This study is an investigation if a recurrent long short-term memory (LSTM) based neural network can be used to estimate the battery capacity in electrical cars. There is an enormous interest in finding the underlying reasons why and how Lithium-ion batteries ages and this study is a part of this broader question. The research questions that have been answered are how well a LSTM model estimates the battery capacity, how the LSTM model is performing compared to a linear model and what parameters that are important when estimating the capacity. There have been other studies covering similar topics but only a few that has been performed on a real data set from real cars driving. With a data science approach, it was discovered that the LSTM model indeed is a powerful model to use for estimation the capacity. It had better accuracy than a linear regression model, but the linear regression model still gave good results. The parameters that implied to be important when estimating the capacity were logically related to the properties of a Lithium-ion battery.En studie över hur väl ett återkommande neuralt nätverk kan estimera kapaciteten hos Litium-ion batteri hos elektroniska fordon, när en en datavetenskaplig strategi har använts.

Two theories of consciousness have different ideas about when consciousness happens and what neural processes enable conscious experience. The recurrent processing theory supports an early onset of consciousness caused by recurring loops of information between sensory areas. Contrary to this belief, the global workspace theory claims that consciousness appears later, through global recurrent loops of information between sensory and higher order brain areas such as the visual cortex and frontoparietal areas. Electrophysiological studies have found an event-related negativity arising in primary visual areas around 200 ms that correlates to awareness. This activity suits the predictions of an early onset of consciousness made by the recurrent processing theory. It is followed by a later positive amplitude appearing around 400 ms. This activity is in line with predictions made by the global workspace theory. The current study transition from visual to auditory awareness research in order to find the neural correlates of consciousness in audition. A sound detection task with tones calibrated to each participants threshold value was used in the experiment and two electrophysiological measurements of auditory awareness were found. An auditory awareness negativity that appears around 200 ms after stimulus onset and a late positivity appearing around 400 ms. Researchers disagree about if these event-related potentials correlate with awareness or unrelated cognitive mechanisms. In order to solve this problem, the current experiment was devised to test if they were affected by response conditions. A no-response paradigm with reversed response conditions was used to separate pre- and post-conscious mechanisms from the auditory awareness negativity and the late positivity. Results showed that auditory awareness negativity was independent of response condition and thus free from post-perceptual processes. The late positivity amplitude seems to be dependent on response condition but the result was inconclusive.

<p>The overall aim of this thesis was to describe (1) needs for occupational therapy among persons with self-perceived activity limitations and/or participation restrictions due to long-term/recurrent pain, and (2) treatment interventions in occupational therapy to meet demonstrated needs. The Liss’ model for assessing health care needs was used as a structural scheme. A randomly selected sample (n=10,000) from the Swedish general population aged 18-58 years was the foundation for the study population with and without pain. In addition, occupational therapists were included (n=109). Data collection was made by postal questionnaires. The results showed a prevalence of 26 % and an incidence rate of 0.07. Demographic characteristics of the sample were female gender, ages 40-58 years and fewer years of education than those without pain. Pain in shoulders/lower back of searing/aching/gnawing character was the most frequently reported. A majority of the respondents reported affective/emo-tional effects of pain mainly of depressive character and they had previously been on sick leave due to pain. Women reported higher frequencies of self-perceived activity limitations/ participation restrictions due to pain, more difficulties with intermediate ADL, perceived higher job demands and had longer sick leave than men. Men perceived poorer social support than did women. Needs for occupational therapy were reported mainly as a consequence of activity and temporal imbalance. High health care consumers reported higher frequencies of needs/problems than did low health care consumers. The main goals and interventions suggested by occupational therapists to meet the needs in pain management focused on increased knowledge of handling daily occupations with the purpose to reduce pain, maintain competence/improve performance of home maintenance, reduce consequences of pain and increase knowledge how to handle effects of pain.</p>

The overall aim of this thesis was to describe (1) needs for occupational therapy among persons with self-perceived activity limitations and/or participation restrictions due to long-term/recurrent pain, and (2) treatment interventions in occupational therapy to meet demonstrated needs. The Liss’ model for assessing health care needs was used as a structural scheme. A randomly selected sample (n=10,000) from the Swedish general population aged 18-58 years was the foundation for the study population with and without pain. In addition, occupational therapists were included (n=109). Data collection was made by postal questionnaires. The results showed a prevalence of 26 % and an incidence rate of 0.07. Demographic characteristics of the sample were female gender, ages 40-58 years and fewer years of education than those without pain. Pain in shoulders/lower back of searing/aching/gnawing character was the most frequently reported. A majority of the respondents reported affective/emo-tional effects of pain mainly of depressive character and they had previously been on sick leave due to pain. Women reported higher frequencies of self-perceived activity limitations/ participation restrictions due to pain, more difficulties with intermediate ADL, perceived higher job demands and had longer sick leave than men. Men perceived poorer social support than did women. Needs for occupational therapy were reported mainly as a consequence of activity and temporal imbalance. High health care consumers reported higher frequencies of needs/problems than did low health care consumers. The main goals and interventions suggested by occupational therapists to meet the needs in pain management focused on increased knowledge of handling daily occupations with the purpose to reduce pain, maintain competence/improve performance of home maintenance, reduce consequences of pain and increase knowledge how to handle effects of pain.

No description available.

Interval censoring arises frequently in life history data, as individuals are often only observed at a sequence of assessment times. This leads to a situation where we do not know when an event of interest occurs, only that it occurred somewhere between two assessment times. Here, the focus will be on methods of estimation for recurrent event data, current status data, and multistate data, subject to interval censoring. With recurrent event data, the focus is often on estimating the rate and mean functions. Nonparametric estimates are readily available, but are not smooth. Methods based on local likelihood and the assumption of a Poisson process are developed to obtain smooth estimates of the rate and mean functions without specifying a parametric form. Covariates and extra-Poisson variation are accommodated by using a pseudo-profile local likelihood. The methods are assessed by simulations and applied to a number of datasets, including data from a psoriatic arthritis clinic. Current status data is an extreme form of interval censoring that occurs when each individual is observed at only one assessment time. If current status data arise in clusters, this must be taken into account in order to obtain valid conclusions. Copulas offer a convenient framework for modelling the association separately from the margins. Estimating equations are developed for estimating marginal parameters as well as association parameters. Efficiency and robustness to the choice of copula are examined for first and second order estimating equations. The methods are applied to data from an orthopedic surgery study as well as data on joint damage in psoriatic arthritis. Multistate models can be used to characterize the progression of a disease as individuals move through different states. Considerable attention is given to a three-state model to characterize the development of a back condition known as spondylitis in psoriatic arthritis, along with the associated risk of mortality. Robust estimates of the state occupancy probabilities are derived based on a difference in distribution functions of the entry times. A five-state model which differentiates between left-side and right-side spondylitis is also considered, which allows us to characterize what effect spondylitis on one side of the body has on the development of spondylitis on the other side. Covariate effects are considered through multiplicative time homogeneous Markov models. The robust state occupancy probabilities are also applied to data on CMV infection in patients with HIV.

The Internet plays a significant role in the lives of young people today. Previous research points to advantages as well as disadvantages of the use of the Internet in a formal educational context. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of the use of the Internet on planning and instruction. Five upper secondary school teachers were interviewed face-to-face. Five recurrent themes were identified in the interview data: general opinions on and experience of the Internet, attitudes to teaching and learning, opinions on the use of the Internet as a planning and teaching resource, effects of the use of the Internet on students and teachers, and drawbacks of the use of the Internet in the school. It was found that the teachers think that the Internet is a valuable source of information and an important additional teaching tool. The Internet can e.g. motivate the students, make teaching more fun, and allows variation in teaching. Four major drawbacks of the use of the Internet were reported by the teachers, viz. students' cheating, unreliable information, technical problems, and students' extracurricular activities during lessons.

Interval censoring arises frequently in life history data, as individuals are often only observed at a sequence of assessment times. This leads to a situation where we do not know when an event of interest occurs, only that it occurred somewhere between two assessment times. Here, the focus will be on methods of estimation for recurrent event data, current status data, and multistate data, subject to interval censoring. With recurrent event data, the focus is often on estimating the rate and mean functions. Nonparametric estimates are readily available, but are not smooth. Methods based on local likelihood and the assumption of a Poisson process are developed to obtain smooth estimates of the rate and mean functions without specifying a parametric form. Covariates and extra-Poisson variation are accommodated by using a pseudo-profile local likelihood. The methods are assessed by simulations and applied to a number of datasets, including data from a psoriatic arthritis clinic. Current status data is an extreme form of interval censoring that occurs when each individual is observed at only one assessment time. If current status data arise in clusters, this must be taken into account in order to obtain valid conclusions. Copulas offer a convenient framework for modelling the association separately from the margins. Estimating equations are developed for estimating marginal parameters as well as association parameters. Efficiency and robustness to the choice of copula are examined for first and second order estimating equations. The methods are applied to data from an orthopedic surgery study as well as data on joint damage in psoriatic arthritis. Multistate models can be used to characterize the progression of a disease as individuals move through different states. Considerable attention is given to a three-state model to characterize the development of a back condition known as spondylitis in psoriatic arthritis, along with the associated risk of mortality. Robust estimates of the state occupancy probabilities are derived based on a difference in distribution functions of the entry times. A five-state model which differentiates between left-side and right-side spondylitis is also considered, which allows us to characterize what effect spondylitis on one side of the body has on the development of spondylitis on the other side. Covariate effects are considered through multiplicative time homogeneous Markov models. The robust state occupancy probabilities are also applied to data on CMV infection in patients with HIV.

No description available.

Stroke, which has an increasing incidence with age, causes an irreversible brain damage which may lead to impairment, disability and decreased life satisfaction or death. Risk factors for death, recurrent stroke and myocardial infarction, were analyzed in 409 stroke patients treated at the Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, between Jan. 1, 1978 and Dec. 31, 1982. The causes of death were related with the time of survival. In fully co-operable (n=62) 4-6 year stroke survivors, the occurrence of motor and perceptual impairments, of self-care (ADL) disability and of self-reported decreased life satisfaction due to stroke was determined. The probability of survival was 77% three months after stroke, 69% after one year, and 37% after five years. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that impairment of consciousness was the most important risk factor for death followed by age, previous cardiac failure, diabetes mellitus, intracerebral hemorrhage and male sex. During the first week, cerebrovascular disease (90%) was the most dominant primary cause of death, from the second to the fourth week pulmonary embolism (30%), bronchopneumonia during the second and third months and cardiac disease (37%) later than three months after stroke. The risk of recurrence was 14% during the first year after stroke and the accumulated risk of stroke recurrence after 5 years was 37% after stroke. The estimated probability of myocardial infarction was 7% at one year and 19% at 5 years. High age and a history of cardiac failure increased the risk of recurrent stroke. The risk of myocardial infarction was associated with high age, angina pectoris and diabetes mellitus. The highest risk of epilepsy was found between 6 and 12 months after stroke. Motor impairment prevailed in 36% of the long-term survivors, perceptual impairments in up to 57% and decreased ADL-capacity in 32%. As regards ecological perception, perceptual function variables were distinctly grouped into low and high level perception which together with motor function explained 71% of the variance of self-care ADL. While levels of global and of domain specific variables of life satisfaction appeared stable in clinically healthy reference populations aged 60 and 80 years, the stroke had produced a decrease in one or more aspects of life satisfaction for 61% of the long-term survivors. Although significantly associated with motor impairments and ADL disability, these changes could not only be attributed to physical problems. / <p>S. 1-48: sammanfattning, s. 49-114: 5 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu