Attempts to eliminate lead ammunition use for hunting through regulatory approaches can be controversial and contentious, despite extensive scientific evidence of the detrimental effect of lead on wildlife species. In the United States, voluntary approaches to non-lead use that have used outreach and education in place of regulatory approaches have achieved sustained behavioral change in hunter ammunition choice. However, voluntary approaches to alternative ammunition use can be confronted with both practical and social barriers. In collaboration with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Research Units Program, this study assessed the practical and social barriers associated with a voluntary approach to transitioning to non-lead ammunition for hunting white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on targeted National Wildlife Refuges in the Northeast United States. This thesis is presented in two sections. Section one examines the continued use of lead ammunition in the context of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation (the Model). The Model presents a unique approach to wildlife conservation grounded in the sustainable use of wildlife resources maintained in a public trust. In accordance with the Model, wildlife resources in the trust are managed by the government at a population level to maintain trust resources in perpetuity for the benefit of current and future generations of the American public. Continued lead ammunition use for hunting that facilitates pathways to exposure for non-target species presents a unique challenge to a core principle of the Model – known as legitimate purpose -- and questions whether lead ammunition use can align with the Model even in the absence of population level impacts. In addition, chapter one explores whether continued lead ammunition use can be considered ethical hunting behavior under the current definition of a “clean kill”. Chapter two presents the results of a both a quantitative mail-back survey and qualitative focus group discussions conducted at three refuges in the Northeast Region: Rachel Carson in Maine, Edwin B. Forsythe in New Jersey and Rappahannock River Valley in Virginia. The mail-back survey assessed how current lead users view the practical barriers associated with the voluntary use of non-lead ammunition for the purpose of harvesting white-tailed deer and what factors would influence hunters to switch. Focus group discussions assessed hunter understanding of the mechanism of exposure for non-target species and how hunters contextualize the continued use of lead ammunition for the purpose of harvesting white-tailed deer.

As globalization continues spreading , the risk of an increase in transnational crime becomes a greater reality. The purpose of this thesis is to study the relationship between the global migration crisis and its affects on terrorism. My main thesis is The Global Migration Crisis promotes the spread of terrorism. The dependent variable is terrorism. The independent variables are civil and foreign unrest, economic instability, and political insecurity that all bring about the opportunity of the Global Migration Crisis. As the Global Migration Crisis continues to expand throughout the world, transnational crime increases; thus providing a positive correlation between the two variables. Human trafficking and the refugee situation generally incorporate issues of transnational crime, such as drug and arms trafficking and terrorism. As human trafficking and refugee situations increase, the ability and elements needed to foster and promote transnational crime increases, particularly that of terrorism. Thus, if one wishes to reduce the occurrence and ability for terrorism, it is imperative to concentrate on reducing the elements that all it to spawn and exist.

Le Mali a connu en 2012 un conflit qui est sans précédent, même s’il s’inscrit dans la lignée de plusieurs mouvements de rébellion des populations touareg de la partie nord du pays depuis l’indépendance. La crise qui en découle n’est pas résorbée encore. La reconstruction de l’Etat et le retour des populations malienne déplacées et réfugiées sont au coeur de la problématique du post conflit. Ces deux enjeux sont liés, et de longue date. La défaillance et la faiblesse de l’Etat malien, qui n’était pourtant pas considéré avant 2012 comme un Etat fragile, est une des causes des migrations forcées des populations du Nord. La crise depuis 2012 peut se lire comme la crise de l’Etat m alien, crise de légitimité, d’effectivité et d’efficacité. En étudiant la trajectoire des réfugiés maliens dans les camps de Abala et Tabarey-barey au Niger, en décryptant les conditions posées à leur retour, nous pouvons dessiner « en creux » un « besoin d’Etat » matériel et symbolique, exprimé de manière plus ou moins consciente par les réfugiés. Mais le processus de reconstruction de l’Etat malien, conditionné par la temporalité et les modalités de la sortie du conflit, façonné par les rapports de force internes et externes esquisse une toute autre réalité étatique. / In 2012, Mali experienced a conflict that was unprecedented even in a string of rebellious movements by the Touareg population since the country’s independence. The ensuing crisis has not yet been resolved. The reconstruction of the state and the return of the displaced and refugee populations of Mali are at the heart of the post-conflict problem. These two issues are related and have affected each other for a long time. The failure and weakness of the Malian state, which was not considered fragile before 2012, is one of the causes of forced migration of northern populations. The crisis since 2012 can be interpreted as the crisis of the Malian state: a crisis of legitimacy, effectiveness, and efficiency. By studying the trajectory of Malian refugees in the camps of Abala and Tabarey-barey in Niger; by decrypting the conditions laid down for their return, we can draw "in hollow" a "need of State" material and symbolic, expressed more or less consciously by the refugees. However, the process of reconstruction of the Malian state, conditioned by the temporality and modalities of the exit from the conflict, shaped by the internal and external power relations, sketches a completely different state reality.

No description available.

This thesis examines the Ballarat Female Refuge, the first such institution on the Australian goldfields, as a case study of the interrelationship between charity and power. Established in 1867 by a group of twenty-six Protestant women with the intention of reforming prostitutes, the Refuge became a shelter for single mothers. An analysis of its history over the period 1867 to 1921 highlights attitudes towards female sexuality, and demonstrates how moral authority was exercised through this highly-gendered institution. The thesis locates the Ballarat Female Refuge within both an international history of female refuges and the network of voluntary charities which developed in nineteenth-century Ballarat. It argues that such charities were influential in the consolidation of class barriers in the goldfields city. While they were founded as a result of both evangelical religious fervour and humanitarian concern, they sought to impose middleclass moral values on their inmates, simultaneously conferring status and prestige on their committee members The thesis analyses the Protestant Ballarat Female Refuge through an examination of its committee, staff and residents in order to identify aspects of both power and mutuality in the charity relationship. It also looks at the symbolic systems operating at the Refuge, in particular the meanings of the wall and the laundry in the processes of exclusion and reformation. Drawing on narrative, biographical, statistical and genealogical sources, it details the ways in which moral authority was exercised through the Ballarat Female Refuge.

This thesis is a study of the processes by which domestic violence, as framed by Australian feminists from the early 1970s, was inserted into the policy agenda of governments, and developed into a comprehensive body of policy. The thesis covers the period between 1970 and 1985. Acknowledging the federal nature of the Australian polity, it examines these processes that unfolded within both the Australian Commonwealth government and the government of New South Wales. The thesis provides a political history of domestic violence policy making in the identified period. It shows that policy responses to women escaping violent partners included both immediate measures (such as protection and justice strategies) and more long-term measures to attempt to secure the conditions for women�s financial, legal and personal autonomy. The elements found to have been most significant in shaping the development of such policies were the roles and identities of the participant players, including the driving role of the women suffering partner violence; the lack of contest in the early stages of policy achievement with established professionals in related fields; the uniquely �hybrid� role and positioning of refuge feminists; and the degree of integration and continuity which characterised the domestic violence policy process. The thesis also investigates the relationship between domestic violence policy making and the broader women�s policy enterprise. It demonstrates the care with which those involved avoided the dangers of sensationalism and tokenism while striving for an appropriate policy response. The thesis pays particular attention to the circumstances in which feminists in the early 1970s experienced their �discovery� of domestic violence. It demonstrates the significance of social and economic circumstances in shaping the political options of feminists in the thesis period and those preceding it, and the extent to which policy possibilities are shaped by representations of the nature and functions of policy itself. Finally, the thesis investigates the relationship between the strategic processes undertaken and the policy outcomes produced, finding that policies achieved in the thesis period complemented and in some ways transcended accepted policy practice in the relevant period.

Lobjectif général de cette thèse était de comprendre lhistoire évolutive du campagnol roussâtre (Myodes glareolus) en Eurasie à laide de la génétique moléculaire et des méthodes développées en phylogéographie et en génétique des populations mais aussi, par une approche multidisciplinaire impliquant des données morphologiques, paléontologiques, géologiques, paléoenvironnementales, écologiques et éthologiques. Un patron phylogéographique complexe et unique a été mis en évidence par la découverte de cinq lignées méditerranéennes et quatre lignées continentales pour cette espèce. Chacune de ces lignées présente une histoire évolutive particulière et permet de jeter un éclairage nouveau sur certains concepts et processus phylogéographiques. Le patron phylogéographique dune espèce peut être perçu comme un système en perpétuelle évolution, les réponses des organismes face aux changements environnementaux pouvant être très variables en termes de contraction, expansion, différenciation et extinction. La découverte de plusieurs lignées de campagnols roussâtres en péninsule ibérique, italienne et en Europe centrale révèle la complexité phylogéographique rencontrée au niveau de certaines régions refuges. La fragmentation du milieu durant les glaciations aurait conduit à structurer lespace géographique en îles dhabitat ou îles continentales (les refuges glaciaires) qui ont joué et jouent encore un rôle majeur dans lémergence et lévolution de la diversité génétique intraspécifique. Dans cette optique, cette thèse de doctorat révèle que les populations méditerranéennes savèrent être les garantes des plus hautes valeurs de diversité et de richesse intraspécifique malgré le fait quelles occupent une petite partie de laire de distribution de lespèce. Les régions méditerranéennes ont vu la contraction et lexpansion de nombreuses populations despèces tempérées au fil des refroidissements et réchauffements du Pleistocène. A côté de cette stratégie de survie des populations face aux changements climatiques, notre étude montre que certaines populations situées dans des refuges glaciaires nordiques ont été capables de survivre in situ aux glaciations, en recherchant localement les conditions environnementales les plus favorables ou en sadaptant à un nouvel environnement. En Russie, les populations de campagnols roussâtres ont subi une diminution drastique de leur diversité génétique et une extinction de plusieurs populations, suite aux changements brutaux des ceintures de végétation dans cette région durant les changements climatiques. Néanmoins, il existe un signal dexpansion post-glaciaire large et rapide pour ces populations ce qui montre leur capacité dexpansion sur de très longues distances dès que lhabitat leur redevient plus favorable. Finalement, létude dune lignée de campagnol roussâtre introgressée par lADN mitochondrial dune autre espèce, nous a permis daborder la question de lhybridation interspécifique chez les mammifères. La découverte de cette lignée largement étendue géographiquement et, dans certaines régions, très probablement soumise à la sélection naturelle, démontre que lhybridation interspécifique peut aussi être source de diversité et dadaptation chez les mammifères.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 125 p. : ill., map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-96).

Antrojo pasaulinio karo pabėgėlių patekimo ir buvimo Lietuvoje istorija dar nėra sulaukusi išsamių ir detalių tyrimų. Šiandien tyrinėtojams prieinama istoriografija tik epizodiškai aprašo Antrojo pasaulinio karo pabėgėlių buvimo Lietuvoje raidą, jų santykius su Lietuvos administracija, vietos gyventojais. Disertacijos tyrimo objektas: Antrojo pasaulinio karo pabėgėliai Lietuvoje, jų patekimo, buvimo ir išvykimo iš Lietuvos Respublikos 1939–1940 m. raida. Pirmoji darbo dalis skirta pristatyti svetimšalių ir karo pabėgėlių sąvokų panašumams ir skirtumams remiantis Lietuvos teisiniais aktais aptarti. Antroji dalis skirta internuotiesiems Lenkijos kariams. Joje aptariama Lenkijos karių internavimas, internuotųjų stovyklų steigimas, stovyklų tinklo kaita bei jų likvidavimas. Atskiruose skyriuose nagrinėta internuotų karių gyvenimo stovyklose kasdienybė, karių repatriacija į Sovietų Sąjungos ir Vokietijos užimtas teritorijas bei internuotųjų karių perėmimas iš sovietų pusės 1940 m. vasarą. Trečioji disertacijos dalis skirta civiliams karo pabėgėliams. Parodomi pabėgėlių administravimo aspektai remiantis Komisariato karo atbėgėlių reikalams tvarkyti ir Lietuvos Raudonojo Kryžiaus veikla. Kadangi absoliučią pabėgėlių daugumą sudarė lenkų ir žydų tautybių pabėgėliai buvo aptarta kiekviena tautinė grupė atskirai bei Lietuvos pilietybės suteikimo problematika. Stengtasi parodyti lenkų pabėgėlių bei Vilniaus krašto gyventojų „ateivių“ teisinį statusą Lietuvos Respublikoje. Bandyta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of the dissertation covers World War II refugee in Lithuania, their coming, staying and leaving Lithuania in 1939 – 1940. The first chapter of dissertation discusses similarities and differences of terms foreigner and refugee according to domestic legislation. Furthermore, the peculiarities of foreigners in pre war Lithuania and World War II refugees are analyzed and the features of refugee integration are depicted. The following aspects have been under discussion as well: the circumstances of war refugee legislation, the situation of Lithuanian legislation according to international conventions. The second chapter analyses the life of Polish internees in Lithuania. Organizational work of establishing internee camps, the changes of camps’ network and its liquidation are discussed there. Separate subchapters analyze the subordination of internee soldiers to army units, the everyday life of internees in camps as well as internees repatriation to the territories occupied by Soviet Union and Germany. The third chapter concentrates on the civil refugees. The first subchapter analyses the aspects of refugee administration in Lithuania by Lithuanian Red Cross and Commissariat for refugee affairs. The absolute majority of refugees in Lithuania were Jewish and Polish. Due to that, the third chapter is divided into subchapters by refugees’ nationalities. Subchapters analyzing Polish refugees present the status of Polish refugees and newcomers in Lithuania and the aspects of... [to full text]

This thesis is a study of the processes by which domestic violence, as framed by Australian feminists from the early 1970s, was inserted into the policy agenda of governments, and developed into a comprehensive body of policy. The thesis covers the period between 1970 and 1985. Acknowledging the federal nature of the Australian polity, it examines these processes that unfolded within both the Australian Commonwealth government and the government of New South Wales. The thesis provides a political history of domestic violence policy making in the identified period. It shows that policy responses to women escaping violent partners included both immediate measures (such as protection and justice strategies) and more long-term measures to attempt to secure the conditions for women�s financial, legal and personal autonomy. The elements found to have been most significant in shaping the development of such policies were the roles and identities of the participant players, including the driving role of the women suffering partner violence; the lack of contest in the early stages of policy achievement with established professionals in related fields; the uniquely �hybrid� role and positioning of refuge feminists; and the degree of integration and continuity which characterised the domestic violence policy process. The thesis also investigates the relationship between domestic violence policy making and the broader women�s policy enterprise. It demonstrates the care with which those involved avoided the dangers of sensationalism and tokenism while striving for an appropriate policy response. The thesis pays particular attention to the circumstances in which feminists in the early 1970s experienced their �discovery� of domestic violence. It demonstrates the significance of social and economic circumstances in shaping the political options of feminists in the thesis period and those preceding it, and the extent to which policy possibilities are shaped by representations of the nature and functions of policy itself. Finally, the thesis investigates the relationship between the strategic processes undertaken and the policy outcomes produced, finding that policies achieved in the thesis period complemented and in some ways transcended accepted policy practice in the relevant period.