Some scholars argue that organized sport is a viable context for different ethnic and racial groups to learn about one another and experience positive intergroup contact. Other scholars insist that hierarchical arrangements and competitive natures may actually exacerbate existing tensions among ethnic and racial groups. Less is known about whether or not recreational sport settings can facilitate positive intergroup contact. These contexts are often free of hierarchical arrangement and competition among participants, which potentially secure the equality of participants and facilitate positive interracial contact. The purpose of this study was to gain richer insights into the phenomenon of interracial contact that Korean Americans experience in recreational sport settings. This study was guided by three research questions: (1) Do Korean Americans perceive the presence of contact hypothesis' optimal conditions in recreational sport settings? (2) What factors influence Korean Americans' perception toward the presence or absence of optimal conditions? (3) Can participating in serious leisure activity with different racial groups contribute to interracial harmony? This study adopted qualitative research methods with a phenomenological approach. Face-to-face, in-depth, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 Korean American males who participated or have been participating in recreational sports with racially mixed teams. The interviews were conducted in August and September, 2008, in two southern cities. Four findings are articulated. First, informants held variable perceptions toward the presence of contact hypothesis' optimal conditions. Second, informants supported the existence of friendship opportunities. This study identified six key factors that play a critical role in formulation of informants' perceptions toward the existence of each optimal condition. They were: (1) skill level, (2) racial stereotypes, (3) physical attributes of recreational sport participants, (4) language proficiency, (5) atmosphere or culture within different recreational sport contexts, and (6) longevity of contact. Finally, informants felt that participating in recreational sports with different racial groups contributes to harmonious interracial relations. The findings showed that it is problematic to a priori assume that recreational sports satisfy the optimal conditions of contact situations. Moreover, findings suggest that satisfaction of optimal conditions in recreational sport contexts may not be necessary for positive interracial contact to occur.

This study focuses on the feasibilities of Marine Recreational Fishing at Hsiao- Liu-Chiu Island by presenting its resource distribution and discussing the current fishing business conditions around the island. The current situations of local re- creational fishing businesses are evaluated by SWOT analysis. Tourists who visit the island are surveyed as research subject. Through questionnaires and field recreation activity investigation, this study demonstrates various possible development of re- creational fishing. The conceptual framework of this study is based on a non- marketing method - Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) - to analyze collected data. The method has estimated the economical value of Hsiao-Liu-Chiu Island for future recreation activities with the willingness-to-pay (WTP) among the visiting tourists. A proper managerial and administrative system is also suggested in order to bring optimal performance in terms of economical value and resource application for the island's fishermen and tourists. According to the data collected: 70% of tourists are willingly to participate sport fishing; 90% would like to try recreational cage. And under CVM estimation, the WTP for sport fishing is about NT$896 per person, and NT$738 per person for recreational cage. Considering the total annual tourist population visiting Hsiao-Liu- Chiu Island, sport fishing may generates about NT$93,000,000 economical value annually, and about NT$98,000,000 for recreational cage. At the end, this research also provide suggestions on related management strategies and directions for the fishermen, cage owners, and local fishery organization

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published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

No description available.

No description available.

This qualitative case study research chronicles the process of change during play therapy of two children who experienced maternal loss and maltreatment during the first two years of life. At the outset of this study both children presented with evidence of insecure attachment as well as symptoms and behaviour consistent with maltreatment. Over the course of a year of therapy, both demonstrated profound change and healing. The study concludes that the children were able to utilize the safety, consistency, and affirmation of the therapeutic relationship to discard old models of relating, and to construct new internal representational models of self and of self in relation to others. Once old models were discarded, the children returned to the earliest stage of damage and reworked attachment salient developmental tasks while in relation with the therapist. The projective materials of the play therapy space provided the medium through which the children externalized selected trauma and critical incidents that shaped their maladaptive models. As the therapist gave voice to the previously unacknowledged experiences, the child's authentic self was able to disentangle from the trauma. The pattern by which the self emerged and developed over the course of therapy approximated developmental pathways described by prominent self theorists (Bretherton & Beeghly, 1982; Mahler et.al, 1975; Stern, 1985). Change was exhibited in the classroom approximately 10 to 14 weeks after the children were initially seen in therapy.

Recreational shopping has long been of interest to business academics and practitioners, but research on it has been underdeveloped in the leisure field. Although the leisure literature and business literature represent distinct perspectives, there appears to be many significant parallels between recreational shopping and leisure. The purpose of this study was to examine the intrinsic meanings of shopping; to explore the experiential aspects of the recreational shopping experience (including the influences of the retail environment on individuals who regularly engage in recreational shopping). This study took place in Toronto, Ontario. The sample included five female self-proclaimed recreational shoppers. The researcher accompanied each participant on a shopping excursion which took place at a shopping mall selected by the participant. Data were collected through three qualitative methods. First, participant observation involved the researcher walking alongside the participant as she shopped. Following the shopping session, the researcher conducted an in-depth face-to-face interview with each participant; the interview was guided by a set of open-ended questions. In addition, this study utilized photo-elicitation in which the participants were asked to photograph ‘anything’ that made an impression during their visit to the mall. The photographs offered tangible illustrations of shopping experiences and were used as a catalyst for discussion during the interviews. The data was analyzed using Grounded Theory coding which lead to the identification of two main themes and six respective subthemes. The emergent themes are all connected to the key idea that shoppers are motivated by their expectations and desires when they partake in the recreational shopping activity. Shopping offers numerous opportunities that provide immediate hedonic pleasure as well as intrinsic rewards. Such opportunities often include, the ‘before and after’ phases of experiences of acquisition and unexpected discoveries, the positive interactions which occur both inside and outside a retail environment, and lastly, the individual’s use of shopping as a means of self-expression and a tool to manage their self image. Satisfaction, spontaneity, familiarity, mastery, accomplishment, and feelings of escape were all present in these shopping experiences. The findings also described the role of shopping malls as a leisure space and as facilitators of recreational shopping activities. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that shopping can offer a profound leisure experience for many people and the activity should not only be researched in terms of just ‘recreational shopping’ or ‘utilitarian shopping.’ Rather, the findings indicate several overlaps between the two types of shopping and further research is needed to more fully understand the complexities of the activity.

The development of globalization and internationalization, increasement of mobility of dwellers, economic growth and other factors lead to the formation recreational system in Lithuania. Nowadays recreation becomes especially significant, this is the reason why researches of theoretical and practical aspects of quality management are important nowadays. The object of this work is the complex of educational and organanizational peculiarities of “Alytus sports and recreation centre”. As a consequence, the purpose of this work is to evaluate the services of recreational centres from consumer’s point of view. The tasks of this paper have supposed the relevant structure of this work: initially, the reader is primed about the concept, essence, functions and types of recreation; after that the analysis of methodological peculiarities of managing recreational activity is accomplished; furthermore the most relevant competencies of public organization “Alytus sports and recreation centre” activity are evaluated; at last, a survey of services provided by public organization “Alytus sports and recreation centre” is accomplished. The analysis of scientifical literature lets to make a statement that the concept and content of recreational activity is quite familiarly formed in lithuanian and foreign informational resources; it makes the process of activity structurization not so complexed. Seeking to confirm scientifical decisions, a survey was accomplished. This survey has presented... [to full text]

Lietuvos valstybėje vienas iš svarbiausių ir reikšmingiausių kultūriniu rekreaciniu palikumu yra Trakų rajonas. Šis kraštas išsiskiria iš visos valstybės tuo, kad jame yra saugoma kopmpleksinės apsaugos objektai – ir gamtiniai ir kultūriniai. Tai nulėmė šio krašto gili istorinė praeitis ir dėkinga geografinė padėtis. Šio darbo svarbumas yra tame, kad nagrinėjamas kultūrinis rekreacinis potencialas yra visame Trakų rajone ir analizuojama per dvi sritis - saugomas teritorijas ir administracines rajono ribas. Taip pat labai svarbu tai, kad darbas yra pritakytas edukaciniam panaudojimui. Rajono istorinei ir teritorinei raidai didžiausios įtakos turėjo geografinė padėtis ir istoriniai vingiai, nulėmę visos Lietuvos ir įpatingai pietrytinės dalies užgrobimus, okupaciją ir padalijimus. Didžiausias indėlis į rekreacijos plėtrą yra padarytas 1991 metais įsteigtus Trakų istorinį nacionalinį parką. Čia saugomi įpatingos reikšmės ir svarbos Lietuvos is¬toriniam valstybingumui kultūriniai ir gamtiniai kompleksiniai objektai. Taip pat daug padaryta 1992 metais įsteigtus Aukštadvario ir Neries regioninius parkus. Čia saugomos kultūros paveldo vertybės, gamtinė aplinka ir apylinkių kraš¬tovaizdis. Ištyrus Trakų rajono kultūrinį rekreacinį potencialą seniūnijų ribose, galima teigti, kad turtingiausias ir vertingiausias palikimas yra Trakų seniūnijoje. Ji išsiskiria iš visų aštuonių rajono seniūnijų savo istorinėmis, architektūrinėmis, archeologinėmis, gamtinėmis vertybėmis. Taip pat... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Trakai district is one of the most important ones in Lithuania from the point of view of its recreational and cultural heritage. This land is exceptional because it comprises the objects of complex protection – both natural and cultural. This was influenced by rich historical background of the land and its beneficial geographical position. What makes this final paper significant is that the analyzed cultural recreational potential covers the whole Trakai district and is investigated through two areas – the protected territories and the administrative borders of the district. It is also important that the paper is adapted for educational purposes. The geographical position and historic evolution (that determined the occupation and division of the whole Lithuania, especially its south-eastern part) had the biggest influence on historic and territorial development of the district. The biggest contribution to the development of recreation was made in 1991 when Trakai Historical National Park was established. It protects cultural and natural objects that are of special importance for Lithuanian historical statehood. Much work was also did in 1992 when Aukštadvaris and Nėris regional parks were established. The cultural heritage valuables, natural surroundings and local scenery is protected here. Having analyzed Trakai district cultural recreational potential it is possible to state that Trakai ward has the richest and the most valuable heritage. It stands out of all eight district... [to full text]