In an economically developing world, the process of modernization has been proven to change people’s cultural and political values. Political scientists Ronald Inglehart and Christian Wetzel’s revised theory of modernization shows evidence that people’s political and cultural values move along two dimensions in a predictable pattern. Economic development shift people’s values from traditional and survival toward more secular-rational and self- expressive. This rise in post-material values has unknown effects on people’s mental health. Using Esping-Andersen’s theory on welfare state regimes the aim of this study is to both examine what effect post-material values have on mental health and, furthermore, if this effect plays out differently in different welfare state regimes. This was done using regression analysis based on data from a large number of countries from all over the world. The results of the analysis show that a rise in post-material values is positively correlated with worse mental health. But when welfare state regimes were brought into the model the relationship between post-material values and mental health did not stay the same but varied in its effect across the different regimes. The conservative welfare state regime stood out as the regime in which post-material values generated the worst mental health. On the whole, results indicate that the relationship between post-material values, welfare state regimes and mental health is a very complex relationship that is in need of further examination.

Slug velocity measurement and flow regime recognition using acoustic emission technology are presented. Two non-intrusive and three intrusive methods were employed to detect the slug regime and measure its velocity using AE sensors. For the non-intrusive methods, AE sensors were placed directly on the exterior of the steel pipe section of the test rig with and without clamps. The intrusive method involved using different waveguide configurations with the AE sensors flush with the inner wall of the pipe. The experimental study presented investigated the application of Acoustic Emission (AE) technology for detecting slug velocity in addition to differentiating flow regime in two-phase (gas/liquid) flow in horizontal pipes. It is concluded that the slug velocity can be determined with acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The results were compared to slug velocities measured using high speed camera (HSC) and Ultrasound Transit Time (UST) techniques with good agreement between the three techniques at low gas void fraction (GVF). However, at high GVF (up to 95%) where the UST technique has limitations in application, the AE and HSC offered a good agreement. Flow regimes were also differentiated by using a combination of AE technology and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test technique. Stratified, slug and bubble regimes were recognised differentiated.

This study explores the relation between Scandinavian donor private sector development and collaboration (PSD/PSC) policies and recipients of the support in Mozambique. It seeks to understand how such relations function in the complex local political and business environment. The study departs in theory regarding hybrid regimes and private sector development, and an analytical framework is designed as a model for relations based on theories on state-business relations and aid effectiveness. The material was gathered during a two-months field study where interviews were carried out with key actors of development cooperation such as embassy staff, fund managers and local entrepreneurs. The study finds that several PSC tools are shaped according to a western point of view and not always well adjusted to the local Mozambican context. It also finds that the design of the policies in many cases produces a high entrance barrier to Mozambican entrepreneurs, why most recipients are essentially foreign business people.

To date, no published research has focused on women's homelessness within the comparative housing context. This thesis bridges that gap. In doing so, the thesis fuses the three theoretical frameworks of welfare theory, comparative analysis and feminism and social policy to reveal the similarities and differences between the "homelessness systems" of England, Ireland and France and how these systems respond to homeless women. The thesis demonstrates the value of using welfare typologies to ground comparative research but also shows how dominant welfare theory is inherently gender blind by its over reliance on the dichotomies of the state and the market. The thesis shows how welfare regime theory places an undue emphasis on paid employment to the detriment of women's unpaid labour as carers of children thereby reinforcing the gender stereotypes on which welfare typologies depend. By using Leeds, Cork and Lyon as instrumental case study cities, the thesis reviews the nature of each country's distinct welfare approach within a feminist review of welfare theory in England, Ireland and France. The institutional risk to homelessness for women in each case study country is assessed by focusing on four interrelated variables which have consistently been identified as causing and perpetuating homelessness amongst women. In assessing the institutional risk, reference is made to notions of modern risk society. The four variables selected for the analysis were: domestic violence; relationship breakdown; poverty and being a household type of a single parent family. Analysis of primary data from homelessness professionals in each case study city revealed that whilst being a single parent family was most frequently identified by respondents as a primary trigger to homelessness in women in the three case study cities, this institutional risk was substantially reduced in Lyon. The research has also shown significant variations between countries in respect of the relative risk posed by poverty, domestic violence and relationship breakdown and the thesis relates these differences to key debates surrounding welfare regime theory and feminism. The thesis highlights women's over reliance on state sponsored solutions to homelessness both at the point of housing crisis and in the longer term, despite the variation in homelessness systems, the nature and level of "social" housing stock and the relative ideological commitment towards homeownership in each country.

This dissertation investigates factors that predict compliance with international regimes, specifically the Non-Proliferation Regime. Generally accepted in international relations literature, is Krasner’s (1983) definition that regimes are “sets of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actor expectations converge in a given [issue] area of international relations.” Using institutionalization as a framework, I hypothesize that compliance is a function of the respect for which a nation has for the rule of law. I investigate the NP regime through the lens of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540, a mandate for member nations to enact domestic legislation criminalizing the proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Using NP regime compliance and implementation of UNSCR 1540’s mandates as dependent variables, I test the hypotheses with the following independent variables: rule of law, political competition, and regional compliance. I also present qualitative case studies on Argentina, South Africa, and Malaysia. The quantitative results of these analyses indicated a strong relationship between rule of law and regional compliance and a nation’s compliance with the overall NP regime and implementation of UNSCR 1540. These results indicate a nation will institutionalize the NP norms, and comply with the specifics of implementation. The results of in-depth analysis of Argentina, South Africa, and Malaysia showed that predicting an individual nation’s compliance is more complex than descriptions of government capacity or geography. Argentina and South Africa, expected by the hypotheses to exhibit low to medium compliance and implementation, scored high and well above their region for both measures. Malaysia, expected to score high in compliance, scored low. Findings thus reveal that rule of law is probably less influential on individual cases and regional compliance and cooperation better predictors of a nation’s compliance with a security regime.

<p>The ability to raise revenue is one of the most fundamental requirements for state- hood. Without revenues, states are unable to perform even the most basic tasks. In this dissertation I aim to answer the question: When do authoritarian elites in- vest in fiscal capacity? First, I develop a theoretical argument using computational modeling techniques. I contend that inequality increases the costs associated with higher fiscal capacity due to a possible regime change in the future. On the other hand, elite demand for government spending can raise the incentives for autocrats to increase the tax capacity of the state. Complimentarity between elite-owned capital and government investment can lead to a demand for higher taxation. Based on their personal utility associated with government spending, elites weigh the current benefit of higher tax capacity with possible future costs.</p><p>I then test the overarching theoretical argument across two different datasets. First, I empirically investigate the question on a sample of over 90 authoritarian regimes from 1980 to 2006. Estimating a number of different models and including a variety of controls, I find that inequality has a strong negative long term effect on fiscal capacity. On the other hand, more industrial countries have higher levels of capacity. In the second empirical chapter, I investigate the theoretical argument on newly collected data on tax revenue and administrative spending in local Prussian counties in the 19th century. Again, I find that local inequality has strong negative effects, while more industrial areas are associated with higher levels of fiscal capacity.</p> / Dissertation

This paper explores cross-country variations in charitable giving and investigates the association of welfare state policies with private philanthropy. Hypotheses are drawn from crowding-out theory and considerations about the influence of a country's mixed economy of welfare. We add to the on-going discussion concerning the crowding-out hypothesis with empirical evidence by looking at specific charitable subsectors people donate to across countries. Using Eurobarometer survey data that include 23 countries, we find no evidence for a crowding-out effect, but rather a crosswise crowding-in effect of private donations. Moreover, giving behaviour differs between non-profit regimes.

Faculty of Science Schoolof Animal,Plant and Enviromental Sciences 0008745g / Barleria argillicola and B. greenii are two rare endemics restricted to the midlands of KwaZulu Natal at Estcourt. They were studied for allozyme variation and differentiation, pollination biology, management strategies and red data re-assessment. The population genetic structure of these endemics was compared using allozymes with that of a related more widespread species (B. saxatilis) in order determine the baseline genetic data for conservation management of the rare species, and to test current theory regarding population genetics of rare species. The endemics are sympatric although ecologically separated in different habitats. Their populations occur in areas with different fire and grazing regimes; a two year burning cycle on privately owned land and four year burning cycle in the Weenen Game Reserve. Livestock grazes on the privately owned land but stocking rates are very low in the Nature Reserve. The proposed Gongolo Reserve will include most populations currently in the privately owned land. Allozyme variation and differentiation was studied using starch gel electrophoresis. The relationship between the observed levels of allozyme diversity and plant mating systems is discussed. The effects of the management regimes B. greenii were studied in eight 15m by 15m quadrats from three populations in the four year burning cycle, three populations in the two year burning cycle and one population from the annual burn. In B. argillicola, three populations from eroded areas and two from non-eroded flat areas were studied. Results for B. argillicola showed low allozyme diversity, low reproductive effort, an IUCN rating of Critically Endangered, short flowering season, high within-flower pollen transfer and habitat loss through erosion and road maintenance. Barleria greenii also merits high conservation priority but is not as threatened as B. argillicola. It is locally abundant with an IUCN rating of Vulnerable. Fire is the major disturbance in B. greenii. Both endemics are self-compatible, facultative breeding system and set fruits when pollinators are excluded but B. argillicola has also shown reduced demographic reliance on seeds through vegetative growth of genets (branching of the vegetative body in the sporophyte through clonal growth of roots). The management regime that favours the two species is different: a two year burning cycle with moderate grazing favours B. greenii but a four year burning cycle with light grazing favours B. argillicola. It is recommended that the two endemics be managed differently through block burning. Comparison of population genetic structure using allozyme data between the two endemics and their widespread congener (B. saxatilis) revealed very low genetic diversity in the widespread congener. It is possible that cleistogamy in this species facilitates its widespread distribution. Low levels of allozyme variability could not be associated with the rarity of the endemics but rather with their mating systems that favour inbreeding.

The U.S. food system is afflicted by a variety of social, ecological, and economic predicaments including hunger, food access inequalities, soil and water degradation, and lack of community control over food. Scholars and activists agree that in order for U.S. food movement actors to affect significant system-wide change, players must bridge a multitude of issue areas and ideological differences. Despite thorough analyses of local and regional food systems, little research has been conducted on either national level advocacy perspectives or the ties that bind and divide food advocacy coalitions. This dissertation's central research question examines how the U.S food advocacy movement works to resist the hegemonic domination of the national food system by state and corporate actors. To answer this question, this project develops a social network analysis of 71 national-level food advocacy actors, compiles web-based issue and tax data, and conducts 36 semi-structured interviews with senior food activist staff. Social movement literature and Antonio Gramsci's concepts of counter-hegemonic movements and wars of position inform the findings and reveal the national food movement's nascent propensity to unite cultural and class struggles to create significant pressure for systematic change in the U.S. food system. Additionally, this research tests existing theoretical work related to the food advocacy network and distinctions between interest group and social movement type organizations. This dissertation reveals that despite most activists' conviction that a constellation of agri-business and state policies dominate the U.S. food system, significant network rifts, framing dilemmas, strategic conflicts, and resource complexities prevent national food activists from generating a robust challenge to hegemonic food system actors.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the correlation between the penetration force of cutting fluids and machining stability. General studies are made to understand the classification of cutting fluids based on their chemical compositions. It is summarized why the proper selection of cutting fluid for different machining processes is important. The role of cutting fluids in machining process is documented as well as other related issues such as delivery methods, storage, recycling, disposal and failure modes. The uniqueness of this thesis is that it constructs a new mathematical model that would help to explain and quantify the influence of the penetration force of cutting fluid on machining stability. The basic principles of milling process, especially for thin wall machining are reviewed for building the mathematical model. The governing equations of the mathematical model are derived and solved analytically. The derived solutions are used to construct the stability charts. The results show that there is a direct correlation between the machining stability and the changes of the penetration force of the cutting fluid. It is shown that the machining stability region is narrowed as the penetration force of the cutting fluid increases while other machining variables are assumed to be constant. This narrowness of the stability region is more obvious at spindle speed over 6000 rpm.