Recycling is an important part of the automotive industry and this thesis was made to examine the environmental impact from the production of a new produced rear subframe compared to a remanufactured subframe. A life cycle assessment has been done to investigate the inputs and outputs of the processes surrounding the new production and remanufacturing. The emissions from the processes have been categorized into four environmental categories. Based on the categories a comparison have been made to evaluate the environmental impact and conclude the differences between the two processes.

­^¤åºK­n The purpose of this work is to provide a design procedure of rear suspension mechanisms of mountain bikes by using the concept of engineering design method. First, the conditions and particularities of mountain biking are investigated and the performance specification of rear suspension mechanisms is set by focusing the investigations on the requirements of rear suspension mechanisms. Second, the requirements and constraints of generating different types of rear suspension mechanisms are developed and the systematic process of creative mechanism design is followed. Third, the different types of rear suspension mechanisms resulted from creative mechanism design are analyzed to realize the property of each type of rear suspension mechanisms and the procedure of kinematic design is developed by using the algorithm of heuristic combinatorial optimization method. Finally a computer aided design program written in Visual BASIC 6.0 programming language is developed to be the powerful tool of performance analysis and kinematic design of rear suspension mechanisms.

This thesis deals with the choice of suitable rear axle and the subsequent design of its placement into the frame of the new SOR bus. There is processed the determination of loading forces in three types of driving conditions. Furthermore, the strength analysis of the axle beam is carried out using the forces obtained.

Strobe lights have been used successfully in many transportation applications to increase conspicuity. It was hoped that a strobe signal could also be applied to more effectively warn distracted drivers of an unexpected rear end conflict. This "proof of concept study" used a 2 x 2 between-subjects design using thirty-three subjects (16 subjects in the strobe condition, 17 subjects in the no strobe condition) who were divided into two age groups: younger (25-35) and older (60-70). The driver unexpectedly encountered a stopped "surrogate" vehicle in the roadway (with or without a rear-facing strobe light) in a controlled on-road study at the Smart Road located at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI). Results suggested that younger subjects' perception times improved as a result of being exposed to the strobe signal. Faster perception of the situation allowed more time to initiate a brake response. Older subjects perception and response times remained unchanged by the strobe signal. More severe initial steering rate and subjective responses indicated that the strobe conveyed a sense of urgency irrespective of age. Visual distraction of subjects proved difficult. Hence, the impact of the strobe on attracting the attention of a visually distracted driver to the stimulus could not be as fully investigated as originally hoped. The formulation of a more difficult distraction task was suggested for future research to truly assess the ability of the strobe light at alerting visually distracted drivers. / Master of Science

The objective of the research in this thesis is to develop manufacturable high-efficiency silicon solar cells at low-cost through advanced cell design and technological innovations using industrially feasible processes and equipment on commercial grade Czochralski (Cz) large-area (239 cm2) silicon wafers. This is accomplished by reducing both the electrical and optical losses in solar cells through fundamental understanding, applied research and demonstrating the success by fabricating large-area commercial ready cells with much higher efficiency than the traditional Si cells. By developing and integrating multiple efficiency enhancement features, namely low-cost high sheet resistance homogeneous emitter, optimized surface passivation, optimized rear reflector, back line contacts, and improved screen-printing with narrow grid lines, 20.8% efficient screen-printed PERC (passivated emitter and rear cell) solar cells were achieved on commercial grade 239 cm2 p-type Cz silicon wafers.

Orientador: Antonio Celso Fonseca de Arruda / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T03:10:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariolani_JoseRicardoLenzi_D.pdf: 4176852 bytes, checksum: 167bdeef2aec084118559b01ce0a899c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Milhares de pessoas morrem por ano em todo o mundo em conseqüência da falta de párachoques adequados nas traseiras dos caminhões. Na tentativa de reverter essa situação, iniciou-se um trabalho de cooperação entre UNICAMP, Mercedes-Benz do Brasil e General Motors do Brasil cujos objetivos principais foram os de denunciar a Resolução CONTRAN No. 805/95 como ineficaz, projetar, construir e testar pára-choques confiáveis e apresentar soluções às autoridades governamentais. Para isso sugeriram-se os requisitos mínimos necessários ao projeto de um pára-choque eficaz, o qual deveria idealmente resistir ao impacto de um hipotético veículo "médio" a 50 km/h, projetou-se e construiu-se um pára-choque articulado com base nos requisitos sugeridos e realizaram-se dois crash tests, com o novo pára-choque articulado e com um pára-choque construído de acordo com a Resolução CONTRAN No. 805/95. O pára-choque articulado foi capaz de evitar a penetração do automóvel sob o caminhão, o que não ocorreu com o outro. Os resultados obtidos e os requisitos de projeto sugeridos formaram a base de uma nova norma brasileira referente à matéria, a qual se tornou a Resolução CONTRAN No. 152/03 e introduziu, na data de sua publicação, avanços inéditos em relação à proteção dos ocupantes de passageiros em colisões contra a traseira de caminhões. / Abstract: Because of the lack of effective rear underride guards attached to trucks, trailers and semitrailers, rear underride crashes are responsible for thousands of deaths every year throughout the world. Trying to reverse this situation, cooperative work was started between University of Campinas, Mercedes-Benz do Brasil and General Motors do Brasil, whose main goals were to denounce the Brazilian regulation CONTRAN no. 805/95 as ineffective, to design, construct and test a reliable underride guard and to present solutions to government authorities. To meet these goals, design parameters considered being the minimum essential requirements for effective underride guards, which ideally should be able to resist an impact of a hypothetical "average" car at 50 km/h, have been proposed. A new retractile underride guard has been designed according to the proposed parameters and crash tests have been carried out with the retractile guard and with another constructed according to regulation CONTRAN no. 805/95. The retractile guard could avoid underride, but the other could not. Based on these results and on the proposed design parameters, a new Brazilian standard for rear underride guards has been elaborated. This standard became later the new regulation CONTRAN no. 152/03 and introduced, at the date of issuing, the utmost in safety requirements concerning protection against underride. / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

歯科基礎医学会, 日下部 豊寿 = Toyohisa Kusakabe, 実験的歯の移動時における圧迫側歯槽骨に生じる背部骨吸収と血管分布 = Rear resorption at the pressure side incident in orthodontic tooth movement, 歯科基礎医学会雑誌, 39(6), DEC 1997, pp.623-640 / Hokkaido University (北海道大学) / 博士 / 歯学

When a cyclist is cycling on a suburban road, it’s a problem to notice fast rear approaching vehicles in some cases. Looking back frequently is not a good idea. Finding some technical way to help cyclist perceiving rear approaching vehicles is quite necessary. This project aims to find some proper sensor to detect rear approaching vehicles. It’s separated into three steps. First, choose the suitable sensor and capture data. Then, find proper analyzing tool to analyze the capture data. Last but not least, draw a conclusion after analyzing contrast. Microphone is chosen as the sensor to recording the sounds form rear approaching vehicles. ”iRig Recorder FREE” is the program to transfer audio format. And the analyzing tool is to be Matlab. Matlab audio analysis makes good frequency spectrum for each piece of audio data. According to the frequency spectrum, the unique amplitude change around 1000 Hz is found when there is a rear approaching vehicle. This change is always distinct with or without noise. After getting the spectrum of different audio sources, the cross-correlation coefficient between 800 Hz and 1200 Hz is computed to see the correlation level. Then according to cross-correlation coefficient between new captured data and knowledge data, we can determine if there is a rear approaching vehicle in the new data or not. So, this project proves that the cross-correlation coefficient of frequency spectrum can determine if there is rear approaching vehicles or not. The future work would be automatic computer detect depending on this method.

Dementia is an umbrella term for several symptoms of impaired brain function. The person's behavior is affected when mental functions such as memory, attention, concentration and language are affected and the dementia patient can have difficulties to interpret sensory input. Communication is based a lot on body language. It is therefore important for the caregiver to seek eye contact with the patient in order to simplify communication and it can be of great help to show with the whole body what they mean and be able to point out things. Since people with dementia quickly can forget what happened just now it is common to say that they live in the present. This can lead to feelings of panic, if they can’t understand what is happening or how they got into the situation they now find themselves in. Since people with dementia are perceived to have a tendency to become anxious when transported by wheelchair the purpose of this project was to find a way to allow eye contact between caregivers and patients. By developing such a product the expectation is that their feeling of security will increase. Initial in the project a survey was fulfilled to investigate whether caregivers to dementia patients had experienced the problem that the patients could become worried when they couldn’t see who drove their wheelchairs. One part in the survey considered the nurses' view of a rear-facing wheelchair as a possible solution. With the help of various tools of product development the project resulted in a suggestion of a solution in which a removable push bar, if necessary, can be attached to the wheelchair so the wheelchair can be driven in the opposite direction, with the person with dementia and the driver facing each other. Conclusions that have been made in this project are that there is a need for a product that allows eye contact between a person with dementia and its caregiver. The resolution meets the objective to enable eye contact, next step is to produce a functional prototype that can be user-tested.

This project aims to develop a rear side airbag and to investigate how the passenger in the rear seat is in need of protection in a side impact. It was found from the literature study that the head of children and thorax of adults are the most exposed body regions in side impacts. The side collision test done with a barrier by LINCAP (Lateral Impact, New Car Assessment Program) was found to produce the highest force on the rear-seated dummy, in comparison to the same test by IIHS (Insurance Institute Highway Safety), and that a high combined pelvic force results in a lower rating of the vehicle. The objective of the airbag concepts is to offer protection area to the most exposed body regions. The airbags are designed with the presumption that the occupant uses a seat belt and a pretensioner to limit the forward motion of the body, with the rationale that this enables design of airbags with reasonable manufacturing costs. The three new concepts of airbags were: thorax; thorax/pelvis and thorax/pelvis extended. From sled tests with the three new airbag concepts, it was found that an airbag, compared to no airbag, reduces the risk of injury at thorax by 70 percentage units and the force on pelvis is considerably reduced in a side impact. The thorax bag showed a reduction of the rib deflection compared to no airbag, but a high force on the pelvis motivates a protection area of pelvis. The tests with the two larger bags thorax/pelvis and thorax/pelvis extended resulted in a better protection of thorax, abdomen and pelvis than without airbag. Problems with positioning the pelvis area of the bags was noticed but not solved and may be a task in further investigations.