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Causas de morte e razões para eutanásia de cães / Causes of death and reasons for euthanasia in dogsFighera, Rafael Almeida 29 February 2008 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The ever increasing close contact between dogs and human beings stimulated in last
years the production of a great deal of scientific information in canine medicine. However, as
the major part of such information stems from work carried on in foreign countries, it is
common that Brazilian veterinary clinicians and veterinary pathologists alike have to
transpose these data on disease prevalence generated abroad to our situation. Thus, the main
objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of the diseases that culminate with
death or motivate the euthanasia of dogs from the midland region of the Midwest of Rio
Grande do Sul State, Brazil. In order to achieve this goal the necropsy files of the Laboratório
de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) were
accessed and necropsy protocols of dogs necropsied between January 1965 and December
2004 were reviewed in search for information allowing to establish a definitive diagnosis.
When circumstances did not allow for a definitive diagnosis the case was considered as
inconclusive. During this period 4,844 reports of canine necropsies were filed at the LPVUFSM.
The case distribution in relation to the disease categories diagnosed was as follows:
infectious and parasitic diseases (1,693 [35.0%]); neoplasms (378 [7.8%]), disorders caused
by physical agents (369 [7.6%]), degenerative diseases (342 [7.1%]); poisonings and
toxinfections (112 [2.3%]); euthanasia due to convenience (101 [2.1%]), metabolic and
endocrinological diseases (97 [2.0%]); iatrogenic disorders (83 [1.7%]); developmental
disorders (25 [0.5%]), immune mediate diseases (10 [0.2%]); and nutritional disorders (6
[0.1%]). Other disorders, including multifactorial or idiopathic diseases contributed 80 (1.6%)
cases. In 1,548 (32.0%) out of the 4,844 cases it was not possible to establish either cause of
death or reason for euthanasia. Infectious and parasitic diseases (mainly canine distemper,
parvoviral enteritis and intestinal parasitism), neoplasia (mainly mammary neoplasms and
lymphoma), disorders caused by physical agents (mainly accidents caused by automotive
vehicles) and degenerative diseases (mainly chronic renal failure, cirrhosis, and congestive
heart failure) were the main disease categories that caused death or motivated euthanasia in
dogs of this midland region. However when cases were evaluated in relation with the age of
the dog, the disease prevalence differs. The main causes of death in puppies were infectious
and parasitic disease (mainly parvoviral enteritis, canine distemper, and intestinal parasitism).
In adult dogs the most important causes of death were canine distemper, neoplasia and
trauma. In age dogs, approximately half of the deaths could be attributed to neoplasia and
degenerative disease. / A crescente aproximação afetiva entre os cães e o homem fez com que nos últimos anos fosse gerada muita informação científica sobre medicina canina. Entretanto, como a
maior parte dessas informações é obtida através da literatura internacional, é comum que os clínicos e patologistas veterinários brasileiros necessitem extrapolar dados referentes à prevalência das diferentes doenças que causam morte de cães para nossa realidade. Baseado
nisso, este estudo tem como objetivo principal determinar a prevalência das doenças que
culminam em morte ou que fazem com que os cães da Mesorregião do Centro Ocidental Rio-
Grandense sejam submetidos à eutanásia. Para isso, foram revisados todos os protocolos de
necropsia de cães, arquivados no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) da Universidade
Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), realizadas entre janeiro de 1965 e dezembro de 2004. Desses
protocolos foram retiradas informações para se estabelecer um diagnóstico definitivo. Quando
as evidências não permitiram estabelecer o diagnóstico definitivo, os casos foram
considerados inconclusivos. Nos arquivos do LPV-UFSM foram encontrados 4.844
protocolos de necropsia de cães. A distribuição dos casos em relação às categorias de doenças
diagnosticadas foi a seguinte: doenças infecciosas e parasitárias (1.693 [35,0%]), neoplasmas
(378 [7,8%]), distúrbios causados por agentes físicos (369 [7,6%]), doenças degenerativas
(342 [7,1%]), intoxicações e toxiinfecções (112 [2,3%]), eutanásia por conveniência (101
[2,1%]), doenças metabólicas e endocrinológicas (97 [2,0%]), distúrbios iatrogênicos (83
[1,7%]), distúrbios do desenvolvimento (25 [0,5%]), doenças imunomediadas (10 [0,2%]) e
doenças nutricionais (6 [0,1%]). Outros distúrbios, que incluem doenças multifatoriais ou
idiopáticas, contribuíram com 80 (1,6%) casos. Dos 4.844 casos, em 1.548 (32,0%) não foi
possível estabelecer a causa da morte ou a razão para a eutanásia. Doenças infecciosas e
parasitárias (principalmente cinomose, parvovirose e verminose intestinal), neoplasmas
(principalmente neoplasmas mamários e linfoma), distúrbios causados por agentes físicos
(principalmente atropelamento por veículos automotivos) e doenças degenerativas
(principalmente insuficiência renal crônica, cirrose e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva) foram
as principais categorias de doenças relacionadas com morte ou eutanásia de cães dessa
mesorregião. Entretanto, quando os cães são avaliados de acordo com suas idades, tais
categorias possuem prevalências diferentes. As principais causas de morte em filhotes foram
as doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, principalmente parvovirose, cinomose e verminose
intestinal. Em adultos, as causas de morte mais importantes foram cinomose, neoplasmas e
trauma. Em idosos, neoplasmas e doenças degenerativas foram responsáveis por
aproximadamente a metade das mortes.
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"When I am not in pain, I want to live" : En litteraturstudie om varför vissa svårt sjuka patienter önskar påskynda sin död / "When I am not in pain, I want to live" : A literature study about why some seriously ill patients wish to hasten their deathOskarsson, Therese, Severin, Anna January 2012 (has links)
Bakgrund: I Sverige vårdas döende patienter både på hospice och på allmänna vårdavdelningar. Vissa av dessa patienter uttrycker en önskan om att få påskynda döden. Sjuksköterskor beskriver ibland en osäkerhet i hur de ska bemöta dessa patienter och vad denna önskan består i. Det kan finnas olika bakomliggande orsaker till en förfrågan av den här typen och en del av dessa kanske går att åtgärda. Syfte: Att beskriva bakomliggande faktorer till att vissa svårt sjuka patienter önskar påskynda sitt döende. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserat på 11 vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes. Resultat: Rädsla inför lidande i framtiden visade sig vara den mest förekommande faktorn till att vissa patienter önskade påskynda döendet. Fler bidragande orsaker var svåra symtom (särskilt smärta), förluster av bland annat identitet och värdighet, samt en känsla av att vara en börda. Kombinationen av flera faktorer orsakade ett svårt lidande för patienten, och väckte en önskan om få avsluta livet innan lidandet blev för stort. Slutsats: Svårt sjuka patienters önskan om en påskyndad död betyder inte alltid att de önskar att dö, utan kan vara en följd av svåra smärtor eller annat lidande. Om dessa faktorer kan kontrolleras finns kanske en möjlighet att patientens lidande minskar. Klinisk betydelse: Denna studie bidrar till en ökad förståelse hos sjuksköterskor om vilka faktorer som påverkar patientens välbefinnande i livets slutskede. Genom att uppmuntra till ökad medvetenhet kring de riktlinjer och åtgärder som finns, framför allt i den allmänna vården utanför hospice, kan bemötandet av dessa patienter förbättras. / Background: In Sweden dying patients are cared for both in hospices and at ordinary wards. Some of these patients wish to hasten their death. Nurses sometimes describe insecurity in how to respond to a patient‟s death wish. There can be different reasons why a patient asks for euthanasia, some may be possible to eliminate. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe why some terminally ill patients wish to hasten their death. Method: A literature review based on 11 scientific papers was made. Findings: Fear of suffering in the future turned out to be the most common contributing reason to why patients wanted to end their lives. Other reasons were severe symptoms (especially pain), loss of identity and dignity, among other things, and feelings of being a burden. A combination of different factors led to a severe suffering for the patient, and a wish of ending life before the suffering grew too severe. Conclusion: Severely ill patient‟s wishes to hasten death do not necessarily mean they want to die, but can be an expression of a difficult pain or suffering. If these factors can be controlled or eliminated, there is a possibility that the patients suffering decreases. Clinical significance: This study contributes to a better understanding among nurses about the factors that influences patient‟s wellbeing at the end of life. By encouraging to a raised awareness of the existing guidelines and interventions, especially in the primary care outside of hospices, the treatment of these patients can improve.
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