Data transfer rates of communication systems continue to rise fueled by aggressive demand for voice, video and Internet data. Device scaling enabled by modern lithography has paved way for System-on-Chip solutions integrating compute intensive digital signal processing. This trend coupled with demand for low power, battery-operated consumer devices offers extensive research opportunities in analog and mixed-signal designs that enable modern communication systems. The first part of the research deals with broadband wireless receivers. With an objective to gain insight, we quantify the impact of undesired out-band blockers on analog baseband in a broadband radio. We present a systematic evaluation of the dynamic range requirements at the baseband and A/D conversion boundary. A prototype UHF receiver designed using RFCMOS 0.18[mu]m technology to support this research integrates a hybrid continuous- and discrete-time analog baseband along with the RF front-end. The chip consumes 120mW from a 1.8V/2.5V dual supply and achieves a noise figure of 7.9dB, an IIP3 of -8dBm (+2dbm) at maximum gain (at 9dB RF attenuation). High linearity active RC filters are indispensable in wireless radios. A novel feed-forward OTA applicable to active RC filters in analog baseband is presented. Simulation results from the chip prototype designed in RFCMOS 0.18[mu]m technology show an improvement in the out-band linearity performance that translates to increased dynamic range in the presence of strong adjacent blockers. The second part of the research presents an adaptive clock-recovery system suitable for high-speed wireline transceivers. The main objective is to improve the jitter-tracking and jitter-filtering trade-off in serial link clock-recovery applications. A digital state-machine that enables the proposed mixed-signal adaptation solution to achieve this objective is presented. The advantages of the proposed mixed-signal solution operating at 10Gb/s are supported by experimental results from the prototype in RFCMOS 0.18[mu]m technology.

High efficiency multi-junction (MJ) solar cells were packaged onto receiver systems. The efficiency change of concentrator cells under continuous high intensity illumination was done. Also, assessment of the receiver design on the overall performance of a Fresnel-type concentration system was investigated. We present on receiver designs including simulation results of their three-dimensional thermal operation and experimental results of tested packaged receivers to understand their efficiency in real world operation. Thermal measurements from solar simulators were obtained and used to calibrate the model in simulations. The best tested efficiency of 36.5% is obtained on a sample A receiver under 260 suns concentration by the XT-30 solar simulator and the corresponding cell operating temperature is ~30.5°C. The optimum copper thickness of a 5 cm by 5 cm simulated alumina receiver design was determined to be 6 mm and the corresponding cell temperature under 1000 suns concentration is ~36°C during operation.

La navigation avec les systèmes de navigation par satellites (GNSS) est un réel défi dans des environnements contraints (semi-urbain, urbain, feuillage dense) à cause des multitrajets et du masquage du signal. Cette thèse propose un nombre de solutions architecturales et algorithmiques pour le récepteur GNSS afin de pallier ces problèmes. Ces solutions se veulent capables d’exploiter les atouts des poursuites scalaire et vectorielle tout en minimisant leurs défauts et de profiter de l’efficacité de certaines techniques de filtrage Bayésien non linéaire quant à aborder la non-Gaussianité et les non-linéarités associées au problème de navigation et de poursuite vectorielle. Une attention particulière est accordée à certains estimateurs Bayésiens qui essaient d’approximer la loi a posteriori sans linéariser le modèle de filtrage, notamment le filtre de Kalman et les méthodes de filtrage particulaire, mais aussi au filtre de Kalman étendu, dont l’estimation de la loi a posteriori est basée sur la linéarisation du modèle de filtrage. En premier lieu, une brève étude bibliographique présentant les fondamentaux des systèmes et des récepteurs GNSS ainsi que les algorithmes de navigation et de poursuite y associés est faite. Ensuite le fonctionnement d’un récepteur GNSS en milieux contraints est investigué. La thèse propose des modèles pour caractériser les erreurs de poursuite induites par les multitrajets dans une boucle de poursuite vectorielle. Ces modèles permettent d’exprimer les erreurs de poursuite en fonction du délai, de la phase et de la fréquence d’évanouissement des multitrajets. En exploitant le fait que la présence des multitrajets se reflète sur la sortie moins des corrélateurs, de nouveaux détecteurs de multitrajets sont formulés. Un détecteur de masquage du signal direct est aussi proposé. L’attention se tourne ensuite vers la conception d’architectures robustes de poursuite et positionnement pour un récepteur GNSS, incorporant les détecteurs proposés et d’autres indicateurs de qualité. Une boucle de poursuite vectorielle capable de détecter et d’exclure des mesures qui ne sont pas saines du calcul de la solution de navigation en utilisant les indicateurs de qualité est proposée. Deux autres boucles de poursuite, la boucle de poursuite adaptative scalaire-vectorielle et la boucle de poursuite conjointe scalaire-vectorielle, avec la même capacité de détection et exclusion de fautes, sont formulées. Elles bénéficient de la robustesse de la poursuite vectorielle en milieux contraints et de la précision de la poursuite scalaire en milieux dégagés. Des résultats expérimentaux montrent que les solutions conçues offrent une meilleure alternative de poursuite et positionnement par rapport aux boucles usuelles de poursuite scalaire et de poursuite vectorielle. Enfin, la thèse présente des approches de filtrage Bayésien non linéaire pour résoudre le problème de navigation et de poursuite vectorielle. Des stratégies de filtrage itératives et adaptatives appliquées au filtre de Kalman sont étudiées. Une nouvelle approche de filtrage particulaire dénommée filtre particulaire itératif et adaptatif (IAUPF) est formulée. Cette approche exploite les propriétés de convergence des méthodes itératives, l’immunité à la divergence dont jouissent les filtres adaptatifs, et la synergie entre les approches de filtrage particulaire et de Kalman. Des simulations de Monte Carlo avec une borne inférieure de Cramér-Rao a posteriori comme référence ainsi que des résultats expérimentaux montrent que l’approche IAUPF a une meilleure performance comparativement aux autres estimateurs Bayésiens présentés / Navigation with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is a real challenge in harsh environments (suburban, urban, heavy foliage) due to multipath and signal blockage. This thesis proposes a number of GNSS receiver architectural and algorithmic solutions to deal with this challenge. These solutions aim at exploiting the strengths of scalar and vector tracking while minimizing their weaknesses and at utilizing the efficiency of some nonlinear Bayesian filtering techniques in addressing the nonlinearities and non-Gaussianities associated with the navigation and vector tracking problem. Attention is given to some Bayesian estimators that approximate the posterior distribution without linearizing the filtering model, namely the unscented Kalman and particle filtering methods, as well as to the extended Kalman filter, whose posterior estimation is grounded on linearization of the filtering model.First, a brief literature review that presents the fundamentals of GNSS and GNSS receivers together with the applied navigation and tracking algorithms is provided. Then an investigation of the GNSS receiver operation in multipath environments is performed. The thesis proposes models for characterizing multipath induced tracking errors in a vector tracking loop. These models make it possible to express the tracking errors with respect to multipath delay, multipath phase and multipath fading frequency. By exploiting the fact that multipath presence is mirrored on the Early-minus-Late correlator output, novel multipath detectors are devised. A correlator-based non-line-of-sight detector is designed as well. Attention is then directed towards the design of robust tracking and positioning GNSS receiver architectures that incorporate the proposed detectors among other signal quality indicators. A vector tracking scheme capable of detecting and excluding unhealthy measurements from position-velocity-time calculation in the navigator using correlator-based signal quality indicators is suggested. Two other novel tracking schemes, the adaptive scalar-vector tracking loop and the conjoint scalar-vector tracking loop, with the same fault detection and exclusion capability, are formulated. They benefit from vector tracking robustness in harsh environments and scalar tracking positioning accuracy in open sky environments. Experimental results show that the proposed solutions have better tracking and positioning performance than the usual scalar and vector tracking loops. Finally, the thesis presents a number of nonlinear Bayesian filtering approaches to solve the navigation and vector tracking problem. Iterative and adaptive strategies as applied to the unscented Kalman filter are studied. A novel unscented particle filter approach, the iterated adaptive unscented particle filter (IAUPF), is proposed. This approach exploits the convergence properties of iterative methods, the divergence suppression benefits of adaptive filters and the synergy of unscented Kalman and particle filtering approaches. Monte-Carlo simulations conducted with a posterior Cramér-Rao lower bound used as benchmarking reference as well as experimental results demonstrate that the IAUPF outperforms the other Bayesian estimators that are presented

Media extenders or digital media receivers are network devices that are used to retrieve digital media files (such as music, pictures, or video) from a media server and play or show them on a TV or home theater system. A technology that is often associated with these devices is the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) technology. This technology enables network devices to be used without requiring the user to do network configuration on it. This thesis demonstrates how a device that is normally used for receiving digital television broadcasts can be enhanced to support media extender functionality. The thesis describes the design and implementation of the technologies that are needed to accomplish this functionality. The main topics are centered around on how UPnP awareness and media rendering (decoding) are incorporated into the device.

A new digital receiver was built for the Ooty Radio Telescope (ORT). This new digital receiver system functionally replaces many systems custom-built for various applications at ORT. The thesis presents the receiver design, tests conducted, contributions made, revisions to the receiver architecture and future scopes. The novelty of the receiver design is in treating the ORT as an array of 22 antenna elements. Simulation studies were carried out to analyze the array performance of ORT. The IF signals are digitized and processed by a combination of multiple FPGAs and computers. Major transport of data in the receiver is through high speed serial communication. Programs were developed for configuration, control, data acquisition and off-line analysis. The functionality of the proposed digital receiver was verified through laboratory tests. The proposed receiver enables several new modes of operation of the ORT and field tests were carried out to verify these features of the system. These tests are briefly described below. The radio waves received on earth from celestial sources are extremely weak and their presence can only be detected by sensitive receivers associated with large radio telescopes. The resulting vulnerability of such observations to the ever increasing presence of radio frequency interference has prompted us to to develop new procedures to identify RFI at ORT through time and frequency domain analysis. The digital receiver has also been used in carrying out RFI study at ORT module level for the first time. Our study demonstrates that a major challenge to realizing the full potential of the ORT will be to detect weakly interfering RFI features and occasionally appearing RFI spikes and correct for their contamination in the observations. The examples provided by our analysis of data collected using the digital receiver are very useful for interpreting the data obtained during sensitive spectral line observations and has already enabled several new studies, the most notable being a sensitive recombination line survey conducted using our digital receiver at ORT as part of another research work. A spectral line emission detection procedure using our receiver has been evolved and an example result obtained by observing a region is presented in the thesis. Formation of phased array of ORT modules using the digitized IF signal is discussed and its implementation is verified through observation of celestial sources. An important requirement for proper phasing of the array is the calibration of differential delay/phase variations across the modules of the ORT, for which a powerful method was implemented based on the cross correlation of signals arriving at the 22 modules. This new method employs Hilbert Transform technique to introduce phase information in the sampled signal and the estimated delay and phase corrections are found to be consistent and repeatable. An interplanetary scintillation observation was made with the phased array and the resultant fluctuation spectra obtained are presented. Several pulsar observations and continuum sources have been observed and the results are presented. Another notable feature of the proposed digital receiver is the enhanced field of view which will lead to a reduced observing time observing extended regions. The improved spectral and temporal resolutions have also been demonstrated by the observations presented in the thesis. In particular, the single pulse observations of pulsars reported in the thesis were enabled by the high time resolution supported by the receiver.. The present work also demonstrated the digital beam formation with ORT modules in arbitrary directions. The digitally synthesized beam was compared within the first null positions of the central analog beam (beam-7) of ORT and the result is reported in the thesis. The new digital receiver enabled all the above mentioned analyses which were carried out for the first time at ORT. The results of the field trials emphasized the need for future observations to include RFI monitoring and characterization as part of the observing strategy and continuously evolve the algorithms for RFI mitigation by using different statistical signatures of the celestial signals. The need for providing a layer of buffering and preprocessing before the final beam formation or correlation is emphasized. To facilitate such development in the future, the final operational system provides for software based correlator which can be developed using the algorithms presented in this thesis. This transforms our original target of a reconfigurable platform to a much more flexible re-programmable platform. In particular, this simplifies the application of windowing functions and polyphase filters to control the beam shapes to (a) reduce beam dilution effects and, (b) to enhance RFI rejection by side lobe suppression. Such techniques can be used to reduce spectral leakage and reduce the effect of RFI on adjacent frequency channels in critical observations. Our receiver is adequate for realizing the maximum potential of the IF signals entering the receiver room. Any further enhancement of the ORT spectral coverage and instantaneous sky coverage will require telescope's front end modification and digitization of signals at the RF stage. The real time processing capabilities can be further enhanced by using multi-core processors and multi gigabit ethernet interfaces that are starting to appear as commodity hardware. Thus the present work opens up several new avenues for future work.

High efficiency multi-junction (MJ) solar cells were packaged onto receiver systems. The efficiency change of concentrator cells under continuous high intensity illumination was done. Also, assessment of the receiver design on the overall performance of a Fresnel-type concentration system was investigated. We present on receiver designs including simulation results of their three-dimensional thermal operation and experimental results of tested packaged receivers to understand their efficiency in real world operation. Thermal measurements from solar simulators were obtained and used to calibrate the model in simulations. The best tested efficiency of 36.5% is obtained on a sample A receiver under 260 suns concentration by the XT-30 solar simulator and the corresponding cell operating temperature is ~30.5°C. The optimum copper thickness of a 5 cm by 5 cm simulated alumina receiver design was determined to be 6 mm and the corresponding cell temperature under 1000 suns concentration is ~36°C during operation.

In the field of wireless communication systems, the interest in machine learning has increased in recent years. Adversarial machine learning includes attack and defense methods on machine learning components. It is a topic that has been thoroughly studied in computer vision and natural language processing but not to the same extent in wireless communication. In this thesis, a Fast Gradient Sign Method (FGSM) attack on a neural receiver is studied. Furthermore, the thesis investigates whether it is possible to make a neural receiver robust against these attacks. The study is made using the python library Sionna, a library used for research on for example 5G, 6G and machine learning in wireless communication. The effect of a FGSM attack is evaluated and mitigated with different models within adversarial training. The training data of the models is either augmented with adversarial samples, or original samples are replaced with adversarial ones. Furthermore, the power distribution and range of the adversarial samples included in the training are varied. The thesis concludes that a FGSM attack decreases the performance of a neural receiver and needs less power than a barrage jamming attack to achieve the same performance loss. A neural receiver can be made more robust against a FGSM attack when the training data of the model is augmented with adversarial samples. The samples are concentrated on a specific attack power range and the power of the adversarial samples is normally distributed. A neural receiver is also proven to be more robust against a barrage jamming attack than conventional methods without defenses.

No description available.

LOW power operation for wireless radio receivers has been gaining importance lately on account of the recent spurt of growth in the usage of ubiquitous embedded mobile devices. These devices are becoming relevant in all domains of human influence. In most cases battery life for these devices continue to be an us-age bottleneck as energy storage techniques have not kept pace with the growing demand of such mobile computing devices. Many applications of these radios have limitations on recharge cycle, i.e. the radio needs to last out of a battery for long duration. This will specially be true for sensor network applications and for im-plantable medical devices. The search for low power wireless receivers has become quite advanced with a plethora of techniques, ranging from circuit to architecture to system level approaches being formulated as part of standard design procedures. However the next level of optimization towards “Smart” receiver systems has been gaining credence and may prove to be the next challenge in receiver design and de-velopment. We aim to proceed further on this journey by proposing Power Scalable Wireless Receivers (PSRX) which have the capability to respond to instantaneous performance requirements to lower power even further. Traditionally low power receivers were designed for worst-case input conditions, namely low signal and high interference, leading to large dynamic range of operation which directly im-pacts the power consumption. We propose to take into account the variation in performance required out of the receiver, under varying Signal and Interference conditions, to trade-off power. We have analyzed, designed and implemented a Power Scalable Receiver tar-geted towards low data-rate receivers which can work for Zigbee or Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) type standards. Each block of such a receiver system was evaluated for performance-power trade-offs leading to identification of tuning/control knobs at the circuit architecture level of the receiver blocks. Then we developed an usage algorithm for finding power optimal operational settings for the tuning knobs, while guaranteeing receiver reception performance in terms of Bit-Error-Rate (BER). We have proposed and demonstrated a novel signal measurement system to gen-erate digitized estimates of signal and interference strength in the received signal, called Received Signal Quality Indicator (RSQI). We achieve a RSQI average energy consumption of 8.1nJ with a peak energy consumption of 9.4nJ which is quite low compared to the packet reception energy consumption for low power receivers, and will be substantially lower than the energy savings which will be achieved from a power scalable receiver employing a RSQI. The full PSRX system was fabricated in UMC 130nm RF-CMOS process to test out our concepts and to formally quantify the power savings achieved by following the design methodology. The test chip occupied an area of 2.7mm2 with a peak power consumption of 5.5mW for the receiver chain and 18mW for the complete PSRX. We were able to meet the receiver performance requirements for Zigbee standard and achieved about 5X power savings for the range of input condition variations.

This dissertation focuses on design and implementation of a highly linear and low flicker-noise receiver front-end based on the direct conversion architecture for multiband applications in a CMOS technology. The dissertation consists of two parts: One, implementation of a highly linear RF receiver front-end and, two, implementation of a low flicker-noise RF receiver front-end based for direct conversion architecture. For multiband applications, key active components, highly linear LNAs and mixers, in the RF front-end receiver have been implemented in a 0.18um CMOS process. Theoretical approaches are analyzed from the perspective of implementation issues for highly linear receiver system and are also compared with measured results. Highly linear LNAs and mixers have been analyzed in terms of noise, linearity and power consumption, etc. For a low flicker-noise receiver front-end based on direct conversion architecture, the design of differential LNA and various low flicker-noise mixers are investigated in a standard 0.18um CMOS process. A differential LNA which shows high linearity was fabricated with a low flicker-noise mixer. Three low flicker-noise mixers were designed, measured and compared to the-state-of-the-arts published by other research institutes and companies.