Throughout the history of traditional land use planning, justification for allocating a land use for a particular area has been accomplished generally in a debilitated fashion. For example, decisions have generally been arrived at by (1) political process--incorporating fringe areas into present land use patterns, or (2) short-term revenue producers are given a land use change from a tax base incentive, or (3) revelations implemented, or other subjective justifications. Except in very few instances, data used to base land use planning decisions was not accurately interpreted for adequate input or not even gathered. Recently, new and innovative methods for land use planning processes have evolved to gather, interpret and measure data more accurately. More notable processes have been developed by Ian McHarg, Peter Jacobs, Phillip H. Lewis, G. Angus Hills, David Stinton and Carl Steinitz. David Stinton and Carl Steinitz developed a program called "GRID" which basically utilizes the computer as a tool to process data and display data through computer graphics as maps. The process implemented in this project to compile and graphically display data was the GRID computer program. The program utilized Utah State University's Burroughs 6700 digital computer. This system has been found to be faster and more economical than the traditional method of overlays without sacrificing accuracy. Utilizing computer graphic techniques, this project conducted a detailed environmental inventory and analysis of Antelope Island, Utah. Various land use activities were evaluated for their potential impact upon certain natural systems of the island. The major objective of this thesis is to provide, for interested levels of government and concerned citizens, guidelines for land use planning that will assist them in making more meaningful and accurate decisions of present and future land use in the study area. This project established recreational guidelines for Antelope Island, Utah, and acts as a study model for recreational land use planning for the cold desert biome states of Arizona, Nevada, and Utah. The study is an environmental analysis and attempts to recognize problem areas sensitive to development. Guidelines deal directly with maximizing recreation potential of the island while minimizing impacts on natural systems such as vegetation, wildlife and soil erosion.

The "MARIANKA" recreational complex is a modern building in a unique location with covered swimming pool with a swimming pool 25 m long, a spa area and recreation. The complex also includes a hotel, an outdoor area with a swimming pool of 25 meters, a children's pool, a hot tub and an outdoor dining area.

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This study of recreational therapy was made in order to determine the use of physical education as a therapeutic for the mentally maladjusted student.

Effects of commercially available bacterial products were investigated on two common recreational pool contaminants: sunscreen and cyanuric acid (CYA). Microbial products developed by BiOWiSH Technologies, Inc. were tested for enhancing mechanical filtration and water clarification in bench-scale bioreactors, with conditions mimicking those of recreational pool water. Bacterial consortia included proprietary mixes of Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas, and other genera of bacteria. BiOWiSH products are either fermented on a solid substrate consisting of rice bran and soy meal, or they are mixed with a soluble diluent. Twenty-nine BiOWiSH products were tested throughout forty experiments. Experiments were carried out to determine both the efficacy of BiOWiSH products for turbidity reduction and the mechanism by which BiOWiSH removes sunscreen from solution. In trials without mechanical filtration, the only product which showed a reduction in turbidity relative to the control, albeit inconsistently, was the solid substrate version of BiOWiSH Aqua FOGTM (Thai FOG). Experiments on BiOWiSH coupled with mechanical filtration showed a 79% average reduction of turbidity in the first 24 hrs. BiOWiSH products containing solid substrate, both active and abiotic, showed an average turbidity reduction of 90% in the first 24 hrs. In the same timeframe, soluble BiOWiSH products showed a 79% average reduction in turbidity. Thus, the solid v substrate provided an additional 11% reduction in turbidity over soluble products and un-amended mechanical filtration. Through experimentation and scanning electron microscopy, it was concluded that the primary mechanism of clarification by the solid substrate is adsorption of sunscreen to the substrate surface. Further experiments were performed in anaerobic and aerobic environments to determine whether BiOWiSH products can remove cyanuric acid from solution through adsorption or biodegradation. Two measurement methods, turbidimetric and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) were used to independently quantify CYA. A reverse-phase HPLC method was developed which utilizes a phosphate buffer and methanol for the separation of cyanuric acid from nitrate and other chemical species. The solid BiOWiSH Aqua FOG product (prod. in Thailand) interfered with the turbidimetric analysis, showing false decreases in CYA. Using HPLC, there was no measureable biodegradation or adsorption of CYA by BiOWiSH products in these bench-scale tests. Significant systematic error in the HPLC analysis prevented conclusive findings; therefore, the ability of BiOWiSH products to reduce CYA from solution remains inconclusive.

As legalization of cannabis continues to spread across the United States, many question the public health implications. The term “cannabis” is often used to refer to anything that comes from the plant and can be used recreationally (to get high or alter one’s current state) or medically (to treat a medical condition). While previous research has primarily focused on the impact of recreational cannabis use, few studies have examined cognitive outcomes associated with medical cannabis (MC) use and the potential for development of problematic use in MC patients. Given important distinctions among recreational users and MC patients, it is likely that these distinct populations of cannabis consumers will experience differential cognitive effects and potential for problematic cannabis use. This dissertation is comprised of three studies. The first is a cross-sectional study that explores executive function and verbal learning and memory in recreational cannabis users relative to healthy controls who do not use cannabis, while also assessing whether cannabis use patterns (e.g., age of onset, urinary THC levels) influence findings. The second study is an observational, longitudinal study which examines executive function and memory, as well as changes in mood, anxiety, sleep, and quality of life in MC patients over 12 months of MC treatment relative to pre-MC treatment. In the third study, symptoms and behaviors associated with problematic cannabis use are examined in cohorts from study 1 and study 2. Specifically, scores on the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test – Revised (CUDIT-R) are assessed in MC patients over the course of treatment and also compared to a previously recruited cohort of recreational cannabis users; the validity of the CUDIT-R is also explored. Despite previous research, in the current study recreational users did not exhibit cognitive decrements relative to healthy controls. In MC patents, cognitive performance was stable over the course of 12 months of MC treatment relative to pre-MC treatment performance, and overall they reported improved ratings of mood, anxiety, sleep, and some aspects of quality of life. Although the CUDIT-R suggests MC patients’ average scores do not meet the threshold for possible cannabis use disorder, analyses revealed this measure is not valid and therefore not appropriate in MC patients. Although changes in cognition were not detected in recreational users or MC patients in the current studies, a number of methodological limitations (e.g., sample size and limited ability to adjust for confounding variables) must be considered as these factors likely affected study results. Future studies evaluating the impact of cannabis use will benefit from carefully considering the definition of cannabis itself, goal of use, product choice, and age of onset of use. Researchers and clinicians will also benefit from the development of screening tools specifically designed to assess cannabis use disorder in those who use cannabis for medical purposes.

The number of leisure and working RVers roaming America?s highways, now conservatively estimated at over eight million, continues to increase (Curtin 2001; Sommer 2003). In spite of their growing presence and unique lifestyle, these populations remain sociologically understudied. This exploratory case study of two distinctly different RV parks is a small but significant step toward filling that research gap. At both RV parks I found a diverse population of individualists who value self-contained travel, freedom, relaxation, and sociality. In spite of sharing a collective, subcultural lifestyle, they differed along multiple axes. Marked differences separate RVers into three broad groups (full-timers, long-termers, and vacationers) and into multiple subgroups within those categories. I analyzed triangulated data sources using a theoretical lens that combines subcultural and boundary work theories. I concluded that full-time and long-term RVers practice boundary work and form subcultural identities based, primarily, on levels of commitment and divergent RVing practices.

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