Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Les contrôles inhibiteurs diffus induits par stimulation nociceptive (CIDN) représententun des contrôles endogènes descendants de la douleur, qui modulent l'activité desneurones spinaux et trigéminaux. Ils sont sous-tendus par une boucle faisant intervenirdes structures supraspinales. Les réseaux neuronaux qui y sont impliqués sont peuconnus. Par ailleurs, le noyau raphé magnus (NRM) joue un rôle important dans lamodulation descendante de l'activité nociceptive des neurones spinaux et trigéminaux.Cette modulation est à la fois excitatrice et inhibitrice. En effet, l'activation des cellulesON du NRM facilite la transmission nociceptive, alors que l'activation des cellules OFFdu NRM inhibe cette transmission.Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes proposés d’étudier, par une approche électrophysiologiquein vivo, le rôle du NRM dans les contrôles endogènes de la nociception trigéminale.Nous avons alors évalué les effets du blocage pharmacologique du NRM, par la microinjectionde différentes substances bloquant sélectivement ou totalement les cellules ON et/ou OFF duNRM, sur les réponses des neurones à convergence trigéminaux évoquées par des stimulationsnociceptives et non nociceptives et sur les CIDN. Parallèlement, nous avons évalué l'effet dublocage de ce noyau sur la pression artérielle basale et la variation de la pression artérielleévoquée par des stimulations nociceptives.Nos travaux d’électrophysiologie ont permis de montrer que l'inactivation du NRM est àl'origine de trois effets principaux: la facilitation des réponses des neurones àconvergence trigéminaux dues à la mise en jeu des fibres C, la facilitation des réponsesneuronales évoquées par des stimulations mécaniques nociceptives et non nociceptiveset la réduction des CIDN. Ainsi, le NRM semble être impliqué dans les contrôlestoniques et phasiques de la nociception trigéminale. Ces effets dépendent probablementdes neurones OFF ainsi que des neurones sérotoninergiques du NRM. Nos résultatsindiquent également que le NRM est impliqué dans la modulation de la pressionartérielle, que ce soit basale ou déclenchée par une stimulation nociceptive.De façon intéressante, ce travail a permis d'apporter des données nouvelles concernantle réseau neuronal sous-tendant les CIDN. Il semble que de multiples voies ascendanteset descendantes contribuent à ces contrôles inhibiteurs descendants de la douleur. Lesvoies ascendantes impliquent: une voie partant des couches profondes de la moelle etprojetant sur la partie caudale du tronc cérébral et une autre voie partant des couchessuperficielles de la moelle exprimant les récepteurs NK1 et projetant plus rostralementsur le noyau parabrachial. Les voies descendantes impliquent une voie dopaminergiqueet une voie sérotoninergique prenant respectivement origine dans l'hypothalamus et leNRM.En conclusion, nous suggérons qu'un dysfonctionnement du NRM est à l'origine d'unerupture de l'équilibre entre les contrôles inhibiteurs et facilitateurs de la douleurexercés depuis cette structure, au profit d'une augmentation des effets facilitateurset/ou une réduction des effets inhibiteurs. Ce déséquilibre pourrait être à l'origined'une déficience des CIDN ainsi qu'une accentuation des états d'hyperalgésie etd'allodynie, accompagnant les douleurs chroniques. / Absent

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Il y a longtemps qu’on a attribué à l’hippocampe un rôle central dans la mémoire, mais ce n’est pas son unique rôle. Un nombre grandissant d’études attestent que l’hippocampe peut être séparé en deux régions, dorsale et ventrale, qui sont fonctionnellement différentes. La partie dorsale de l’hippocampe est responsable du rôle classique dans la mémoire spatiale et contextuelle, alors que la région ventrale de l’hippocampe est importante dans l’expression de l’anxiété et de la motivation, entre autres. Les projections des noyaux du raphé, l’unique source d’afférences sérotoninergiques de l’hippocampe, auraient un rôle régulateur sur ses fonctions, dont le comportement anxieux. Toutefois, les fonctions de la projection sérotoninergique raphé-hippocampe ventral ne sont pas entièrement caractérisées et les différents rôles des sous-populations de neurones sérotoninergiques au sein même de la projection raphé-hippocampe ventral sont peu connus. Dans ce projet de recherche, nous avons utilisé des tests comportementaux et des outils optogénétiques, afin de déterminer le rôle de la projection sérotoninergique raphé-hippocampe ventral dans le comportement d’aversion. Notre hypothèse est que la sérotonine régule l’anxiété en agissant sur l’hippocampe ventral via cette projection. Nous démontrons entre autres que l’activation de la projection sérotoninergique raphé-hippocampe ventral induit une hausse de l’anxiété, mais spécifiquement chez les femelles. Nous démontrons aussi que l’activation de la projection réduit la locomotion. Nos données offrent un nouveau point de vue sur le rôle du raphé médian dans l’anxiété ainsi que sur l’importance du sexe dans l’expression du comportement anxieux. / It has been known for a long time that the hippocampus has a central role in memory, but it isn’t its sole function. A growing number of studies are showing that the hippocampus can be split in two regions, dorsal and ventral, that are functionally different. The dorsal part is responsible for the classic and well-known role of the hippocampus in spatial and contextual memory, while the ventral region is important for the expression of anxiety and motivation, among other roles. The only serotonergic input of the hippocampus are the raphe nuclei and it has been suggested that it has a regulatory effect over its functions, such as anxiety. Nonetheless, the functions of the raphe-ventral hippocampus serotonergic projection are not fully characterized and sub-populations of serotonergic neurons inside the projection itself aren’t known. In this research project, we used behavioral tests and optogenetic tools to determine whether the raphe to ventral hippocampus serotonergic projection is able to influence aversive behaviors. Our hypothesis is that serotonin regulates anxiety through its influence on the ventral hippocampus via the raphe-ventral hippocampus serotonergic projection. We found that optogenetic activation of the projection induces heightened anxiety, but only in female mice. Our data offer new insight as to how the median raphe regulates anxiety and the importance of sex in the expression of anxiety.

Les troubles anxieux comptent parmi les troubles psychiatriques les plus courants dans le monde, les femmes étant presque deux fois plus susceptibles que les hommes de recevoir un diagnostic de trouble d’anxiété au cours de leur vie. Les neurones sérotoninergiques (5-HT) du raphé médian sont fortement impliqués dans la régulation de l’humeur et de l’anxiété, mais les substrats neuronaux sous-tendant les différences liées au sexe dans l’anxiété sont encore largement méconnus. L'hippocampe ventral (HPv), une région qui a été décrite comme un modulateur majeur de l'anxiété, entre autres grâce à ses communications oscillatoires avec d'autres zones cérébrales, reçoit des afférences denses de 5-HT des noyaux du raphé. Des résultats préliminaires obtenus par notre laboratoire montrent que l’activation optogénétique des neurones 5-HT du raphé qui projettent à l’HPv influence le niveau d’anxiété des souris femelles, mais pas des mâles. En se basant sur ces résultats, l’objectif de mon projet est d’explorer les causes de ce dimorphisme sexuel de la voie raphé-HPv dans l’anxiété. J’analyserai l’expression du marqueur d’activation c-Fos après un test d’anxiété, avec ou sans activation optogénétique de la voie 5-HT raphé-HPv. Notre hypothèse est qu’il existe une différence mâle-femelle dans l’excitabilité des neurones 5-HT projetant à l’HPv. Les résultats obtenus permettront de mettre en lumière i) l’expression de c-Fos dans les neurones 5-HT qui projettent à l’HPv en conditions basales (eYFP) chez les mâles et femelles et ii) la différence dans l’expression de c-Fos après activation optogénétique de notre population d’intérêt chez les mâles et femelles. Nous démontrons que l’activation optogénétique de la voie 5-HT du raphé projetant à l’HPv augmente les comportements anxieux, seulement pour les souris femelles. Nous démontrons aussi que l’activation de cette projection diminue l’activité locomotrice. Par ailleurs, les comportements anxieux semblent activer différemment les sous-régions du raphé en fonction du sexe. Ce travail contribue à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents au rôle de la voie 5-HT du raphé projetant à l’HPv dans la modulation différentielle des comportements d’anxiété selon le sexe. / Anxiety disorders rank among the most common psychiatric conditions worldwide, with women being nearly twice as likely as men to receive a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder during their lifetime. Serotonergic neurons (5-HT) in the median raphe are heavily involved in regulating mood and anxiety, but the neuronal substrates underlying sex-related differences in anxiety are still largely unknown. The ventral hippocampus (vHP), a region described as a major modulator of anxiety, including through oscillatory communication with other brain areas, receives dense inputs of 5-HT from the raphe nuclei. Preliminary results from our laboratory indicate that optogenetic activation of 5-HT neurons projecting to the vHP influences the level of anxiety in female mice but not in males. Building upon these findings, the aim of my project is to explore the causes of this sexual dimorphism in the raphe-vHP pathway related to anxiety. I will analyze the expression of the c-Fos activation marker after an anxiety test, with or without optogenetic activation of the raphe-vHP 5-HT pathway. Our hypothesis is that there is a male-female difference in the excitability of 5-HT neurons projecting to the vHP. The results obtained will shed light on i) c-Fos expression in 5-HT neurons projecting to the vHP under baseline conditions (eYFP) in males and females, and ii) the difference in c-Fos expression after optogenetic activation of our population of interest in males and females. We demonstrate that optogenetic activation of the raphe-vHP 5-HT pathway increases anxiety behaviors, only in female mice. We also show that activation of this projection decreases locomotor activity. Furthermore, anxiety behaviors appear to activate different subregions of the raphe depending on sex. This work contributes to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the role of the raphe-vHP 5-HT pathway in the differential modulation of anxiety behaviors based on sex.

La mesure <i>in vitro</i> de la sérotonine (5-HT) est effectuée par un capteur chimique à fibre optique (FOCS) par fluorescence induite par laser et résolue en temps. Les propriétés photophysiques de la 5-HT sont analysées: un état émissif de la 5-HT non décrit par la littérature a été mis en évidence. L'ordre de grandeur de la limite de détection de 5-HT est de 5 µm, bien loin des concentrations extracellulaires cérébrales <i>in vivo</i>. Les mesures <i>in vivo</i> au niveau du cortex (Cx) et du noyau du raphé dorsalis (nRD) chez le rat non anesthésie et libre de ses mouvements sont réalisées par ce même FOCS. Deux pics de fluorescence sont détermines au niveau du Cx et du nRD : un situé à 390 nm et l'autre centre sur 460 nm. Le premier pic n'a pas l'attribution moléculaire fiable. Les données spectroscopiques et la littérature de l'autofluorescence des tissus cérébraux permettent une attribution moléculaire fiable du pic mesuré à 460 nm: il provient du NADH endogène. Quelques résultats préliminaires ont été obtenus avec le FOCS dans les deux structures cérébrales pendant les divers états de vigilance. Au niveau du nRD dans la partie antérieure et ventrale, une augmentation de la fluorescence (460nm) a été observée lors du sommeil à onde lente (SWS) et du sommeil paradoxal (PS). En outre une augmentation importante et très rapide de la fluorescence (460nm) a été mesurée lors de la mort de l'animal.

Estrogens greatly affect the activity and connectivity of serotonergic neural cell populations, which extend from clusters of nuclei in the brainstem, termed the raphe nuclei, where estrogen receptor β is the most abundantly expressed estrogen receptor subtype. Estrogenic effects on the raphe nuclei are primarily important for influencing various neuropsychological behaviors, including depression, mood swings and anxiety behaviors. Because of this connection, phases of intense hormone fluctuations for instance during menopause are often associated with several mood disturbances that often reduce the quality of life of menopausal women. Accordingly, long-term use of hormone replacement therapy appeared to be the method of choice for many menopausal women to help alleviate vasomotor symptoms, which may include neuropsychological changes such as depression. However, given the limitations and number of serious health risks attributed to hormone replacement therapy, natural compounds such as phytoestrogens are receiving widespread awareness due to their occurrence in medicinal plant extracts and a wide variety of food items including dietary supplements with respective health claims. Flavonoids, particularly the isoflavones and the naringenin-type flavanones, belong to a group of polyphenolic plant-derived secondary metabolites known to possess estrogen-like bioactivities. Nevertheless, little is known about their transactivational activity and their potential to regulate endogenous gene expression of estrogen responsive genes in the raphe nuclei due to the lack of suitable cellular models expressing sufficient amounts of functional estrogen receptor β. Hence, a raphe nuclei-derived cell line that expresses a functional estrogen receptor β was sought as a model to investigate effects of flavonoids in vitro. In this regard, RN46A-B14 cells derived from embryonic day 13 rat medullary raphe nuclei were primarily used in this study as the main cellular model. Nonetheless, expression of endogenous estrogen receptor β in these cells was not sufficient to pursue downstream investigations of estrogen-dependent activities. To overcome this deficit, a rat raphe nuclei-derived in vitro model that overexpresses a functional estrogen receptor β was initially established (herein termed RNDA cells) by stably transducing its parent cell line, RN46A-B14 cells, with a suitable lentiviral expression vector encoding a human estrogen receptor β gene. The stable expression and the functional characterization of the transgenic receptor was confirmed by Western blot analysis and luciferase reporter gene assays, respectively. The same reporter gene assay was used to scrutinize the transactivational activity of the flavonoids in RNDA cells. Key results revealed that Genistein, Daidzein, Equol, Naringenin and 8-Prenylnaringenin demonstrated high transactivational activity in a concentration-dependent manner by stimulating luciferase expression from an estrogen responsive element-regulated reporter gene construct transiently transfected in RNDA cells. Low transactivational activity was observed in RNDA cells in response to increasing concentrations of 7-(O-prenyl)naringenin-4'-acetate. However, no transactivational activity was noticed in response to 6-(1,1-Dimethylallyl)naringenin in the studied cell model. All effects elicited by the flavonoids were antagonized by the pure estrogen receptor antagonist, Fulvestrant, indicating that all substances act by binding to and activating the transgenic ERβ. Additional effects were observed in RNDA cells in response to a co-treatment of 1 µM of either Genistein or Daidzein, but not Equol, with 10 nM 17β-Estradiol. Slight antagonistic effects were observed in the same studied cell line when either 8-Prenylnaringenin or 7-(O-prenyl)naringenin-4'-acetate, but not Naringenin or 6-(1,1-Dimethylallyl)naringenin, were co-added with 17β-Estradiol. Results from the reporter gene assays were validated on the basis of regulation of mRNA expression of estrogen responsive genes following the global assessment of 17β-Estradiol-induced gene expression in this cell line using a DNA microarray technique. Out of 212 estrogen-regulated genes with at least two-fold change of expression, six were selected according to specific features of estrogenic regulation of expression. The expression of the six selected 17β-Estradiol-regulated genes was validated using quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The regulation of mRNA expression of the selected genes in response to the tested flavonoids was then investigated in RNDA cells. Additionally, because RNDA cells encode a temperature-sensitive mutant of the Simian Virus 40 large T-antigen, their neuronal differentiation is constitutive upon shifting them from conditions promoting proliferation (permissive temperature) to differentiation (non permissive temperature). Hence, the regulation of mRNA expression of the selected genes in response to the tested flavonoids was additionally investigated as RNDA cells differentiate. In RNDA cells grown under proliferative conditions, 17β-Estradiol up-regulated mRNA expression of camello-like 5, sex determining region Y-box 18 and keratin type I cytoskeletal 19. Similar effects were observed in response to 8-Prenylnaringenin, Genistein, Daidzein and Equol. In addition, 17β-Estradiol down-regulated mRNA expression of neurofilament medium polypeptide and zinc finger DHHC-type containing 2. Similar effects were observed in response to 8-Prenylnaringenin, Naringenin, Genistein, Daidzein and Equol. Yet, no effect was observed on the regulation of mRNA expression of solute carrier family 6 member 4 in response to 17β-Estradiol or the flavonoids in RNDA cells grown under proliferative conditions. When RNDA cells were shifted to conditions promoting differentiation, changes in cell morphology, in mRNA expression levels and in responsiveness towards 17β-Estradiol or the flavonoids were observed. These expression studies additionally highlighted some of the genes as indicator genes for RNDA cellular differentiation. The newly established RNDA cell line should prove useful to elucidate basic physiological properties of estrogen receptor β in the raphe nuclei. The present study should serve as the basis to help shed light on molecular and cellular mechanisms following the action of phytoestrogens, endocrine disruptors or other exogenous estrogen receptor ligands in neural cell populations, particularly the raphe nuclei, for further applications within the brain.

Résumé : les benzodiazépines (BZD) et les antidépresseurs sont efficaces pour réduire l’anxiété, mais devant les effets indésirables que les BZD induisent et face au délai d’action des antidépresseurs, le développement de nouvelles stratégies constitue un besoin primordial. Récemment, il a été montré que l’activation du récepteur 5-HT4 (5-HT4R) pouvait représenter une cible d’action prometteuse. Bien qu’un certain nombre d’études ait évalué l’activité anxiolytique des agonistes du 5-HT4R, après une administration chronique, aucune étude n’a examiné leurs effets après une administration unique, ni même le circuit cérébral à la base de cette réponse comportementale. Nous avons donc cherché à savoir si l’activation aiguë du 5-HT4R via le recrutement des terminaisons neuronales glutamatergiques du cortex préfrontal médian (CPFm) se projetant sur le noyau du raphé dorsal (NRD), un circuit impliqué dans les processus émotionnels, induisait des effets anxiolytiques rapides, grâce à des outils pharmacologiques, électrophysiologiques et optogénétiques. L’administration unique par voie systémique ou intra-CPFm d’un agoniste du 5-HT4R a produit des effets anxiolytiques rapides chez la souris, associés à une augmentation de l’activité des neurones sérotoninergiques du NRD. L’activation des projections glutamatergiques du CPFm vers le NRD a permis de réduire l’anxiété des souris, alors que l’inhibition de ces projections a bloqué les effets anxiolytiques induits par l’injection unique intra-CPFm d’une BZD (diazépam) ou d’un agoniste du 5-HT4R (RS 67333). Toutefois, ces effets ne sont que partiellement bloqués après l’administration par voie systémique de ces composés, suggérant que le circuit cortex-raphé est un carrefour nécessaire mais non suffisant à l’activité anxiolytique du diazépam et du RS 67333. Enfin, l’administration prophylactique d’un agoniste du 5-HT4R avant l’induction d’un stress a prévenu le développement d’un phénotype anxio-dépressif chez la souris, laissant penser que cette molécule pourrait renforcer la résilience au stress des populations à risque. / Benzodiazepines (BZD) and antidepressants are effective in reducing anxiety, but adverse effects of BZD and the delayed onset of action of antidepressants emphasize the need to develop fast-acting new drugs. Recent studies indicated that activation of 5-HT4 receptor (5-HT4R) could be a promising target. Although a number of studies have assessed 5-HT4R agonist anxiolytic activity after chronic treatment, few of them have neither evaluated their anxiolytic profile acutely, neither the brain circuits involved in this behavioral activity. Here, we evaluated whether acute 5-HT4R activation in glutamatergic axon terminals arising from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), a circuit involved in emotional processes, induced fast anxiolytic effects, using pharmacologic, electrophysiologic and optogenetic tools. Acute systemic administration and intra-mPFC infusion of 5-HT4R produced fast anxiolytic effects in mice and increased DRN serotonin cell firing. Optogenetically activating mPFC terminals targeting the DRN reduced anxiety in mice whereas silencing this circuit blocked BZD (diazepam) and 5-HT4R agonist (RS 67333) mPFC infusion -induced anxiolytic effects. However, anxiolytic effects induced by an acute systemic administration of both molecules were partially blocked after optogenetically inhibiting cortical glutamatergic terminals in the DRN, suggesting that cortex-brainstem neural circuit is necessary but not sufficient for a rapid activity of diazepam and RS 67333. Finally, the prophylactic administration of a 5-HT4R agonist before stress prevented the development of an anxio-depressive phenotype in mice, suggesting that this molecule could reinforce the resilience of population at risk.

Estrogens greatly affect the activity and connectivity of serotonergic neural cell populations, which extend from clusters of nuclei in the brainstem, termed the raphe nuclei, where estrogen receptor β is the most abundantly expressed estrogen receptor subtype. Estrogenic effects on the raphe nuclei are primarily important for influencing various neuropsychological behaviors, including depression, mood swings and anxiety behaviors. Because of this connection, phases of intense hormone fluctuations for instance during menopause are often associated with several mood disturbances that often reduce the quality of life of menopausal women. Accordingly, long-term use of hormone replacement therapy appeared to be the method of choice for many menopausal women to help alleviate vasomotor symptoms, which may include neuropsychological changes such as depression. However, given the limitations and number of serious health risks attributed to hormone replacement therapy, natural compounds such as phytoestrogens are receiving widespread awareness due to their occurrence in medicinal plant extracts and a wide variety of food items including dietary supplements with respective health claims. Flavonoids, particularly the isoflavones and the naringenin-type flavanones, belong to a group of polyphenolic plant-derived secondary metabolites known to possess estrogen-like bioactivities. Nevertheless, little is known about their transactivational activity and their potential to regulate endogenous gene expression of estrogen responsive genes in the raphe nuclei due to the lack of suitable cellular models expressing sufficient amounts of functional estrogen receptor β. Hence, a raphe nuclei-derived cell line that expresses a functional estrogen receptor β was sought as a model to investigate effects of flavonoids in vitro. In this regard, RN46A-B14 cells derived from embryonic day 13 rat medullary raphe nuclei were primarily used in this study as the main cellular model. Nonetheless, expression of endogenous estrogen receptor β in these cells was not sufficient to pursue downstream investigations of estrogen-dependent activities. To overcome this deficit, a rat raphe nuclei-derived in vitro model that overexpresses a functional estrogen receptor β was initially established (herein termed RNDA cells) by stably transducing its parent cell line, RN46A-B14 cells, with a suitable lentiviral expression vector encoding a human estrogen receptor β gene. The stable expression and the functional characterization of the transgenic receptor was confirmed by Western blot analysis and luciferase reporter gene assays, respectively. The same reporter gene assay was used to scrutinize the transactivational activity of the flavonoids in RNDA cells. Key results revealed that Genistein, Daidzein, Equol, Naringenin and 8-Prenylnaringenin demonstrated high transactivational activity in a concentration-dependent manner by stimulating luciferase expression from an estrogen responsive element-regulated reporter gene construct transiently transfected in RNDA cells. Low transactivational activity was observed in RNDA cells in response to increasing concentrations of 7-(O-prenyl)naringenin-4'-acetate. However, no transactivational activity was noticed in response to 6-(1,1-Dimethylallyl)naringenin in the studied cell model. All effects elicited by the flavonoids were antagonized by the pure estrogen receptor antagonist, Fulvestrant, indicating that all substances act by binding to and activating the transgenic ERβ. Additional effects were observed in RNDA cells in response to a co-treatment of 1 µM of either Genistein or Daidzein, but not Equol, with 10 nM 17β-Estradiol. Slight antagonistic effects were observed in the same studied cell line when either 8-Prenylnaringenin or 7-(O-prenyl)naringenin-4'-acetate, but not Naringenin or 6-(1,1-Dimethylallyl)naringenin, were co-added with 17β-Estradiol. Results from the reporter gene assays were validated on the basis of regulation of mRNA expression of estrogen responsive genes following the global assessment of 17β-Estradiol-induced gene expression in this cell line using a DNA microarray technique. Out of 212 estrogen-regulated genes with at least two-fold change of expression, six were selected according to specific features of estrogenic regulation of expression. The expression of the six selected 17β-Estradiol-regulated genes was validated using quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The regulation of mRNA expression of the selected genes in response to the tested flavonoids was then investigated in RNDA cells. Additionally, because RNDA cells encode a temperature-sensitive mutant of the Simian Virus 40 large T-antigen, their neuronal differentiation is constitutive upon shifting them from conditions promoting proliferation (permissive temperature) to differentiation (non permissive temperature). Hence, the regulation of mRNA expression of the selected genes in response to the tested flavonoids was additionally investigated as RNDA cells differentiate. In RNDA cells grown under proliferative conditions, 17β-Estradiol up-regulated mRNA expression of camello-like 5, sex determining region Y-box 18 and keratin type I cytoskeletal 19. Similar effects were observed in response to 8-Prenylnaringenin, Genistein, Daidzein and Equol. In addition, 17β-Estradiol down-regulated mRNA expression of neurofilament medium polypeptide and zinc finger DHHC-type containing 2. Similar effects were observed in response to 8-Prenylnaringenin, Naringenin, Genistein, Daidzein and Equol. Yet, no effect was observed on the regulation of mRNA expression of solute carrier family 6 member 4 in response to 17β-Estradiol or the flavonoids in RNDA cells grown under proliferative conditions. When RNDA cells were shifted to conditions promoting differentiation, changes in cell morphology, in mRNA expression levels and in responsiveness towards 17β-Estradiol or the flavonoids were observed. These expression studies additionally highlighted some of the genes as indicator genes for RNDA cellular differentiation. The newly established RNDA cell line should prove useful to elucidate basic physiological properties of estrogen receptor β in the raphe nuclei. The present study should serve as the basis to help shed light on molecular and cellular mechanisms following the action of phytoestrogens, endocrine disruptors or other exogenous estrogen receptor ligands in neural cell populations, particularly the raphe nuclei, for further applications within the brain.