Geopolímero é um material que possui boas propriedades físicas e químicas como resistência mecânica, resistência a ataque químico, material inerte depois de pronto, é de fácil obtenção, pois a sua base é uma argila, material abundante e de baixo custo. Muitos trabalhos são desenvolvidos com o geopolímero, como aplicações para pisos, cimentos, refratários, adesivos e isolamento acústico e térmico. O desenvolvimento do geopolímero é simples, são necessário um percussor que pode ser metacaulim ou argilas com quantidades aceitáveis de SiO2 e Al2O3, um ativador alcalino como NaOH, KOH ou silicato de sódio e aditivos se necessário para contribuir com algumas relações molares que devem ser atendidas para a formação do geoplímero. A formação do geopolímero ocorre através de reações de policondensação originando uma estrutura amorfa e até cristalina dependendo do processo. O uso de aditivos e agregados conferem características desejadas como melhor resistência mecânica, melhor capacidade de isolamento térmico ou acústico, melhor resistência química entre outros fatores. A execução foi a partir do metacaulim com o uso de NaOH e aditivos, a serragem e fibras de sisal ( algave sisalana ) para conferir maiores porosidades no geopolímero desenvolvido. O geopolímero desenvolvido gerou valores de resistência mecânica na ordem de 20 MPa em um tempo de cura de 11 dias, sua densidade variou de 1,0 a 2,5 g/ml, a porosidade volumétrica ficou na faixa de 25,0% a 47,0%, as concentrações utilizadas de NaOH foram entre 0,0 e 15,0 mol/Litro. Todos os dados foram compatíveis com dados verificados em literatura. / Geopolymer is a material that has good physical and chemical properties such as mechanical resistance, chemical etch resistance, inert material after ready, it is easy to obtain because its base is a clay, abundant material and low cost. Many jobs are developed with the geopolymer, such as floor applications, cements, refractories, adhesives and acoustic and thermal insulation. The development of the geopolymer is simple, a percussor is required which may be metakaolin or clays with acceptable amounts of SiO2 and Al2O3, an alkaline activator such as NaOH, KOH or sodium silicate and additives if necessary to contribute some molar ratios that must be met for the formation of the geoplímero. The formation of the geopolymer occurs through polycondensation reactions leading to an amorphous and even crystalline structure depending on the process. The use of additives and aggregates impart desired characteristics such as better mechanical strength, better thermal or acoustic insulation capacity, better chemical resistance among other factors. The execution was from metacaulim with the use of NaOH and additives, sawdust and sisal fibers (algae sisalana) to impart larger porosities in the developed geopolymer. The developed geopolymer generated values of mechanical strength in the order of 20 MPa in a cure time of 11 days, its density ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 gmL-1, the volumetric porosity was in the range of 25.0% to 47,0%, the concentrations of NaOH used were between 0.0 and 15.0 mol / Liter. All data were compatible with data verified in the literature.

No description available.

The Grate-Kiln-Cooler process is a commonly used method of sintering during iron ore pelletization, where the pellets are formed, dried, and hardened. The pellets are oxidized in the rotating Kiln, turning magnetite (Fe3O4) to hematite (Fe2O3), making the pellets attain suitable metallurgical attributes for further processing. The process is constantly exposed to thermal and mechanical stress, causing equipment degradation and thus unwanted production stops due to internal process disturbances. A suitable maintenance policy is required to cope with the risk of equipment degradation causing these production stops. Predictive maintenance (PdM) is the most current maintenance policy, utilizing a substantial amount of production data to foresee breakdowns and thus indicating the need for maintenance efforts to prevent them from occurring.           The global supplier of iron ore products, Loussavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB), operates three pelletization plants in Kiruna. One of these pelletization plants experiences availability below desired levels. This hampers the plant from fulfilling its yearly production goals, resulting in lost revenue. This master's thesis aimed to increase the understanding of which causes influence the Grate-Kiln-Cooler process' availability. When these causes were identified, the aim was to develop a method of monitoring these to predict the need for maintenance (i.e., incorporating a PdM policy) to mitigate the risk of production stops. The work has been conducted by utilizing the systematic problem-solving DMAIC methodology.    The refractory material was identified as the primary contributor to the low availability in the investigated plant. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and statistical process control (SPC), a Hotelling T2 chart based on principal components was established to monitor the refractory material's condition. In this context, the combined usage of PCA and SPC highlighted three possible tendencies in the Kiln that potentially damaged the refractory material, causing production stops. The observed tendencies with the possibility of damaging the refractory material were; abnormally high refractory material temperatures, periods where the pellets' temperature exceeded the refractory material's temperature, and sporadic heat fluctuations in the refractory material.  The utilized Hotelling T2 chart provided a current state evaluation of the refractory material's condition and thus indicated the need for maintenance efforts. However, it was impossible to predict breakdowns by identifying patterns in either the T2-statistics or the individual charts. The inability to predict stops was derived from obstacles related to lacking documentation, deficient data, and that the time for breakdown is difficult to determine accurately. These obstacles hinder the prediction of breakdowns and, therefore, need to be dealt with to facilitate the implementation of a successful PdM strategy.

Anlagen zur Herstellung von Synthesegas (CO·H2) aus kohlenstoffhaltigen Rohstoffen werden durch hohe Temperaturen bis zu 1600 °C und Drücken bis zu 50 bar beansprucht und benötigen daher Schutz durch eine feuerfeste Ausmauerung. Zur Steigerung der Effizienz und Lebensdauer solcher Vergasungsanlagen ist die Entwicklung neuer keramischer Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe erforderlich. Solch ein Material stellt eine Al2O3-reiche Gießmasse dar, welche durch den gezielten Einsatz verschiedener ZrO2- und TiO2-Gehalte optimiert wurde. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass bereits durch die Zugabe geringer Mengen an ZrO2 bzw. TiO2 sowohl die Temperaturwechselbeständigkeit als auch die Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Al2O3 gegenüber Kohleschlacken erheblich verbessert werden kann, was auf die Ausbildung einer Spinell-Schutzschicht während des Korrosionsvorgangs zurückzuführen ist.

This diploma thesis deals with the choice of the most suitable composition of a ceramic shell mold for aluminum castings made by investment casting technology. The most suitable composition of the ceramic shells is chosen based on the results of the tests and from economic point of view. This thesis also deals with evaluation of the current conditions of the production of ceramic shells in Alucast, s.r.o and recommendations for stabilizing the process of manufacturing ceramic shell molds.

Diploma thesis is focused to the optimization of the ceramic shell for pouring thin walled aluminium castings by investment casting technology. The main objective is firstly to find the optimal binding system (ceramic slurry) and stucco materials for the shell and secondly its optimal structure and heat treatment (drying of each coat and final shell firing) before metal pouring.

Anlagen zur Herstellung von Synthesegas (CO·H2) aus kohlenstoffhaltigen Rohstoffen werden durch hohe Temperaturen bis zu 1600 °C und Drücken bis zu 50 bar beansprucht und benötigen daher Schutz durch eine feuerfeste Ausmauerung. Zur Steigerung der Effizienz und Lebensdauer solcher Vergasungsanlagen ist die Entwicklung neuer keramischer Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe erforderlich. Solch ein Material stellt eine Al2O3-reiche Gießmasse dar, welche durch den gezielten Einsatz verschiedener ZrO2- und TiO2-Gehalte optimiert wurde. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass bereits durch die Zugabe geringer Mengen an ZrO2 bzw. TiO2 sowohl die Temperaturwechselbeständigkeit als auch die Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Al2O3 gegenüber Kohleschlacken erheblich verbessert werden kann, was auf die Ausbildung einer Spinell-Schutzschicht während des Korrosionsvorgangs zurückzuführen ist.