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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Roller skis' rolling resistance and grip characteristics : influences on physiological and performance measures in cross-country skiers

Ainegren, Mats January 2012 (has links)
The aim of this thesis was to investigate roller ski characteristics; classical and freestyle roller skis’ rolling resistance coefficients (μR) and classical style roller skis’ static friction coefficients (μS), and to study the influence of different μR and μS on cross-country skiers’ performance and both physiological and biomechanical indices. The aim was also to study differences in skiing economy and efficiency between recreational skiers, female and male junior and senior elite cross-country skiers.The experiments showed that during a time period of 30 minutes of rolling on a treadmill (warm-up), μR decreased significantly (p<0.05) to about 60-65 % and 70-75 % of its initial value for freestyle and classical roller skis respectively. Also, there was a significant influence of normal force on μR, while different velocities and inclinations of the treadmill only resulted in small changes in μR.The study of the influence on physiological variables of a ~50 % change in μR showed that during submaximal steady rate exercise, external power, oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate were significantly changed, while there were non-significant or only small changes to cycle rate, cycle length and ratings of perceived exertion. Incremental maximal tests showed that time to exhaustion was significantly changed and this occurred without a change in maximal power, maximal oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate and blood lactate, and that the influence on ratings of perceived exertion was non-significant or small.The study of classical style roller skis μS showed values that were five to eight times more than the values of μS reported from on-snow skiing with grip-waxed cross-country skis.The subsequent physiological and biomechanical experiments with different μS showed a significantly lower skiing economy (~14 % higher v̇O2), higher heart rate, lower propulsive forces coming from the legs and shorter time to exhaustion (~30 %) when using a different type of roller ski with a μS similar to on-snow skiing, while there was no difference between tests when using different pairs of roller skis with a (similar) higher μS.The part of the thesis which focused on skiing economy and efficiency as a function of skill, age and gender, showed that the elite cross-country skiers had better skiing economy and higher gross efficiency (5-18 %) compared with the recreational skiers, and the senior elite had better economy and higher efficiency (4-5 %) than their junior counterparts, while no differences could be found between the genders. / Syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka fristils- och klassiska rullskidors rullmotståndskoefficienter (μR) och klassiska rullskidors statiska friktionskoefficienter (μS) samt effekter av olika μR och μS på längdskidåkares prestation vid rullskidåkning på rullande band. Syftet var även att undersöka s.k. åkekonomi och mekanisk verkningsgrad mellan motionärer och kvinnliga och manliga junior- och seniorlängdskidåkare på elitnivå.Experimenten visade att under en period av 30 minuters kontinuerligt rullande, på rullande band, så sjönk μR signifikant (p<0.05) till 60-65 % och 70-75 % av initiala värden, för fristils- respektive klassiska rullskidor. Undersökandet av olika normalkrafter, hastigheter och lutningars påverkan på μR resulterade i en signifikant, negativ korrelation för μR som funktion av normalkraft, medan olika hastigheter och lutningar endast medförde små förändringar av μR.Studien som undersökte fysiologiska effekter av olika μR visade, vid submaximala konstanta arbetsbelastningar, att yttre effekt, syreupptagning, hjärtfrekvens och blodlaktat förändrades signifikant vid ~50 % förändring av μR. Försökspersonernas frekvens och sträcka per frekvens samt skattning av upplevd ansträngning resulterade dock i mestadels icke signifikanta eller små förändringar. Protokollen med successivt ökande arbetsbelastning (maxtest) resulterade i signifikant förändrad tid till utmattning, vid ~50 % förändring av μR. Detta inträffade utan signifikant skillnad i maximal syreupptagning, hjärtfrekvens och blodlaktat, vilket även mestadels gällde för skattning av upplevd ansträngning.Experimenten som undersökte klassiska rullskidors μS visade att dessa erhöll värden som är fem till åtta gånger högre än vad som rapporterats från studier av μS på snö med fästvallade skidor.Den efterföljande studien som undersökte fysiologiska och biomekaniska influenser av olika μS visade, vid submaximala konstanta arbetsbelastningar, att åkekonomin försämrades (~14 % högre syreförbrukning), hjärtfrekvensen ökade, den framåtdrivande kraften från benen på rullskidorna minskade samt att det blev kortare tid till utmattning (~30 %), vid maxtest, när skidåkarna använde rullskidor med en μS i likhet med vad som rapporterats för skidåkning på snö. För arbetsförsöken med olika rullskidor av olika fabrikat med en högre, och likartad, μS förelåg ingen skillnad i de undersökta variablerna.Studien som undersökte åkekonomi och mekanisk verkningsgrad som funktion av prestationsnivå, ålder och kön, visade att elitskidåkarna hade bättre åkekonomi och verkningsgrad (5-18 %) i jämförelse med motionärerna, att seniorerna hade bättre åkekonomi och verkningsgrad (4-5 %) än juniorerna och att ingen skillnad kunde konstateras mellan könen.
12

Análise da existência de máxima fase estável de lactato nos exercícios resistidos leg press 45º e supino reto / Analysis of the existance of a maximal lactate steady state on resistance exercises leg press 45° and bench press

Rodrigo Ferro Magosso 26 July 2010 (has links)
O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se existe máxima fase estável de lactato (MFEL) nos exercícios LP e SR e analisar o comportamento de variáveis ventilatórias ventilação (Ve) e consumo de oxigênio (VO2), bem como lactacidemia, freqüência cardíaca (FC) e percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) na intensidade da MFEL e comparar as respostas entre os exercícios. Foram avaliados 12 homens jovens (20-33 anos) saudáveis e com experiência mínima de 6 meses em treinamento resistido, que passaram por teste de 1 repetição máxima (1RM), teste crescente para determinação do limiar anaeróbio (AT) e mais três sessões para a determinação da MFEL. Todas as sessões foram realizadas no mesmo horário do dia, separadas por 48 a 72 horas de intervalo. O valor de 1RM no LP foi de 298,0 ± 36,6 kg enquanto que no SR foi 93,7 ± 21,8 kg. A intensidade máxima atingida no teste crescente no LP foi 70,00 ± 12,25% de 1RM e no SR 50,00 ± 8,16% de 1RM, sendo esta diferença estatisticamente significativa (p0,05). A lactacidemia final também foi significativamente maior (p0,05) no LP comparada ao SR (8,36 ± 2,34 vs. 5,43 ± 1,12 mmol/L, respectivamente). O AT, expresso em percentual de 1RM, no LP foi de 27,9 ± 3,7% e no SR de 24,1 ± 4,4% de 1RM, porém esta diferença não foi estatisticamente significante. A lactacidemia no momento do teste crescente em que o AT era atingido também não apresentou diferença significativa, sendo 2,29 ± 0,58 mmol/L no LP e 2,52 ± 0,65 no SR. A intensidade da MFEL, no LP foi de 29,17 ± 7,02% de 1RM, enquanto que no SR a intensidade da MFEL foi de 21,67 ± 4,44% de 1RM, sendo esta diferença estatisticamente significativa (p0,05). No LP não houve diferença significativa entre as intensidades do AT e da MFEL (27,9 ± 3,7% e 29,2 ± 7,0% de 1RM, respectivamente). No SR intensidade do AT foi significativamente maior (p0,05) que a intensidade da MFEL (24,1 ± 3,4% e 21,7 ± 4,4% de 1RM, respectivamente). Durante a realização de exercício na MFEL, a ocorreu aumento de Ve, VO2, FC e PSE seguidos de estabilização, sem diferenças entre os exercícios. Estes resultados demonstram que é possível verificar MFEL nos exercícios LP e SR, e que no LP a intensidade é maior. As diferenças encontradas no teste crescente e na intensidade da MFEL são provavelmente causadas pelas características dos exercícios. / The purpose of the study was to verify if there is a maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) for the Leg Press (LP) and Bench Press (BP) exercises and to analyse ventilatory responses ventilation (Ve) and oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLC) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) to those exercises performed on MLSS intensity and to compare those responses for the exercises. 12 young healthy men with a minimal experience of 6 months of resistance training volunteered for the study. Volunteers underwent a 1 repetition maximum test (1RM), na incremental test to determine anaerobic threshold (AT) and three more sessions to determine MLSS. Session were performed on the same time of Day and separeted by a 48-72h interval. 1RM values for LP and BP were 298,0 ± 36,6kg and 93,7 ± 21,8 kg, respectively. The maximal intensity in the incremental test was 70 ± 12,25% of 1RM for LP and 50,00 ± 8,16% of 1RM for BP, which was a significant difference (p0,05). Post-test blood lactate concentration (BLS) was also significantly higher for LP (8,36 ± 2,34 vs. 5,43 ± 1,12 mmol/L, respectively) (p0,05). AT intensity and was not significantly different for LP and BP (27,9 ± 3,7% vs. 24,1 ± 3,6, respectively). BLC on AT was not significantly different for LP (2,29 ± 0,58 mmol/L) and BP (2,52 ± 0,65). MLSS intensity on LP (29,17 ± 7,02% of 1RM) was significantly higher (p0,05) compared to MFEL on BP (21,67 ± 4,44% of 1RM). When compared to AT, MLSS intensity for LP was not significantly different, but for BP it was significantly lower. During exercise on MLSS, oxygen uptake and ventilation, HR and RPE rose significantly compares to rest and then stabilized. There were no differences between exercises. These results show that it is possible to identify a MLSS on the LP and BP exercises, and that for LP this intensity is higher. The differences found between exercises can be atributted to the intrinsic caractheristics of each exercise.
13

Analysis of Potential Determinants of Cycle Commuting Speed : With Special Reference to Gears, Showers, and Ratings of Perceived Exertion

Cunelius, Erik January 2020 (has links)
Aim: The aim of this study is to analyse potential determinants of cycle commuting speed, with the following research questions: 1. How does cycle commuting speed relate to amount of gears, access to shower facilities, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE), when sex, age, weight, body mass index (BMI), duration, last digit in self-reported duration, and cycling area are controlled for? 2. How are the earlier found relationships between speed and duration, and speed and sex, affected when amount of gears, access to shower facilities, and RPE are added to the control variables age, weight, BMI, last digit in self-reported duration, and cycling area?   Method: In this cross-sectional study, 1526 adult cycle commuters (67% females) in Stockholm County, Sweden, were recruited through advertisements. In a self-administered questionnaire, the respondents reported their sex, age, height, weight, duration of their typical cycle commuting journey, amount of gears, access to shower facilities at the destination, and rating of perceived exertion (measured by the Borg RPE Scale) while cycling. They also drew their cycling route on an individually adjusted map. Multiple linear regression was used to facilitate the analyses.   Results: In a regression model with the independent variables sex, age, weight, body mass index, duration, last digit in self-reported duration (1–4 or 6–9 compared to 0 or 5), cycling area (inner urban compared to suburban and suburban – inner urban), gears, shower facilities, and RPE, the dependent variable cycle commuting speed was positively related to using a bicycle with five or more (as compared to four or fewer) gears, having convenient (as opposed to inconvenient or non-existent) access to shower facilities, and perceiving a higher degree of exertion while cycling. Gears, showers, and RPE were also found to substantially affect the earlier found relationships between speed and duration, and speed and sex. The respondents showed a clear tendency of giving odd-numbered, compared to even-numbered, ratings of perceived exertion.   Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of gears, showers, and RPE in activities such as estimating, planning or taking measures in relation to cycle commuting. It also shows that adding new factors to control for might change earlier established relationships within this field. When the Borg RPE Scale is used, correct instructions strengthens the validity. / Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med denna studie är att analysera potentiella påverkansfaktorer gällande cykelpendlingshastighet, med följande frågeställningar: 1. Hur relaterar hastighet till antal växlar, tillgång till duschfaciliteter och skattning av egenupplevd fysisk ansträngningsgrad (RPE), när kön, ålder, vikt, BMI, duration, slutsiffra i självrapporterad duration samt cykelområde kontrolleras? 2. Hur påverkas de tidigare funna förhållandena mellan hastighet och duration, samt hastighet och kön, när antal växlar, tillgång till duschfaciliteter och RPE adderas till kontrollvariablerna ålder, vikt, BMI, slutsiffra i självrapporterad duration, och cykelområde?   Metod: I denna tvärsnittsstudie rekryterades 1526 vuxna cykelpendlare (67% kvinnor) i Stockholms län genom annonser. I ett själv-administrerat formulär rapporterade de kön, ålder, längd, vikt, duration vid deras typiska cykelpendlingsresa, antal växlar, tillgång till duschfaciliteter vid destinationen, och skattning av egenupplevd fysisk ansträngningsgrad (enligt Borgskalan) under cyklingen. De ritade även in sin cykelväg på en individuellt anpassad karta. Multipel linjär regression användes för att möjliggöra analyserna.   Resultat: I en regressionsmodell med de oberoende variablerna kön, ålder, vikt, BMI, duration, slutsiffra i självrapporterad duration (1­–4 eller 6–9 jämfört med 0 eller 5), cykelområde (innerstad i jämförelse med ytterstad samt ytterstad – innerstad), växlar, duschmöjligheter och RPE, var den beroende variabeln cykelhastighet positivt relaterad till användandet av en cykel med fem växlar eller fler (i jämförelse med fyra eller färre), att ha bekväm tillgång till dusch (i motsats till obekväm eller ingen tillgång alls) samt att uppleva en högre grad av fysisk ansträngning under cykling. Växlar, duschmöjligheter och RPE visade sig även substantiellt påverka de tidigare funna förhållandena mellan hastighet och duration, samt hastighet och kön. Respondenterna visade en tydlig tendens att ge ojämna, i jämförelse med jämna, RPE-skattningar.   Slutsats: Denna studie belyser vikten av växlar, duschmöjligheter och egenupplevd ansträngningsgrad vid exempelvis bedömning, planering eller vidtagande av åtgärder i relation till cykelpendling. Den visar även att nya kontrollfaktorer kan förändra tidigare etablerade förhållanden inom detta fält. Korrekta instruktioner stärker validiteten vid användandet av Borgskalan.

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