The focus of this study was the challenge of implementing school improvement interventions from inception through the system to the school, within a framework of the multiple layers of South Africa's complex education system. These are the macro level, (the provincial and national political and bureaucratic decision makers), the meso-level (the role and function of district offices and external agents), and the micro level (local contexts at the site of the school). This study does not intend to evaluate school improvement interventions but rather to research and interrogate the mediation of the interventions at various levels and within the contextual realities of an education system in transition. The problem is three-pronged and is premised on understanding the link between the study of implementation and of school improvement within education in transition. The hypothesis put forward is that, on the one hand, contextual realties, contestation and contradictions at various levels of a complex organization shape the outcomes of a school improvement intervention. On the other hand, school improvement strategies must be further located within the framework of implementation in order to explore the complexities of getting things done in an emerging democracy. The challenge posed is whether a coherent link between implementation and school improvement can be achieved while taking into cognizance the three levels and the contextual realities informed by the legacy of the past. I identified two case studies of school improvement initiatives undertaken in the Gauteng province. The first was initiated during the first phase of the new democratic government, an EQUIP intervention programme initiated by the first Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for education in Gauteng. I chose EQUIP because the design and initiation of this intervention symbolized the political ideology of this first period of government. The second school improvement initiative, the Education Action Zone (EAZ) intervention, was chosen because it reflects a significant shift in political ideals in the second period of government. This study argues that school improvement in the emerging South African context must respond to the contested nature of transforming societies and the serious lack of cohesion and capacity at all levels of the system. In order to respond to this difficult terrain, implementation within a cyclic model must be an integral part of the design of a school improvement intervention. There must be a clear understanding of the political, cultural and technical nuances in each of the three environments. Implementation is dependent on actors in them, and the contextual realties shape the level of agency played by the people in each. The linkage also determines the fidelity, compliance, and communication of the message of the intervention as actors within each have different levels of power and authority to influence the change process.

Thesis advisor: Vincent Cho / District leaders are under tremendous pressure to narrow persisting achievement disparities with a dearth of guidance from existing literature. Rorrer, Skrla, and Scheurich (2008) proposed a theory that district leaders enact four essential roles when engaging in systemic reform that improves achievement and equity: (1) providing instructional leadership which consists of building capacity and generating will, (2) reorienting the organization, (3) establishing policy coherence, and (4) maintaining an equity focus. However, these roles are not well understood. Therefore, this qualitative case study contributed to research and practice by exploring how leaders in a Massachusetts public school district that made gains in improving achievement and equity attempted to generate will, defined as intrinsic motivation, when enacting the role of instructional leadership. Drawing upon semi-structured interviews and a review of documents, this study concluded that leaders enacted the role to varying degrees in ways that were consistent with Rorrer, et al. (2008). Data revealed that leaders attempted to act as transformational leaders and distribute leadership in a manner that connected with individual’s values, beliefs, and desires. Furthermore, when enacting these leadership constructs, leaders attempted to use extrinsic motivators, including recognition, data, and resources such as time for collaboration and professional learning, to promote autonomy and self- determination. Recommendations include how district leaders can enact this role in a more informed, proactive and deliberate manner. / Thesis (EdD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

論文(碩士)--香港中文大學,1971. / Manuscript. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 390-401). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue,1971. / 序言 --- p.1-3 / Chapter 第一章 --- 湖南新政運動之發軔時期 --- p.4-60 / Chapter 第一節 --- 湖南新政運動之背景 --- p.4 / Chapter 第二節 --- 新政運動之萌芽 --- p.10 / Chapter 第三節 --- 新政運動之發軔 --- p.18 / Chapter 第四節 --- 陳寶箴主持下初期之新政 --- p.23 / Chapter 甲 --- 礦務總局 / Chapter 乙 --- 銀圓局 / Chapter 丙 --- 和豐火柴公司 / Chapter 丁 --- 寶善成製造公司 / Chapter 戊　 --- 電線與電報 / Chapter 己　 --- 湘鄂輪船公司 / Chapter 庚　 --- 時務學堂 / Chapter 第二章 --- 湖南新政運動之高潮時期──文化、教育之新猷 --- p.61-170 / Chapter 第一節 --- 時務學堂 --- p.61 / Chapter 第二節 --- 南學會 --- p.85 / Chapter 第三節 --- 其他學堂與學會 --- p.102 / Chapter 第四節 --- 新書之刊行 --- p.120 / Chapter 第五節 --- 湘報館 --- p.128 / Chapter 第六節 --- 科舉之議變 --- p.137 / Chapter 第七節 --- 女權之提倡 --- p.140 / Chapter 第三章 --- 湖南新政運動之蓬勃時期──行政與經濟開發 --- p.171-226 / Chapter 第一節 --- 行政、司法與治安 --- p.171 / Chapter 甲 --- 課吏館 / Chapter 乙 --- 司法改革 / Chapter 丙 --- 保衛局 / Chapter 丁 --- 遷善所 / Chapter 戊 --- 整頓團練 / Chapter 己 --- 訓練新章 / Chapter 庚 --- 鎗炮兩廠議 / Chapter 第二節 --- 經濟開發 --- p.203 / Chapter 甲 --- 湖南水利公司 / Chapter 乙 --- 化學製造公司 / Chapter 丙 --- 茶與絲 / Chapter 丁 --- 開墾荒地 / Chapter 戊 --- 粤漢鐵路之議建 / Chapter 己 --- 提倡商業 / Chapter 第四章 --- 湖南新政運動所受之阻力 --- p.227-299 / Chapter 第一節 --- 湖南風氣之蔽塞 --- p.227 / Chapter 第二節 --- 湖南官紬反對新政之理由 --- p.234 / Chapter 甲 --- 對新政人士激烈言論之反感 / Chapter 乙 --- 個人利害之衝突 / Chapter 丙 --- 對新政人士學識人品之攻訐 / Chapter 第三節 --- 湖南人士對新政之攻擊 --- p.244 / Chapter 甲 --- 葉德輝 / Chapter 乙 --- 王先謙 / Chapter 丙 --- 徐樹銘 / Chapter 丁 --- 歐陽中鵠 / Chapter 戊 --- 湘紳公呈 / Chapter 己 --- 湘省學約 / Chapter 庚 --- 曾廉 / Chapter 第四節 --- 湖南新政運動所受之阻撓 --- p.268 / Chapter 甲 --- 官吏之阻撓與推行不力 / Chapter 乙 --- 張之洞之箝制 / Chapter 丙 --- 陳寶箴之改組學堂與湘報 / Chapter 丁 --- 康、梁之挽救新政危機 / Chapter 第五章 --- 湖南新政運動之精神 --- p.300-330 / Chapter 第一節 --- 湖南新政運動之目的 --- p.300 / Chapter 第二節 --- 新政運動之地方自保思想 --- p.304 / Chapter 第三節 --- 新政運動之對外態度 --- p.311 / Chapter 第四節 --- 新政人士對西學之態度 --- p.317 / Chapter 第五節 --- 湖南與廣東之關係 --- p.321 / Chapter 第六章 --- 湖南新政運動與戊戌變法之關係 --- p.331-386 / Chapter 第一節 --- 梁啟超之入京 --- p.331 / Chapter 第二節 --- 譚嗣同之入京 --- p.337 / Chapter 第三節 --- 黃遵憲之嚮用 --- p.343 / Chapter 第四節 --- 張之洞之入京調和說 --- p.346 / Chapter 第五節 --- 科舉制度之改革 --- p.351 / Chapter 第六節 --- 樊勤殿之議開 --- p.356 / Chapter 第七節 --- 新改之停頓 --- p.356 / Chapter 第八節 --- 新政人士之懲處與出亡 --- p.362 / 結語 --- p.387-389 / 徵引及參考書目 --- p.390-401

"Do not be a martyr to philosophy, which you will be, if you do not take more exercise, be a little more foolish, and look at the world with all its awkward things, its clumsy, lumpish forms, its fools, its cockscombs, and its scoundrels with more endurance". This study makes no pretensions to provide full biographical coverage of Hays's life (1759-1843) or a comprehensive, critical exploration of the total range of her works. A thesis produced in 1971 purports 'to provide a definitive study of her literary achievements [...] and to place the complete corpus of Hays' extant works (ten in all) in the perspective of the literature of her time [...]2 and I am indebted to this exhaustive study of the author and her background. However, as the preface to her thesis declares, Gina Luria had deliberately excluded consideration of the correspondence between Hays and William Godwin, then recently purchased by the Pforzheimer Library, New York, as she had intended future publication of it. Subsequently, the project was abandoned. I have made extensive use of this correspondence to explore Hays's novels and to challenge much of the adverse criticism surrounding her writing, which I believe is based on misreadings of the texts themselves as well as on a willingness to emphasise the notoriety surrounding the authoress as a female and then as a female Jacobin. Rather, I am focusing on the aspects of Hays's life which enabled her to articulate her concerns through a series of social and intellectual 'voices' which she systematically experimented with, but ultimately rejected. It seems likely that Hays felt a need to affix a label on herself whether it were Dissenter, Wolistonecraftian, Helvetian or Godwinian, and this need suggests that she was searching for an identity in a shifting and perplexing political and philosophical climate. The adoption of an identifiable 'position' might have suggested to her security and control. Most importantly, I am concentrating on the means she adopted in order to justify her apparent 'failure' to live up to the ideals of William Godwin.

This thesis is a study of the development of investigatory select committees of the House of Commons during the twentieth century, with a particular emphasis on the period between 1960 and 1990. Synthesising existing analysis as well as presenting new evidence, it describes the early origins of such committees as an integral part of the work of the House, and then considers the House’s apparent loss of interest in select committees between 1920 and 1960. The thesis next discusses the reasons behind the introduction of new select committees in the mid-1960s, and traces further changes to committees during the 1970s. These developments are set in the political context of the period, and in particular the growth of backbench dissent in both major parties during the 1970s. The thesis then analyses the process by which departmentally-related select committees came to be established in 1979. Finally it assesses the quantitative and qualitative evidence about the activity and impact of the new departmental select committees in their first decade up to 1990, relating them closely to the political environment created by the government of Margaret Thatcher.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Land reform can be an effective vehicle for addressing poverty and landlessness, especially in rural areas where these are prevailing conditions. For land reform to succeed, the land must be used in ways that contributes to improving the livelihoods of land beneficiaries. The literature over the past 2 decades largely focuses on the failure of land reform in South Africa. Little is known about the 10% of successful projects that exist. The argument of this research project is that it is equally important to analyse how successful land reform projects have redressed racial imbalances in land, reduced poverty, improved livelihoods, developed the agricultural sector to create jobs, and ensured food security. It is essential for the well-being of the country to find successful land reform models to implement. By critically evaluating successful land reform projects, important insights and lessons in building a more effective land reform and rural development programme in South Africa may be offered. The focus of the research is on the redistributive component of land reform, specifically the successful redistribution of agricultural land to improve the livelihoods of the rural poor. The research critically analyses the successful Harmony Trust land reform project located in the Koue Bokkeveld region in the Western Cape Province. The Harmony Trust project is a share equity project and farms profitably in a joint venture with a commercial partner, who also serves as the mentor. Livelihoods of the land reform beneficiaries have improved; for example, the beneficiaries were empowered, redistribution of benefits took place, and living and working conditions have improved.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 73-75. / by Oscar Fernández Taranco. / M.C.P.

Worldwide, school principals, especially those in secondary schools, have felt increased pressure in their roles as many countries press for higher levels of student attainment. At the same time, education reforms and, in many systems, increased delegation to school leaders, have greatly increased principals' responsibilities and made the job much more complicated. Given their strategic importance, it is not surprising that the role of principals has attracted great attention since the 1990s. The central focus of this thesis was an investigation and analysis of the impact of recent education reforms on the role of secondary school principals in China. At the time of writing no clear picture of the expectations placed on principals in China exists, though there is no doubt that these expectation are greatly increased. The aim of the study was to investigate principals' own views of their role, their main activities and priorities, and the main influences on these. Consideration was also given to the major challenge or problems confronting school principals, and to identify similarities and differences between the principals' roles and attitudes in China and in the West. Naturalistic qualitative methods were used to investigate the experiences of 28 school leaders regarding how their role has developed in China during this period of major education reforms. Semi-structured interviews and shadowing these principals as they went about their work were the main methods of data collection drawn on in this study. Further information was extracted from documents about training policies and programmes accessible via official websites. Thematic analysis of the interview data was conducted, to identify key themes and issues. The analysis suggests that school principals encounter new challenges as 'curriculum leaders', in developing with their staff new pedagogies that shift the balance away from 'teaching' onto 'learning', and in dealing with the expectation of multiple stakeholders. It also emerged that the principals felt that they did not have sufficient autonomy to lead their schools as they would wish, which restricted curriculum development. Regarding the key findings, the main worry of the principals was with poor student attainment. Under the 'high-stakes' testing system, invisible pressure is exerted on the school for improving test results. The quality of education has never been subject to so much scrutiny from such a wide range of stakeholders, including parents, the community, and employers. As a result, the role of principals has become more complicated, and they are under increasing pressure from higher expectations amongst those both in and outside of the school. Leadership development has been embraced as an important factor in meeting those expectations. However, the thesis argues that there is not sufficient training provided for principals to develop their skills to meet these expectations.

This dissertation focuses on an important Muslim periodical "Pengasoh" and the role it has played in the Muslim ‘reform’ discourses in early 20th century Malaya. The periodical was first published by the Majlis Agama Islam Kelantan (Kelantan’s State Islamic Council) in 1918. Within the context of Malay-Muslim society, Kelantan was, and in some ways remain, a particularly important centre for Islamic culture and learning, attracting teachers and students from across the region. The Majlis itself was established by some of the leading ulama on the Peninsula at the time. Many were educated in the Middle East and had close associations with some of the major Muslim reformists in Egypt and the Haramayn. The standing of the Kelantanese 'ulama' within Malay-Muslim Southeast Asia, and the role of "Pengasoh" within that community meant that the periodical gives a unique glimpse into the world of these intellectual-theocrats. In this sense, the study of “Pengasoh” is a prism which could further our understanding of the dynamics of Islamic intellectual culture in Kelantan – as well as the surrounding region – during the early decades of the 20th century. What this dissertation attempts to show is how the ideational aspects of this community may be better understood if two important factors are taken into account - the linkages throughout the Indian Ocean littoral which form the cultural and religious milieu which shaped the thinking within the Kelantanese ‘ulama’; and how this sits in a wider conversation between "Islam" and "modernity". This moves away from existing studies which sought to clearly demarcate these Islamicate discourses as one between ‘Modernist’ Muslims and their ‘traditionalist’ counterparts.

by Frances Kam Yuet Wong. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-290). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.iii / ABSTRACT --- p.iv / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND RELATED LITERATURE / Chapter 1.1 --- The research problem --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Related literature review --- p.8 / Section I / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Sociology of work --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sociology of profession --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Change of social structure in a post-industrial society --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- A new labouring process and control of work --- p.23 / Section II / Chapter 1.2.5 --- The health care system --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- The reconceptualization of nursing --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.6.1 --- Proletarianization of nursing --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.6.2 --- Professionalization in nursing --- p.32 / Chapter 1.2.7 --- Nursing education --- p.37 / Chapter 1.2.8 --- The nursing labour process --- p.43 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY / Chapter 2.1 --- Research methodology --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2 --- Data collection --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Documents --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Interviews --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Participant observation --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3 --- Data analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Extended case method --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Participant observation --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Treatment of data --- p.60 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- MICROLEVEL -WORK OF FRONTLINE NURSES / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2 --- Areas of work of frontline nurses at ward level --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Patient care --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Student supervision --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Staff development --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Ward in-charge --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Ward projects --- p.77 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Ward resource management --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3 --- Dynamics of work transformation at microlevel nursing practice --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- A new division of nursing labour --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The HA policy --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Medical dominance --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Development of the profession of nursing in hospitals --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.92 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- The nexus between profession and work --- p.92 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Professionalization and proletarianization of nursing --- p.94 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- The changing scene of medical dominance --- p.98 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- MESOLEVEL - WORK OF NURSES IN MIDDLE MANAGEMENT / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2 --- Areas of work of nurse managers at mesolevel --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Patient care --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Student supervision --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Staff development --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Operational and resource management --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Communication --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Planning and quality improvement --- p.115 / Chapter 4.3 --- Dynamics involved in the work of nurses at the mesolevel --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- A clear establishment of the status of nurse managers --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The nurse as a manager --- p.123 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- The attenuation of medical power by management forces --- p.129 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Management practice based on negotiation and rationality --- p.134 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- The Professional-Managerial Class (PMC) --- p.140 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- The emergence of a new class of nurse elite - the nurse managers --- p.143 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Production of nursing care and its reproduction --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Control of the means of production --- p.146 / Chapter 4.4.2.3 --- Ideological proletarianization --- p.148 / Chapter 4.4.2.4 --- Negotiation - guanxi and rational-legal authority --- p.149 / Chapter 4.4.2.5 --- The affinity between nursing and management --- p.152 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- MESOLEVEL - WORK OF NURSE SPECIALISTS / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2 --- Areas of work of nurse specialists (NS) at mesolevel --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Client care --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Project work --- p.164 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Staff development --- p.165 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Research --- p.166 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Management and communication --- p.168 / Chapter 5.3 --- Dynamics involved in the work of nurses at this mesolevel --- p.169 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Removal of NS's accountability from the management hierarchy --- p.170 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- The NS Referral --- p.173 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- The emergence of a new class of nurse elite - the Nurse Specialists --- p.180 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.185 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Legitimation of the work of the Nurse Specialists in the hospital --- p.185 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Differentiation of nursing practice - Advanced Nursing Practice --- p.192 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- MACROLEVEL - HOSPITAL AUTHORITY AT WORK / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.197 / Chapter 6.2 --- The work of the nurse executive in hospital --- p.198 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Human resource management and staff development --- p.202 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Management of departments and hospitals --- p.203 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Quality improvement --- p.205 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Research and professional development --- p.207 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Communication --- p.209 / Chapter 6.3 --- The direction of nursing work at the level of hospital authority --- p.210 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Overall nursing direction and development --- p.213 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Nursing role delineation and work redesign --- p.215 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Recruitment and retention of Nurses --- p.223 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- New direction for nursing education --- p.225 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.228 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Corporatization of health care system in Hong Kong --- p.229 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- The control of nursing labour process --- p.233 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Regulation of nursing through education --- p.237 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.249 / Chapter 7.2 --- The nexus of profession and work --- p.250 / Chapter 7.3 --- Charting a pathway for nursing towards the twenty-first century --- p.258 / Chapter 7.4 --- A micro-meso-macro approach of social analysis --- p.269 / Chapter 7.5 --- Practical implications of the study --- p.271 / Chapter 7.6 --- Limitations of the study --- p.273 / REFERENCES --- p.276 / APPENDICES / Chapter 1 --- Abbreviations --- p.291 / Chapter 2 --- Interview guide --- p.292 / Chapter 3 --- A sample of appointment specification of HCA --- p.293 / Chapter 4 --- A sample of appointment specification of RN --- p.294 / Chapter 5 --- A sample of appointment specification of NO --- p.295 / Chapter 6 --- A sample of appointment specification of NS --- p.296 / Chapter 7 --- A sample of appointment specification of WM --- p.297 / Chapter 8 --- A sample of appointment specification of DOM --- p.298 / Chapter 9 --- A sample of appointment specification of GMN --- p.299 / Chapter 10 --- Nursing strategies: Towards the year2000 --- p.300