by Wong Siu Ling, Gabriella. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-69). / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- THE RECORD INDUSTRY --- p.6 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.15 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESES --- p.23 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- METHODOLOGY --- p.37 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- FINDINGS --- p.44 / Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN --- DISCUSSION --- p.52 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.64 / Chapter APPENDIX 1 --- List of Big Corporations and Independents --- p.70 / Chapter APPENDIX 2 --- Production cost of a Standard L.P. record --- p.74 / Chapter APPENDIX 3 --- Categories of song types --- p.75 / Chapter APPENDIX 4 --- Comparison of songs from Big Corporations and the Indies by year --- p.78 / Chapter APPENDIX 5 --- Comparison of songs from Big Corporations and the Indies from 1980- 1985 (51) 1986 -1991 (52) --- p.91

Research on workforce development has focused on general employment trends and traditional industry. Few researchers have studied the potential workforce development implications of emerging industries particularly in those that have sprung from the digital economy. This thesis focuses upon the digital music industry in the Atlanta region. An economic impact study was conducted to illustrate and define the digital music industry and understand its implications for workforce and economic development. This research is significant because it will enable Atlanta workforce developers to assist in reducing unemployment and educational attainment gaps particularly in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Implications for the state includes creating a workforce development strategy based upon digital music innovation that increases Atlanta s overall competitiveness and quality of life by increasing the high-technology and Information-technology workforces.

Many people might think that downloading music without paying for it is not a big issue. Copyright owners disagree with this kind of reasoning because to them, music is intellectual property with substantial commercial value. Copyright law is the primary form of protection for intellectual property and is based on the fundamental principle that copyright works cannot be reproduced without the express consent of the copyright owner. During the late 90’s however, new technology made it possible for millions of people to download music from the Internet without the express consent of copyright owners. The mere act of downloading songs illegally violates the exclusive right of the copyright owner to reproduce the work. It has also created problems within copyright law that was not foreseeable in the 17th century when the Statute of Anne was enacted. In law, there is always an exception to the rule and it is no different with copyright law. Although copyright owners have the exclusive right to reproduce their work, the general public has been granted exceptions to make fair dealing of copyright works for private or personal use, purposes of research, private study, criticism, review or for reporting current events in a magazine, newspaper or periodical, broadcasting or by using the work in a cinematograph film by virtue of s12 of the Copyright Act 98 of 1978. However, the list of exceptions supra may be changed and/or extended, provided that it remains in line with the international conventions and agreements that South Africa is a member to. The three-step test is inter alia provided for in Art. 9(2) of the Berne Convention1 (Paris Text of 1971) and permit exceptions to the reproduction right of the copyright owner: 1) in certain special cases; 2) that do not conflict with the normal exploitation of the work and; 3) that does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author/rights holder. S17 provides that certain subsections of s12 shall apply mutatis mutandis with reference to sound recordings. However, s12(1)(a) is not one of the subsections mentioned in s17 which means that fair dealing in sound recordings for purposes of research or private study, or for personal or private use is NOT permitted. Fair dealing however, is not absolute nor is it an easy doctrine to interpret. The legal interpretation and application of fair dealing has been fraught with complexity since the English courts first dealt with fair abridgement of literary works between the 17th and 18th century but this complexity has been compounded even more by new technology, especially in relation to music works. The legal uncertainty of fair dealing with regard to music works is the reason why this comparative research has been undertaken in the jurisdictions of South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States. Hopefully it will shed more light on the doctrine and lift the veil of confusion. / Jurisprudence / LLM

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

This thesis examines the impact technology has on the music industry. Despite decrease in physical sales and piracy, statistics indicate that consumer requests for music content are strong. Although sales of physical product have decreased, the demand for digital music has dramatically increased. The current market players and technology innovations provide new opportunities to deliver music to the consumer. It is imperative to balance the divergent interests of consumers and artists, while ensuring profits for all parties involved. / by Jazmine A. Valencia. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2008. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, FL : 2008 Mode of access: World Wide Web.

A presente pesquisa investiga o surgimento da música caipira gravada na fonografia brasileira durante a instauração do mercado do disco em São Paulo, entre 1878 e o começo da década de 1930. Observa-se um crescente mercado de música gravada e certo abandono das preferências musicais da cidade por parte das gravadoras ativas durante a fase mecânica do disco. Tal espaço foi preenchido pelos selos internacionais que chegaram no final dos anos 1920 e gravaram música de legítimos caipira paulistas, visando conquistar o mercado do Estado. O sucesso em vendas das primeiras gravações de música caipira paulista relaciona-se com o auge das representações caipiras, provenientes do século XIX, que alimentavam a nascente indústria do entretenimento urbano. Foram também importantes estratégias de propaganda orquestradas inicialmente pela Columbia, vinculando as gravações de músicos caipiras com o folclore, assim como a promoção realizada por intermédio de Cornélio Pires. Ademais, a música caipira gravada ajustou-se à necessidade sentida pelas elites hegemónica, de criar uma identidade cultural paulista que solapasse as tensões e conflitos raciais, culturais e de classe irresolutos durante a Primeira República. / This research investigates the emergence of caipira music recorded in Brazilian phonography during the establishment of the disc market in São Paulo, between 1878 and the beginning of 1930s. From the arrival of the first phonograph until establishment of international record companies in the city, there was a growing market for recorded music. It seems there was a certain abandonment of musical preferences of the city by active recorders during the mechanical phase of disc. This space was filled by the international record companies arriving in the late 1920s and recorded music of legitimate paulista countrymen, aiming to conquer the Brazilian market. The success in sales of the first recordings was explained by the record companies publicity invested, the self-constructed image of Cornélio Pires defender of folklore paulista and above all, by the heyday of a tradition of country representation from the nineteenth century and kept by the nascent urban entertainment industry. In addition, the recorded caipira music was adjusted to the need, feeling the hegemonic elites, to create a cultural identity of São Paulo that would undermine tensions, racial, cultural and class conflicts unresolved during the First Republic.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar criticamente as transformações pelas quais o sistema capi-talista vem passando nas relações de produção com a emergência das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação. A apresentação leva em consideração o fato de que hoje o capital subordina a produção com uma intensidade nova e de um modo novíssimo ligado à emergên-cia do conhecimento-capital. Apoiado na tese da desmedida do valor de Prado (2005), este trabalho retoma as formas de subsunção do trabalho ao capital (formal, material e real) deriva-das d\'O Capital de Karl Marx, procurando delinear uma sequência lógica e histórica para a gênese de uma nova forma, qual seja, a subsunção intelectual do trabalho ao capital, que seria típica de um período de produção pós-grande industrial. Para explicitar mais esses processos de mudança, toma como objeto de estudo a indústria fonográfica. Esta, por depender em última instância do trabalho criativo (uma vez que é intensiva em conhecimento e inovações), vem sofrendo os efeitos da emergência das novas tecnologias de uma forma bastante negativa do ponto de vista do capital e de uma forma, talvez, muito positiva no que tange à produção e à distribuição de mercadorias de forma autônoma e independente do capital. Através de estu-dos de caso e evidências empíricas, procura demonstrar como as descontinuidades que estão presentes na indústria fonográfica, principalmente as que emergiram no século XXI, mudaram de uma vez por todas os modelos de negócios tradicionais desta indústria. Ao final demostra que, apesar de hoje em dia existir cada vez mais a possibilidade da criação de música de forma autônoma e independente, a produção de música ainda é realizada por trabalhadores que, no limite, estão subsumidos intelectualmente à relação de capital. / The aim of this work is to critically analyze the transformations that the capitalist system has experienced in the relations of production with the emergence of the new information and communication technologies. The presentation will take into account the fact that capital now subordinates production with a new intensity and in a brand new way that is linked to the emergence of knowledge-capital. Supported by Prado\'s (2005) thesis of the desmeasure of value, this work reapproaches the forms of subsumption of labor to capital (formal, material and real) derived from Karl Marx\'s Capital, trying to delineate a logical and historical sequence to the genesis of a new form, namely, the intellectual subsumption of labor to capital, which would be typical of a period of post-large-scale industry. Looking to further explain these processes of change, the recording industry is taken as object of study. As it depends mostly on the creative work (because it is knowledge- and innovation-intensive) it has been suffering the effects of the emergence of new technologies in a very negative perspective from capital\'s point of view, and in a way, perhaps, very positive regarding the production and distribution of goods in an autonomous and independent way. Through case studies and empirical evidence, it strives to show how the discontinuities that are present in the music industry, especially those that emerged in the twenty-first century, changed once and for all the recording industry\'s traditional business models. At the end it demonstrates that, although today there is an increasing possibility of creating music in an autonomous and independent way, music production is still undertaken by workers who, ultimately, are intellectually subsumed to the capital\'s relations.

The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that well-established home recording studio owners in a city in the southeastern United States have used to compete in the recording industry. Four home recording studio owners served as participants. Each participant owned and operated a home studio business in the target area for longer than 10 years. Porter's 5 competitive forces model and Christensen's disruptive innovation theory were the conceptual lenses for this study. Interviews, direct observations, and website documents were the 3 data collection sources used to achieve methodological triangulation. The data were analyzed using Yin's 5-step thematic approach to qualitative data analysis: compiling, disassembling, reassembling, interpreting, and concluding. Four themes emerged from the analysis of the data: doing business and making money with friends, keeping the family safe and the studio secure, decoupling the clock from the creative process, and linking strategy to personal goals. The findings of this study may contribute to positive social change by economically empowering aspiring entrepreneurs to become small business owners and create new jobs that help strengthen their local economies.

On the eve of 1920, the U.S. recording industry had been through a number of near-fatal economic downturns since its precarious emergence in the 1890s, and yet stood on the verge of its most influential decade to date. Already in its short history, the recording industry had nearly ceased to exist in the 1890s, saved itself by transforming the phonograph from office machine to nickel-in-the-slot novelty, survived the first of many format wars to come, and reinvented itself by introducing the phonograph into American homes. During the 1920s and 1930s, the recording industry participated in creating genre categories and identifying audiences for music that had previously gone unrecorded. By concentrating on both industry giants (Victor, Columbia) and smaller labels that were key to industry trends (Gennett, Paramount, Okeh), this dissertation's working hypothesis is that a new mode of production in the recording industry between the world wars -- based both on previous business strategies and new market conditions -- allowed a few large corporations to develop into a highly organized industry. This relationship between genre (understood as a configuration of social, cultural, ideological, and aesthetic beliefs) and mode of production (in its most concrete sense, how a given company operates) has continued to be an important one to the record industry, because with each new genre and sub-genre the industry has the potential to connect with underserved or unrecognized audiences. By combining industrial history with cultural analysis, this dissertation analyzes institutional cultures at various record companies and the contributions of musicians and various cultural intermediaries who helped shape U. S. popular music beginning in the early twentieth century. The central questions to which I continually return are: How did the consolidation of the recording industry into distinct company cultures shape the records that were made? What role did these cultures play in the shaping of genres, in terms of both creative control and technological formats? And finally, how do these various aspects interrelate in the context of the recording industry -- both as an industry involved in manufacturing culture and reflecting its own participation as a cultural institution? / text

Thesis (MA--Communication Studies) -- Auckland University of Technology, 2005. / Chapter 5 not included in e-thesis. Also held in print (viii, 177 leaves, 30 cm.) in Wellesley Theses Collection. (T 338.4778149 HIL)