosa (Cham. & Schltdl. ex DC.) Klotzsch (1,82%). Amostraram-se 27% de espécies representadas por apenas um indivíduo. As análises florísticas avaliadas a partir do Índice de Similaridade de Sorensen indicaram como principais variáveis para a formação dos blocos, os diferentes valores de diversidade para as áreas e a distribuição fitogeográfica das espécies. Os resultados obtidos junto aos dados dos grupos ecológicos, para os indivíduos da fitossociologia, indicaram maior percentual de indivíduos secundários tardios amostrados. Conclui-se que a área de estudo é uma floresta secundária em estágio intermediário de regeneração, com grande riqueza de espécies, muitas das quais de relevante importância ecológica. / The study has as purpose to evaluate the floristic and structural composition of shrub-arboreal component in the submontane forest patch within the Atlantic Rain Forest domain with different stages of natural regeneration, in the southeast slope at the State Park of Ilha Grande, RJ. For the floristic studies were realized unsystematic samples in different parts in this slope. The species list was complemented with the conference at herbarium collections of the Rio de Janeiro (FCAB, GUA, HB, HRJ, R, RB, RBR, RFA, RFFP e RUSU) and with the results obtained of phytosociological studies. The conservation status of recorded species was verified for the Brazilian Flora. 34 plots of samples were set out for the phytosociological studies, totaling 1.02 ha of sampled area. All shrubby-arboreous individuals with DAP ≥ 5 cm were registered and, after identification, were deposited in the Herbarium of the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HRJ). The statistical package FITOPAC 2.1. was used for data analysis. The similarity between the remaining investigated in this study and fourteen others from different areas of Rio de Janeiro, of llha Grande's itself or not, was evaluated using the similarity coefficient of Sorensen; by Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) criterion and by the auto-resampling method for the structure of groups; by using the programs PAST v1.34 and Multiv 2.4. From the survey in herbariums and from floristic and phytosociological inventories carried in this paper, were examined 3,470 registers: 1,778 of the survey in herbariums, 1,536 of phytosociological and 156 of floristic studies. These registers corresponded to 606 species or morpho-species of Angiosperms and one of Pteridophyte. The results revealed the existence of 22 species threatened by extinction for Brazilian Flora. From among which, seven are exclusive of phytosociological sampling: Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & J.W. Grimes, Chrysophyllum flexuosum Mart., Ficus pulchella Schott ex Spreng., Macrotorus utriculatus Perkins, Myrceugenia myrcioides (Cambess.) O.Berg, Rudgea interrupta Benth and Urbanodendron bahiense (Meisn.) Rohwer. In phytosociological study, were inventoried 1,536 individuals of 217 species, subordinate to 53 families. The Shannon diversity indices (H ') calculated was 4,702 nats/ind and equability (J) of 0.874. The ten families with highest richness were: Myrtaceae (31 spp.), Rubiaceae (21), Fabaceae (17), Lauraceae (12), Euphorbiaceae (11), Monimiaceae (8), Melastomataceae (7), Sapindaceae (7), Sapotaceae (6) and Annonaceae (6). The 10 highest values for species importance were for Chrysophyllum flexuosum (3,43%), Lamanonia ternata Vell. (3,40%), Hyeronima alchorneoides Allemão (2,83%), Actinostemon verticillatus (Klotzsch) Baill. (2,55%), Psychotria brasiliensis Vell. (2,55%), Eriotheca pentaphylla (Vell.) A. Robyns (2,28%), Guatteria australis A. St.-Hil. (2,12%), Mabea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. (2,04%), Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. (1,89%) and Rustia formosa (Cham. & Schltdl. ex DC.) Klotzsch (1,82%). Were sampled 27% species represented by only one individual. The Floristic analyzes evaluated from the Sorensen Similarity Index indicated as the main variables for the formation of blocks, the different values of diversity for the areas and the phytogeographical distribution of species. The results obtained along with data from ecological groups, for individuals of the phytosociology, indicated a higher percentage of secondaries tardy individuals sampled. It Concludes that the study area is a secondary forest in regeneration intermediate stage, with great richness of species, many of which with relevant ecological importance

Submitted by Leticia Schettini (leticia@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-06T13:37:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Flavia de Carvalho Dias.pdf: 1024569 bytes, checksum: dce04583187d6844d4d0b0611035a201 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T13:37:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Flavia de Carvalho Dias.pdf: 1024569 bytes, checksum: dce04583187d6844d4d0b0611035a201 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPQ / The Atlantic Rain Forest is one of the world?s most endangered biomes. Long before its discovery by western civilization, the forest had already been occupied and used by native populations. The increasing occupation of this biome has generated landscapes composed of a mosaic of forests of different ages that resulted from its usage and that overlap in space and time. Remaining fragments are still subject to manmade impacts including edge effects. Based on these concepts, a study was conducted aiming at understanding the edge effects, on structure and composition, of two areas of Atlantic Rain Forest in the Pedra Branca State Park in Rio de Janeiro, RJ; one located in the valley basins (Ca?ambe river basin), and the other at the limit of the drainage (Grande river basin). At each area, were choosed two sites; one near to the edge and other over 100m from the edge (forest interior). The sites were: valley basin?s edge (Bfv), valley basin?s interior (Ifv), limit of the drainage?s edge (Bdd) and limit of the drainage?s interior (Idd). Changes caused by the existence of a edge, included the assess of a biotic edge effects, using for it changes in the species richness, individuals density, diameter and height. Individual trees and shrubs with diameter at breast height (dbh) > 5 cm were sampled within 32 plots of 10 x 10 m for a total sample size of 0.32 ha. The samples yielded 309 individuals of 77 species, 70 genera and 32 families. The total basal area was 28,89 m2/ha and density was 966 ind./ha. Leguminosae, Meliaceae e Sapotaceae were found to be the richest families. The number of total species is comparable to the referenced values for preserved forests, inventoried in the southeast. The edges species richness (Bfv and Ifv) similar to the interiors species richness (Ifv and Idd). Mean diameter varied form 32, 9 cm and 36,2 cm in the edges and 42,2 cm and 53,1 cm in the forests interiors. Probably, the sampled edges finds itself in a state of natural regeneration and represents an inicial successional state, different to the intermediary sucessional state in the interiors. The index of S?rensen between the four sites may occurs due to the different slope orientation, geomorphologic situation and land use history. / A Mata Atl?ntica ? um dos biomas mais amea?ados do mundo. Desde antes de sua descoberta pelo ocidente, a floresta j? era utilizada e apropriada por popula??es nativas. Com a intensifica??o da ocupa??o deste bioma, geraram-se paisagens compostas por mosaicos de florestas de diferentes idades, provenientes de usos diversos, que se sobrep?em no tempo e no espa?o. Os fragmentos remanescentes est?o ainda sujeitos a v?rios impactos antr?picos, tais como os efeitos de borda. Desta forma, procura-se analisar como a din?mica homem-natureza exerce suas influ?ncias na transforma??o da paisagem. Procurou-se compreender os efeitos de borda na estrutura e composi??o de duas ?reas de Mata Atl?ntica, localizadas no Parque Estadual de Pedra Branca na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ; uma localizada no fundo de vale (bacia do rio Ca?ambe) e a outra no divisor de drenagem (bacia do rio Grande). Em cada ?rea de estudo, foram selecionados 2 s?tios amostrais; um adjacente ? borda e o outro distante a cerca de 100 metros da borda (interior de floresta). Os quatro s?tios amostrais foram denominados borda de fundo de vale (Bfv), interior de fundo de vale (Ifv), borda do divisor de drenagem (Bdd) e interior do divisor de drenagem (Idd). As mudan?as provocadas pela exist?ncia de uma borda envolveram avalia??es de efeitos biol?gicos, utilizando como ferramenta a riqueza de esp?cies, a densidade, estrutura diam?trica e de tamanho dos indiv?duos. Para a amostragem das ?reas, foram implantadas 32 parcelas, de 100 m? (0,32 ha), sendo que o crit?rio de inclus?o adotado foi DAP ? 5 cm. Foram amostrados 309 indiv?duos de 77 esp?cies, 70 g?neros e 32 fam?lias. A ?rea basal total foi de 28,89 m2/ha e densidade de 966 ind./ha. Leguminosae, Meliaceae e Sapotaceae apresentaram os maiores valores de riqueza de esp?cies. O n?mero total de esp?cies amostradas foi compat?vel com forma??es assemelhadas do sudeste Brasileiro. As bordas apresentaram uma riqueza de esp?cies pr?xima ? das ?reas interioranas. Os di?metros m?dios variaram entre 32,9 cm e 36,2 cm nas bordas e 42,2 cm e 53,1cm nos interiores de floresta. Provavelmente, as bordas amostradas encontramse em est?gio de regenera??o natural, representando grupos sucessionais iniciais, distintos daqueles que ocorrem no interior da floresta. A n?o similaridade das ?reas, aferida com o uso do ?ndice de S?rensen mostrou que cada uma das ?reas ? constitu?da por conjuntos de esp?cies caracter?sticas. Estes resultados podem ser atribu?dos ?s diferentes orienta??es de encosta, situa??o geomorfol?gica e aos usos pret?ritos das ?reas.

As florestas que ocorrem na planície costeira brasileira podem ser classificadas em Florestas Arenosas (FAR) e Paludosas da Restinga (FPR). A inundação constante nos solos das FPR sustentam comunidades pobres em espécies. Mas, nos locais com inundações curtas, a riqueza de espécies pode ser ainda maior do que florestas adjacentes bem drenadas. O objetivo geral foi determinar o padrão florístico-estrutural do componente arbóreo e herbáceo da FPR em três áreas localizadas em Içara (IÇA) e Balneário Arroio do Silva (BAS), em Santa Catarina e Morrinhos do Sul (MDS), no Rio Grande do Sul, determinar os fatores ambientais que influenciam esses componentes, mostrar as diferenças nos padrões do componente arbóreo entre FPR e FAR e propor o seu reconhecimento como distintas fisionomias da Restinga. Esta tese compreende três capítulos (artigos). No primeiro capítulo, analisamos variações no padrão florístico-estrutural do componente arbóreo em três áreas da FPR no nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul e Sul de Santa Catarina. Hipotetizamos que locais com condições ambientais mais estressantes tivesse menor diversidade e que a grande variação no regime hidrológico e condições físico-químicas do solo deveria resultar em diferenças na estrutura e composição de espécies. No segundo capítulo, avaliamos a estrutura do componente herbáceo-terrícola e e sua correlação com a luminosidade, fertilidade edáfica, microtopografia e a cobertura de palmeiras. O terceiro capítulo buscou determinar se havia diferenças no padrão florístico-estrutural do componente arbóreo das FPR e FAR, seus hábitats e suas relações com fatores de solo, latitude, com base neste e em outros levantamentos no Sul do Brasil. Foram instaladas 13 parcelas de 100 m² (20 x 50 m) para o levantamento das árvores e de 13 parcelas de 5 m² (1 x 5 m contíguas) para as espécies herbáceas em cada uma das áreas. Os fatores ambientais analisados foram os parâmetros químicos e físico-hídricos do solo (0-15 cm de profundidade), a microtopografia, a abertura do dossel (luz) e a cobertura de palmeiras. As espécies arbóreas (capítulo 1) com CAP ≥ 12 cm (ou DAP ≥ 3,8 cm) e altura ≥ 3 m foram registradas e avaliadas pela densidade, frequência, altura e diversidade. As espécies herbáceas terrícolas (capítulo 2) foram avaliadas pela riqueza e cobertura, e através de análises multivariadas (Análise de Correspondência Canônica - CCA) com a matriz das espécies e das variáveis ambientais com alta correlação. A luminosidade foi determinada a partir de fotografias hemisféricas do dossel. No capítulo 3, utilizamos as espécies arbóreas de estudos científicos com DAP ≥ 5 cm e realizamos uma NPManova para mostrar as diferenças florístico-estruturais entre FPR e FAR e uma CCA com a matriz das espécies e com o tipo de solo, precipitação, altitude e latitude. As FPR apresentaram abertura do dossel, características de solo e microtopografia muito variáveis, baixa similaridade florística entre as áreas e elevada riqueza de espécies herbáceas terrícolas e arbóreas. No primeiro capítulo, encontramos nas três áreas 111 espécies arbóreas e 40 famílias com muito baixa similaridade florística entre as áreas. As três áreas apresentaram diferenças na composicão e estrutura devido a presença de muitas espécies com baixa frequência e ampla distribuição (Mata Atlântica) em locais sem inundação constante, contribuindo para a manutenção da diversidade regional no Sul do Brasil. No segundo capítulo, registramos 41 espécies herbáceas terrícolas pertencentes à 20 famílias. A média de riqueza e cobertura de ervas foi significativamente diferente entre as áreas, como também a variação do regime de luz, cobertura de palmeiras e vários parâmetros do solo. Monilófitas se destacaram em riqueza e monocotiledôneas em cobertura. Mostramos a influência da luminosidade e alguns parâmetros do solo sobre a cobertura vegetal, explicando a separação de grupos de espécies, em termos de preferência de habitat. No terceiro capítulo, os estudos compilados continham 265 espécies arbóreas da FPR e 109 na FAR e as claras diferenças florístico-estruturais entre essas fisionomias tornaram-se óbvias. A CCA indicou que as espécies foram influenciadas principalmente pelas características dos solos e microtopográficas, ligadas à frequência de inundação. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo em termos de riqueza de espécies arbóreas e herbáceas foram um tanto surpreendentes. Nossas análises confirmaram as diferenças de solo e florístico-estruturais entre as FPR e as FAR. Essas diferenças florístico-estruturais são suficientemente claras para permitir a consideração dessas fisionomias tão distintas da Restinga, essenciais para sua devida conservação. / The forests that occur in the brazilian coastal plain can be classified into Sandy Restinga Forests (SARF) and Swamp Restinga Forest (SWRF). The constant flooding of soils in SWRF support species poor communities. However, at sties where only short periods of flooding occur, richness may be even larger than that of adjacent well-drained forests. The overall goals of this work were (1) to determine the floristic- structural pattern of tree and terricolous herbaceous species of SWRF in three areas located in Içara (IÇA) and Balneário Arroio do Silva (BAS), Santa Catarina, and Morrinhos do Sul (MDS), Rio Grande do Sul, (2) to determine some of the environmental factors that influence these components, and (3) to show differences in the tree component between SWRF and SARF. This work comprises three chapters (articles). In the first chapter we examine variations in floristic-structural pattern of the tree component in three areas of the SWRF in northeastern Rio Grande do Sul and southern Santa Catarina. We expected that sites with more stressful environmental conditions had lower diversity and that the wide variation in the hydrological regime and physico-chemical soil conditions should result in differences in structure and species composition. In chapter two, we evaluate the structure of terricolous herbaceous component and its correlation with luminosity, soil fertility, microtopography and palm cover. In the third chapter, we analyze differences in floristic-structural pattern of the tree component of the SWRF and SARF, their habitats and their relations with edaphic and biogeographic factors, based on our own data and on that from other surveys in southern Brazil. Thirteen plots of 100 m² (20 x 50 m) were installed for the survey of trees and 13 plots of 5 m² for terrestrial herbaceous species in each of the three SWRF areas. Environmental factors were analyzed, including chemical and physical-hydric soil parameters (0-15 cm depth), microtopography, canopy openness (light) and palm cover. Tree species (Chapter 1) with diameter at breast height ≥ 3.8 cm and height ≥ 3 m were recorded and evaluated with respect to density, frequency, height and diversity. Terricolous herbaceous species (Chapter 2) were evaluated regarding richness and cover, and by help of multivariate analysis (Canonical Correspondence Analysis - CCA), using the matrices of species and of environmental variables. Luminosity was determined by help of hemispherical canopy photographs. In Chapter 3, we use tree species with diameter at breast height ≥ 5 cm of scientific studies. We performed a NPManova to show the floristic-structural differences between SWRF and SARF and a CCA of species matrix with soil type, rainfall, altitude and latitude. In general, the three SWRF areas showed highly variable canopy openness, soil characteristics and microtopography, very low floristic similarity between areas and high richness of terricolous herbaceous and trees species. The data from the first chapter showed a total of 111 tree species belonging to 40 families. The three areas showed differences in composition and structure due to the presence of many species with low frequency and wide distribution (Atlantic Rain Forest) in places without constant flooding, contributing to the maintenance of regional diversity in southern Brazil. In the second chapter, we recorded 41 terricolous herbaceous species belong to 20 families. Mean richness and cover of herbs differed significantly between areas, as well as the variation of luminosity, palm cover and many soil parameters. Monilophytes were characteristic in terms of richness and monocots in terms of cover value. We showed the influence of light and some soil parameters on vegetation cover, explaining the separation of groups of species in terms of habitat preference. In the third chapter, the compiled studies contained a total of 265 tree species in SWRF and 109 in SARF and clear floristic-phytosociological differences between SWRF and SARF became obvious. CCA indicated that the species were mainly influenced by microtopography and soil characteristics related to the frequency of flooding. Results obtained in this study regarding richness of tree and herbaceous species were somewhat surprising. Our analyses confirmed the soil and floristic-structural differences between the SWRF and the SARF. These floristic-structural differences are clear enough to allow for consideration as distinct physiognomies of Restinga, essential for their proper consideration in conservation.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-06T18:22:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Flavia de Carvalho Dias.pdf: 1016485 bytes, checksum: c85fcc5f987d04ec4a9490cffdf1ebab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-06T18:22:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Flavia de Carvalho Dias.pdf: 1016485 bytes, checksum: c85fcc5f987d04ec4a9490cffdf1ebab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-25 / CNPq / The Atlantic Rain Forest is one of the world?s most endangered biomes. Long before its discovery by western civilization, the forest had already been occupied and used by native populations. The increasing occupation of this biome has generated landscapes composed of a mosaic of forests of different ages that resulted from its usage and that overlap in space and time. Remaining fragments are still subject to manmade impacts including edge effects. Based on these concepts, a study was conducted aiming at understanding the edge effects, on structure and composition, of two areas of Atlantic Rain Forest in the Pedra Branca State Park in Rio de Janeiro, RJ; one located in the valley basins (Ca?ambe river basin), and the other at the limit of the drainage (Grande river basin). At each area, were choosed two sites; one near to the edge and other over 100m from the edge (forest interior). The sites were: valley basin?s edge (Bfv), valley basin?s interior (Ifv), limit of the drainage?s edge (Bdd) and limit of the drainage?s interior (Idd). Changes caused by the existence of a edge, included the assess of a biotic edge effects, using for it changes in the species richness, individuals density, diameter and height. Individual trees and shrubs with diameter at breast height (dbh) > 5 cm were sampled within 32 plots of 10 x 10 m for a total sample size of 0.32 ha. The samples yielded 309 individuals of 77 species, 70 genera and 32 families. The total basal area was 28,89 m2/ha and density was 966 ind./ha. Leguminosae, Meliaceae e Sapotaceae were found to be the richest families. The number of total species is comparable to the referenced values for preserved forests, inventoried in the southeast. The edges species richness (Bfv and Ifv) similar to the interiors species richness (Ifv and Idd). Mean diameter varied form 32, 9 cm and 36,2 cm in the edges and 42,2 cm and 53,1 cm in the forests interiors. Probably, the sampled edges finds itself in a state of natural regeneration and represents an inicial successional state, different to the intermediary sucessional state in the interiors. The index of S?rensen between the four sites may occurs due to the different slope orientation, geomorphologic situation and land use history. / A Mata Atl?ntica ? um dos biomas mais amea?ados do mundo. Desde antes de sua descoberta pelo ocidente, a floresta j? era utilizada e apropriada por popula??es nativas. Com a intensifica??o da ocupa??o deste bioma, geraram-se paisagens compostas por mosaicos de florestas de diferentes idades, provenientes de usos diversos, que se sobrep?em no tempo e no espa?o. Os fragmentos remanescentes est?o ainda sujeitos a v?rios impactos antr?picos, tais como os efeitos de borda. Desta forma, procura-se analisar como a din?mica homem-natureza exerce suas influ?ncias na transforma??o da paisagem. Procurou-se compreender os efeitos de borda na estrutura e composi??o de duas ?reas de Mata Atl?ntica, localizadas no Parque Estadual de Pedra Branca na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ; uma localizada no fundo de vale (bacia do rio Ca?ambe) e a outra no divisor de drenagem (bacia do rio Grande). Em cada ?rea de estudo, foram selecionados 2 s?tios amostrais; um adjacente ? borda e o outro distante a cerca de 100 metros da borda (interior de floresta). Os quatro s?tios amostrais foram denominados borda de fundo de vale (Bfv), interior de fundo de vale (Ifv), borda do divisor de drenagem (Bdd) e interior do divisor de drenagem (Idd). As mudan?as provocadas pela exist?ncia de uma borda envolveram avalia??es de efeitos biol?gicos, utilizando como ferramenta a riqueza de esp?cies, a densidade, estrutura diam?trica e de tamanho dos indiv?duos. Para a amostragem das ?reas, foram implantadas 32 parcelas, de 100 m? (0,32 ha), sendo que o crit?rio de inclus?o adotado foi DAP ? 5 cm. Foram amostrados 309 indiv?duos de 77 esp?cies, 70 g?neros e 32 fam?lias. A ?rea basal total foi de 28,89 m2/ha e densidade de 966 ind./ha. Leguminosae, Meliaceae e Sapotaceae apresentaram os maiores valores de riqueza de esp?cies. O n?mero total de esp?cies amostradas foi compat?vel com forma??es assemelhadas do sudeste Brasileiro. As bordas apresentaram uma riqueza de esp?cies pr?xima ? das ?reas interioranas. Os di?metros m?dios variaram entre 32,9 cm e 36,2 cm nas bordas e 42,2 cm e 53,1cm nos interiores de floresta. Provavelmente, as bordas amostradas encontram-se em est?gio de regenera??o natural, representando grupos sucessionais iniciais, distintos daqueles que ocorrem no interior da floresta. A n?o similaridade das ?reas, aferida com o uso do ?ndice de S?rensen mostrou que cada uma das ?reas ? constitu?da por conjuntos de esp?cies caracter?sticas. Estes resultados podem ser atribu?dos ?s diferentes orienta??es de encosta, situa??o geomorfol?gica e aos usos pret?ritos das ?reas.

Previous research has shown that a range of physical and biological drivers can influence the composition of faunal assemblages occupying localities within streams. There is much debate in the literature about which of these is more important. Descriptive and experimental field studies were conducted in two relatively undisturbed, second order rainforest streams in southeast Queensland, Australia. The principal objectives were to describe spatial and temporal patterns in pool fauna and explore relationships between these patterns and physical attributes of habitat, disturbance and biotic interactions. The macroinvertebrate and vertebrate fauna of 12 small stream pools were sampled approximately monthly over a period of 15 months. Samples were collected from all major within-pool habitat types and concurrent measurements of potentially important environmental parameters were made at landscape scales of stream, pool and habitat patch. Faunal assemblages were consistently different between the two streams and between the various within-pool habitat types, although the latter may partially be explained by differences in sampling protocols applied in the different habitat types. However, spatial and temporal variation in faunal assemblages within habitat types was large at the scales of whole pools and within-pool habitats, and this variation occurred apparently independently of variation in physical habitat attributes. These results indicated that very little of the local scale faunal variation could be explained by abiotic drivers and that some other factors must be responsible for the observed faunal patterns. Previous research had indicated that atyid shrimps can play a significant ecological role in rainforest streams, where they act as 'ecosystem engineers' by removing fine sediment from hard surfaces. This subsequently alters algal dynamics and faunal composition in streams. A pool-scale manipulative experiment was conducted to investigate the role of the atyid Paratya australiensis, which is an abundant and conspicuous component of the fauna. Removal of shrimp from pools had no effect on sediment accrual on hard surfaces and consequently did not affect algal biomass or faunal assemblages. The lack of effect on sediment accumulation was attributed to the low rate of deposition in these streams, which was an order of magnitude lower than in streams where atyids have been demonstrated to play a keystone role. The fish Mogurnda adspersa was found to be the primary predator of pool fauna in the study streams, where it preyed on a wide variety of taxa. Dietary analyses revealed that an ontogenetic shift occurred in both diet and the within-pool habitat where fish fed. Within this general framework, individual fish had strong individual prey preferences. Significant correlations were found between the natural abundance of Mogurnda in pools and faunal assemblage patterns in both gravel habitat and pools in general, indicating that predation had an effect on pool fauna. The nature of this effect varied between habitats. A direct density dependent response was observed in gravel habitat. In contrast, the response in pools varied considerably between individual pools, perhaps reflecting the differing prey preferences of individual fish. Despite these correlations, an experimental manipulation of the density of Mogurnda at a whole-pool scale did not conclusively identify a predation effect. This may have been due to problems with fish moving between treatments, despite attempts to constrain them, and low experimental power due to the inherent high variability of pool fauna. Overall, the results of the study indicated that there was considerable spatial and temporal variation in pool fauna despite similarities in the physical attributes of pools and their close proximity. This variation appeared to occur at random and could not be explained by abiotic or biotic factors. Predation had a small effect, but could not explain the overall patterns, whereas disturbance by spates had very little effect at all. Stochastic processes associated with low level random recruitment were identified as a possible and plausible explanation for observed patterns. These conclusions are discussed in terms of their implications for our understanding of the ecology and management of streams.

Studies were carried out in a lowland evergreen rain forest (LERF), on an ultisol, in the 'Reserva da Campina', 45 km north of Manaus, and in two facies of the highly distinct formation called heath forest, on spodosols. The spodosols had a layer of mor humus of thickness varying from nil in some parts in the smaller facies of heath forest (SHF) to 35 cm in the taller facies (THF). The overall aim was to investigate the forest soil biota and its role in nutrient turnover by comparing the SHF, THF and LERF. Microbial biomass, soil respiration and nitrogen transformation rates were measured in the three forest types in both wet and dry seasons. Field and laboratory fertilization experiments were made to investigate potential limiting nutrients for microorganisms and plants. The role of fine roots in decomposition and litter animal colonization was assessed in litter bag studies. SHF soils have a small microbial population with no net nitrification in any season. THF soils showed a variable microbial population adapted to high acidity, which immobilises nitrogen during the wet season, but which allows a net release during the dry season. LERF showed the most diverse population which causes mineralization and nitrification in both seasons. A bioassay with nutrient addition showed that the low pH, and nitrogen and sulphur supply were likely to be limiting nitrogen dynamics in all forest types, but especially in THF and LERF. The ingrowth bags showed that despite the lower values of fine root growth in the SHF (particularly when the white sand of the spodosol was used as the substrate), the roots showed in all plots an increased production with added calcium as carbonate or sulphate. In the decomposition bioassay to evaluate the role of roots in the nutrient turnover it was shown that in all forest types there was no effect of roots on the mass loss of Clitoria leaves but there was a significant effect on concentrations of some nutrients. In general, roots contributed to the accumulation of aluminium and iron and to a faster release and uptake of calcium, magnesium and zinc. A survey of the mycorrhizal associations in all forest types showed that both VAM and ECM fungi with some unknown VAM fungal species are common. VAM and ECM adaptation to low pH and high phenolic compounds in the soils may be important in the maintenance of these ecosystems.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiteit Utrecht, 1995. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-94).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 217263 bytes, checksum: b7eaa9b8e9f60a6de279fb7af5b07bce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Ants are one of the most important groups in seed dispersal. Seed removal by ants seems to be affected by four factors: ant species richness, the existence of keystone ant species, type of habitat and the size of diaspores. Te aim of this work was to test the following hypotheses: 1) the seed removal rate is higher for small seeds than for large ones in both Cerrado vegetation (Brazilian savanna) and Atlantic rain forest; 2) the rate of seed removal by ants is higher in cerrado than in Atlantic rain forest; 3) the frequency of seed removal events is positively related to ant species richness in both habitats; 4) in cerrado vegetation, seed removal is increased by the presence of keystone ant species, contrary to the forest, where these species do not occur. The work was carried out in fragments of cerrado and rain forest, both in private areas, located on the region of São João Del Rei town, Minas Gerais state, Southeastern Brazil, where the ant communities were sampled and experiments of seed removal were performed, using artificial seeds. The following results were found: 1) in cerrado vegetation, removal rate of small seeds was higher than that of large ones, while in forest there was no such difference; 2) seed removal rate varied between the habitats only for the small seeds, being higher in cerrado vegetation; 3) there was no correlation between seed removal and ant species richness in the two habitats; 4) according the expectation, there were keystone species in cerrado, and not in forest. Thirteen ant species were found removing seeds in cerrado and eight in forest. In forest, contrary to cerrado, there were more species that explored the seeds on the spot instead of removing them. These differences between the number of ant species in both environments, the ants behavior in relation to the seeds and the presence of keystone species in cerrado seem to be determinants of differences between patterns of seed removal found. There were two keystone ant species: one of them being specific for small seeds (Pheidole oxyops), and the other, for the large ones (Atta laevigata). Both genera have morphological and behavioral characteristics that enable them to be efficient dispersers of diaspores of different sizes. Thus, for forest and cerrado fragments studied, it is possible to conclude that seed dispersal by ants is not affected by the dispersers species richness, but in Atlantic rain forest it is an evenly diffuse mutualism, while in cerrado vegetation, this mutualistic relationship, although being also diffuse, is marked by the presence of more representative species. The role of the variables type of habitat and diaspore size is, at least in part, corroborated in this work. / As formigas são um dos grupos de animais mais importantes como dispersores de sementes. A remoção de sementes por formigas parece ser influenciada por quatro fatores: tamanho de diásporos, tipo de ambiente, riqueza de espécies de formigas e existência de espécies-chave de formigas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi testar as seguintes hipóteses: 1) há mais remoção de sementes pequenas do que grandes tanto em Cerrado quanto em Mata Atlântica; 2) a taxa de remoção de sementes por formigas é maior em Cerrado do que em Mata Atlântica; 3) a frequência de eventos de remoção de sementes relaciona-se positivamente à riqueza de espécies de formigas nas duas formações; 4) no Cerrado, a remoção de sementes é aumentada pela presença de espécies-chave, ao contrário da Floresta, onde estas não devem ocorrer. O trabalho foi realizado em um fragmento de Cerrado e um de Floresta Atlântica, ambos em áreas particulares, situados na microrregião de São João Del Rei, MG, onde foram amostradas as comunidades de formigas e feitos experimentos de remoção utilizando-se sementes artificiais. Como resultados foram encontrados: 1) no Cerrado, a remoção de sementes pequenas foi maior do que a de sementes grandes, ao passo que na Floresta não houve diferença com relação ao tamanho da semente; 2) a remoção de sementes diferiu entre os ambientes apenas para as sementes pequenas, sendo maior sua remoção no Cerrado; 3) não houve correlação entre remoção de sementes e riqueza de formigas em nenhum dos dois ambientes, ao contrário do esperado; 4) conforme esperado, houve espécies-chave no Cerrado e não na Floresta. Ocorreram 13 espécies de formigas removedoras no Cerrado e oito na Floresta. Na Floresta, ao contrário do Cerrado, havia mais espécies que exploravam as sementes no local em vez de removê-las. Essas diferenças entre números de espécies removedoras nos dois ambientes, comportamento das formigas junto às sementes e a presença de espécies-chave no Cerrado podem ter sido determinantes das diferenças entre os padrões de remoção encontrados. As espécies-chave foram duas: uma delas, específica para sementes pequenas (Pheidole oxyops) e a outra, para as grandes (Atta laevigata). Ambos os gêneros possuem características morfológicas e comportamentais que lhes possibilitam a eficiência como dispersores-chave de diásporos de diferentes tamanhos. Conclui-se para os fragmentos de Floresta e Cerrado estudados que a dispersão de sementes por formigas é um fenômeno não influenciado pela riqueza de espécies das dispersoras, mas em Floresta Atlântica é um mutualismo totalmente difuso, enquanto no Cerrado a relação mutualística, apesar de também difusa, é marcada pela presença de espécies mais representativas na interação. O papel das variáveis tipo de ambiente e tamanho do diásporo é, pelo menos em parte, corroborado neste trabalho.