Assignment (MA ) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Informal settlements are a common feature of the urban landscape in contemporary South Africa and constitute one of the biggest challenges to urban planning and management at present. The political and legislative changes over the past decade have altered the approach to the management of informal settlements. This study starts out by examining the global trends and theory of urbanization, with special focus on the Third World. The various legal and policy frameworks relating to informal settlement and housing, as well as the implications thereof on urban management, are also examined. The assignment then proceeds to analyze the applicability and effectiveness of structured, formalized planning with regard to the management of informal settlement. The said analysis is followed by recommendations for the management of informal settlement, based on the preceding chapters. These recommendations suggest the following: Planners and authorities should be more proactive m planning for informal settlements. The applicability of individualized services should be reconsidered due to affordability and the inability of individualized facilities to cater for high levels of immigration. The study finally exanunes current strategies employed within the Cape Metropolitan Area, with special reference to the "Fast Tracking" process applied by the Helderberg Municipality. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: lnformele nedersettings is 'n algemene gesig in die stedelike landskap van Suid-Afrika en is tans een van die grootste uitdagings in die veld van beplanning. Die politieke en wetlike veranderinge oor die afgelope dekade het groot veranderinge in die benadering en bestuur van inforrnele vestiging tot gevolg gehad. Die werkstuk begin deur die huidige globale neigings en teoriee oor verstedeliking aan te spreek, met spesifieke verwysing na die Derde Wereld. Die verskeie wetlike- en beleidsraamwerke waarin inforrnele vestiging en behuising gereguleer word, asook die implikasies daarvan, word ook bestudeer. Die werkstuk analiseer ook vervolgens die toepaslikheid en effektiviteit van gestruktureerde en geforrnaliseerde beplanning ten opsigte van inforrnele vestiging. Die genoemde analise word gevolg deur sekere voorstelle wat gemaak word aangaande die bestuur van inforrnele vestiging. Hierdie voorstelle sluit die volgende in: Beplanners en owerhede moet meer pro-aktief wees ten opsigte van bestuur en beplanning van inforrnele vestiging Die toepaslikheid van dienste, wat fokus op individuele huishoudings, moet heroorweeg word aangesien dit onbekostigbaar vir beide verbruiker en verskaffer kan wees. Hierdie dienste is ook rue in staat om die invloei van mense te hanteer soos gemeenskaplike dienste nie. Laastens word sekere van die strategiee wat aangewend word in die Kaapse Metropolitiaanse Area ten opsigte van die bestuur van informele vestiging ook bestudeer, met spesifieke verwysing na die "Fast Tracking" proses soos aangewend deur die Helderberg Munisipaliteit.

For inter-city cooperation at regional scale: (a) The thesis applies the partnership theory to regional scale, especially for inter-city cooperation. In this study, three different mechanisms of inter-city cooperation are identified, namely, spontaneous partnership, hierarchical partnership and hybrid partnership. Their effectiveness in inter-city cooperation is evaluated in the thesis. (b) The thesis argues that inter-city cooperation is also a process. Three stages, information exchange, thematic cooperation, and common market, are identified. (c) The thesis categorizes inter-city cooperation in the Yangtze River Delta region. Five ideal types of partnership arrangements for thematic cooperation are identified: development partnership, promotional partnership, coordination partnership, resource-based partnership and strategic partnership. (d) The thesis reveals some principles of partner (member city) selection for inter-city cooperation. In addition, according to the roles of actors in partnership building, the thesis classifies them into three types: crucial actors, influential actors and ordinary actors. Urban growth/cross-border urban growth at urban scale: (a) The traditional urban growth coalition approach neglects how "forces" operate above the local/urban scale, especially in globalizing and competitive world today. This thesis provides some insights for this problem and extends traditional urban growth coalition approach by considering the case of cross-border urban growth in China. (b) The thesis enhances the understanding of urban growth coalition in China. It is found that local governments play different roles in various stages of the formation of urban growth coalition. (c) It is found that an anti-coalition is emerging and has been strengthened in the context of land expropriation due to rapid industrial and urban expansion in China. The causes of the emergence of anti-coalitions are examined in the thesis. / Inter-city cooperation and cross-border development in the Yangtze River Delta region are new phenomena and have received much governmental and scholarly attention in recent years. The aim of this research is to examine inter-city cooperation taking place at regional scale and cross-border urban growth at urban scale from partnership perspective. In this study, three typical cases of inter-city cooperation, Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou Urban Region Planning, the Forum for the Coordination of Urban Economy of Yangtze River Delta Region and Jiangyin Economic Development Zone in Jingjiang are selected to examine three types of partnership arrangements with different mobilizations, namely, hierarchical partnership, spontaneous partnership and hybrid partnership. The three case studies contribute to the study of inter-city cooperation based on Chinese experiences. Meanwhile, the case of Jiangyin Economic Development Zone in Jingjiang is also a case of cross-border urban growth. The findings from this case not only extend the urban growth coalition approach to the case of cross-border urban growth, but also deepen the understanding of urban growth politics in China. After tracing and examining the process of mobilization and actor interaction in each case, the major findings of this research are as follows: / The findings of this thesis enhance understanding of inter-city cooperation and cross-border urban growth in rapidly changing China. They not only help to improve the effectiveness of existing inter-city cooperation in the delta region, but also shed light on inter-city cooperation elsewhere. Lessons and experiences drawn from Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou Urban Region Planning and Jiangyin Economic Zone in Jingjiang shed light on urban region planning/coordinative planning and cross-border development respectively. / Luo Xiaolong. / "June 2005." / Adviser: Jianfa Shen. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-07, Section: A, page: 2699. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 184-192). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Abstract not available. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of Natal, 2001.

Betterment Planning is the major form of rural development planning which has been implemented in the Reserve areas of South Africa. The first Bettemnent schemes were begun after 1939. Whilst Betterment Planning has undergone certain modifications in theory and implementation over the past 42 years, it is still being implemented by the 'homeland' governments. This paper is of necessity only a preliminary study or working paper, the aim of which is to explore the theoretical and concrete issues which a comprehensive evaluation of Betterment Planning would need to confront in detail. I have chosen to analyse Betterment Planning for a number of reasons. First, whilst preparing a report on settlement patterns in KwaZu1u/Natal for the Buthelezi Commission early in 1981, I found that there was very little published material on Betterment Planning. Further, in the course of this research, I was surprised to find that practising planners and academics in Natal seemed to know little about it. Second, reports on development planning for the homelands ignore Betterment Planning entirely. For example, the "Towards a Plan for KwaZulu" (1978) makes no mention what soever of the Betterment Planning in KwaZulu, let alone undertakes an analysis of the successes/failures of its implementation. Yet it stresses that: "the reform and development of the agricultural sector should be accorded the highest priority. Failure to make progress in this area will jeopardise all the objectives of the Plan." (Thorrington-Smith et al 1978 : 22). To undertake rural development planning without an analysis and understanding as to why it is necessary, can only result in the proposed plans being at best superficial and, at worst, ones which exacerbate the problem they set out to solve. All too often development planning is nothing more than problem-solving oriented: the problem is identified and described, and the planners put forward a solution to solve it. However, for a solution to have even a chance of being successfully implemented, the causes and history of the problem must be fully analysed and understood. It is just as crucial to analyse and evaluate previous attempted solutions to the problem. For, in failing, they may have become additional constraints, i.e. in themselves the previous solutions may have become part of the problem. Third, most of the homelands are politically 'semi-independent' or 'independent'. They have their own agriculture and planning departments which have realized that rural development is a priority in any homeland development. Consequently in recent years, these homelands have been looking for new rural development strategies. In the light of my second point above, it is therefore important that Betterment Planning is analysed and evaluated. Fourth, the writings of neo-Marxist and Marxist theoreticians on South Africa have almost completely failed to address the role and function of Betterment Planning in the transformation of the South African social formation. Most of their attention has been focussed on the white agricultural areas. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of Natal, 1982.

The thesis proposed to critique the neo-liberal perspective on regional policy in South Africa, and its emphasis on areas of strength and advantage, on two grounds. First, that it neglects processes of economic restructuring, and the possibility of place-specific decline or vulnerability. However, South Africa's increasing exposure to international markets, ongoing economic crisis, and political change, provide a context in which such conditions are likely. Secondly , these concerns are marginalised through the assumption that households can and do move out of areas experiencing restructuring or decline , or from places with weak economic bases. This assumption, however, ignores the limits to mobility in the current conjuncture, and the role of place in survival. The thesis critiques these arguments theoretically, and empirically - through a brief examination of the dynamics of restructuring and migration in KwaZulu-Natal, and a more detailed analysis of the case of Newcastle . The study of KwaZulu-Natal shows broad patterns of restructuring over the century, and points to new forms of instability in the 1990s. The research demonstrates that Newcastle has experienced several rounds of restructuring. While aggregate employment was relatively stable by the end of the 1980s, there had been a significant shift in the nature of economic activity and the composition of employment. Further rounds of restructuring coupled with employment decline - occurred in the 1990s, and key industrial sectors are shown to be vulnerable. The study of migration shows that, while there is a relationship between urbanisation and economic development in KwaZulu-Natal, there are also exceptions to it, with people remaining in, and even moving to places with weak or declining economic bases. The research did not find a complete, disjuncture ' between urbanisation and economic development in Newcastle. However, as, a consequence of past investments in place and limited opportunities elsewhere, low-income households remained in Newcastle despite restructuring. The study therefore shows that restructuring and place-vulnerability are concerns in South Africa, and that migration cannot be relied upon as a corrective. These findings underpin the need for a renewed consideration of social concerns within regional policy, and for moving beyond the 'efficiency' versus 'equity' dichotomy. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 1997.

Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:The study focus on the Greater Saldanha and environment by evaluating the socio-economic impact of the Saldanha Steel project on the area. Major development projects, like the SSP, can create significant impact on the socioeconomic features within the region of influence. This impact affects the provision of public services (education, health services, police protection), social services (housing, transport, urban land use) as well as the fiscal features of the region. Following the National elections in 1994, the new government implemented the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) to address social and economic problems in specific regions. The RDP was followed by the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) strategy. Spatial Development Initiatives (SDI's), form part of the GEAR strategy and aims to address regional differences and promote sustainable long term development, economic growth and employment in the region. The West coast Investment Initiative (Well) is one of the eight SDI's that were identified. The Saldanha Steel project (SSP) is the focus project of the WCII. The initiative is a mixed industrial and agrotourism SDI. Great expectations were formed with respect to the number of employment opportunities that would be provided by the SSP, as well as the economic progress and development within the region. This study project evaluates the socio-economic impact of the SSP by focussing on the demographic aspects, social infrastructure and services, employment and income, housing and development, infrastructure provision as well as the SSP's involvement within the communities of Greater Saldanha and environment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie fokus op Groter Saldanha en omgewing deur die sosio-ekonomiese impak van die Saldanha Staal projek (SSP) op die gebied te evalueer. Groot ontwikkelingsprojekte, soos die SSP, kan 'n groot impak maak op die sosio-ekonomiese kenmerke binne die streek of area van invloed. Die impak word veral ervaar in die verskaffing van publieke dienste (opvoeding, gesondheisdienste, polisie), sosiale dienste (behuising, vervoer, stedelike grondgebruik) sowel as die fiskale karaktertrekke van die streek. Na die Nasionale verkiesing in 1994, het die nuwe regering die Heropbou en Ontwikkelingsprogram (HOP) geimplementeer om sosiale en ekonomiese probleme aan te spreek. Die HOP is in 1996 gevolg deur die "Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) strategie. As deel van die GEAR strategie, is Ruimtelike ontwikkelingsinisiatiewe deur die Nasionale Regering ingestel om streeksongelykhede aan te spreek en volhoubare lang termyn ontwikkeling, ekonomiese groei en werksgeleenthede te verseker vir die streek. Ag ruimtelike ontwikkelingsinisiatiewe (ROI) is ingestel, waarvan die Weskus Beleggingsinisiatief een is. Die Saldanha Staal projek (SSP) is die fokusprojek van die Weskus Beleggingsinisiatief. Die inisiatief is geidentifiseer as 'n gemengde industrieële en landboutoerisme ROI. Groot verwagtinge is geskep ten opsigte van die hoeveelheid werksgeleenthede wat geskep sal word deur die SSP, sowel as ekonomiese vooruitgang en ontwikkeling binne die streek. Die werkstuk evalueer die sosio-ekonomiese impak van die SSP deur te fokus op demografiese aspekte, sosiale infrastruktuur en dienste, indiensneming en inkome, behuising en ontwikkeling, infrastruktuurvoorsiening sowel as die SSP se betrokkenheid by die gemeenskappe van die Groter Saldanha en omgewing.

Thesis ((MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: After many years of fragmentation and inequity, the new housing policy envisages "the establishment and maintenance of habitable, stable and sustainable public and private environments to ensure viable households and communities in areas allowing convenient access to economic opportunities, and to health, educational and social amenities" (Housing White Paper, 1994:21). It appears, however, given the size of the housing backlog (currently estimated by the Housing Minister at 2,8 million units) and the general form housing provision has taken, that the overall vision of what should be accomplished through housing development have taken the backseat to rapid housing production in the country. In practice, inhabitants of recently undertaken housing projects are to a large extent still denied access to the city and its opportunities. Recent housing projects reflect government's view that the solution to the housing problem lies in the packaged production of physical housing units, choosing to define the housing problem only in terms of "housing production and technical and engineering efficiency " (Noero, 2000: 1). This approach have been described by Noero as being naive and criticised for its ability to be counterproductive by failing to address the full spectrum of needs in the lives of people. The limited definition of housing further stands in opposition to the extensive definition of housing found in policy documents. This study, with the help of a case study of one such housing project, explored some of the dominant issues surrounding current housing provision in South Africa, and the problems associated with it. It sought to establish that current housing provision is far removed from the overall aims and objectives set out for housing development by the new housing policy. This study considered some ways of bringing housing delivery closer to the vision of housing as an engine of growth and change. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Na vele jare van fragmentasie en ongelykheid, voorsien die nuwe behuisingsbeleid "die vestiging en onderhoud van bewoonbare, stabiele en volhoubare private en publieke omgewings vir die skepping van lewensvatbare huishoudings en gemeenskappe in gebiede wat maklike toegang verseker tot ekonomiese geleeenthede, en tot gesondheids-, opvoedings- en sosiale geriewe" (Witskrif op Behuising, 1994:21). Dit blyk egter, in die lig van die geweldige behuisingsagterstand (wat tans deur die Minister van Behuising op 2,8 miljoen eenhede beraam word) en die vorm wat behuisingsvoorsiening tans aanneem, dat die versnelde produksie van huise geprioritiseer word ten koste van die visie van wat behuisingsvoorsiening in Suid-Afrika eintlik moet bereik. In die praktyk word die inwoners van behuisingprojekte wat onlangs onderneem is, steeds tot 'n groot mate ontneem van die stad en sy geleenthede. Onlangse behuisingsprojekte reflekteer die siening van die regering dat die oplossing tot die behuisingsprobleem in die produksie van fisiese wooneenhede lê, en vervolgens die definisie van behuising slegs in terme van "die produksie daarvan en die gangbaarheid in terme van tegniese en ingenieursaspekte" (Noero, 2000: 1). Hierdie benadering word deur Noero beskryf as naief en word gekritiseer vir die vermoë daarvan om teenproduktief te wees deur nie die volle spekrum van behoeftes in mense se lewens in ag te neem nie. Hierdie beperkte definisie van behuising staan verder in teenstelling met die uitgebreide definisie van behuising wat in beleidsdokumente aangetref word. In die studie, met behulp van 'n gevallestudie van een so 'n behuisingsprojek, word die dominante kwessies rondom behuisingsvoorsiening in Suid-Afrika en die probleme daar rondom, verken. Daar word gepoog om te illusteer dat huidige behuisingsvoorsiening verwyderd is van die vernaamste doelstellings van die nuwe behuisingsbeleid. Die studie het maniere oorweeg om behuisingsvoorsiening nader te bring aan die visie van behuising as 'n katalisator vir groei en verandering.

Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: More than half of the population of Southern Africa live in rural areas and lead a marginal existence. They are dependant on natural resources that are to their disposal for their survival. The resources that they use are renewable but are currently exploited faster that it can be replaced. The pressure that the rural populations are placing on nature cannot be sustained. The concept of "sustainable development" came into being in 1987. The principle of this new concept was to permit development as to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development proposes a lifestyle that preserve nature as well as social and cultural characteristics of a community. The tourism industry of Southern Africa has great potential and is still growing. Ecotourism, the idea of nature based tourism that will benefit both the socio-economic circumstances of the community and conservation, have increased in the past ten years. If ecotourism is managed correctly, it can be the answer to poverty in many rural communities and at the same time conserving nature. There are organisations that concentrate on sustainable rural development and that introduce communities to the potentials and benefits of the tourism industry. There are already communities that adopted this new paradigm with great success. The aim of this study is to make people conscious to the problem of rural poverty and the impacts it has had on the environment already. Secondly the study also presents a solution to rural poverty by the development of tourism in rural communities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Meer as die helfte van Suider-Afrika se bevolking leef in landelike gebiede en voer 'n marginale bestaan. Hulle is aangewese op die natuurlike hulpbronne wat tot hulle beskikking is vir hulle voortbestaan. Die hulpbronne is hernubaar maar word tans vinniger verbruik as wat dit vervang word. Die druk wat die arm landelike bevolking op die natuur plaas kan nie volgehou word nie. In 1987 het die begrip "volhoubare ontwikkeling" die lig gesien. Die beginsel van die konsep is om ontwikkeling te laat geskied sodat daar aan die behoeftes van die hede voldoen word sonder om die behoeftes van die toekomstige geslagte te belemmer. Volhoubare ontwikkeling stel 'n lewenswyse voor wat nie net die natuur preserveer nie, maar ook die sosiale en kulturele sy van 'n gemeenskap. Die toerismebedryf in Suider-Afrika het baie potensiaal, en is steeds besig om te groei. Ekotoerisme, die idee van natuur-gebasseerde toerisme wat kan bydra tot die verbetering van sosio-ekonomiese toestande en bewaring van die omgewing, het toegeneem in die laaste tien jaar. Indien ekotoerisme reg bestuur word, kan dit vir 'n groot deel van die landelike bevolking 'n uitkoms tot armoede bied terwyl die natuur bewaar word. Daar is organisasies wat konsentreer op volhoubare landelike ontwikkeling en wat die gemeenskap bekend stel aan die voordele en potensiaal van die toerismebedryf. Daar het reeds verskeie gemeenskappe betrokke geraak in die toerismebedryf met groot welsae. Hierdie studie is 'n oorsig van bestaande literatuur oor die rol van toerisme en spesifiek, ekotoerisme in volhoubare ontwikkeling in landelike dele.

Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An ever changing urban environment, limited economic opportunities and rising poverty, have brought into sharp relief the need for strategies that support the livelihoods of the poor. Urban areas are complex and dynamic systems. No town or city is immune from either external forces (globalisation) that dictate the need to adapt, or to internal pressures (the natural growth pattern of an urban population and rural-urban migration) that collectively can precipitate growth or decline. The formal sector cannot, in most instances, fulfil the need for secure, regular employment in the urban areas, which leads to increases in unemployment, gradual breakdown of basic services - visual evidence includes large squatter settlements in and around urban centres - and the not unlikely increase in food insecurity. There is no doubt that the future of urban centres is dependent on the effective absorption of the increasing number of urban dwellers into its environmental, economical and social structures, and public policy plays an important role in the success of this process. The important contribution of urban agriculture in bolstering food security of urban households raises critical planning issues. The spatial integration of our settlements is critical; it holds the potential to enhance economic efficiency and social development. Spatial strategies should be combined with economic and environmental programmes to form an integrated approach towards development. Urban agriculture could possibly catalyse broader developmental processes such as local economic development, whereby disadvantaged communities could potentially secure the benefits of employment and increase food security. The provision of opportunities for urban agriculture not only makes it possible to meet the food needs of the urban poor, but to also ensure sustainable human settlements. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die lig van 'n dinamiese stedelike omgewing, beperkte ekonomiese geleenthede en toenemende armoede, beklemtoon die nood aan strategieë wat die arm stedelike gemeenskap bevoordeel. Stedelike gebiede is ingewikkelde en dinamiese sisteme. Geen dorp of stad is vrygeskeld van eksterne invloede (globalisasie), óf van interne invloede (die natuurlike groeipatroon in 'n stedelike gebied en migrasie van platteland na stede) wat kollektief groei of verval van stede kan aanhits. Die formele sektor kan in die meeste gevalle nie aan die behoefte van vaste werksaanstelling in stedelike gebiede voldoen nie. Dit lei tot 'n toename in werkloosheid en die geleidelike afbreek in fundamentele basiese dienste - ooglopende bewys hiervan sluit die groot plakkerskampe in en om stedelike sentrums - en die nie onwaarskynlike toename in voedseltekorte. Daar is geen twyfel dat die toekoms van stedelike sentrums afhanklik is van die absorpsie van toenemende stedelinge in hul omgewings-, ekonomiese- en sosiale strukture, en openbare beleid speel 'n kardinale rol in die suksesvolle verloop van hierdie proses. Die belang van die bydrae van stedelike landbou tot die rugsteuning van versekering van voedselsekuriteit in stedelike huishoudings kompliseer beplanning geweldig. Die ruimtelike integtrasie van ons nedersettings is belangrik; dit het die potensiaal om ekonomiese vaardigheid en sosiale ontwikkeling te verbeter. Strategieë om ruimte te optimaliseer behoort gekombineer te word met ekonomiese- en omgewingsprogramme, om sodoende geïntigreerde benaderings tot ontwikkeling te vorm. Stedelike landbou kan moontlik n katalisator vir verreikende ontwikkelingsprosesse soos plaaslike ekonomiese ontwikkeling wees, waar minder-bevoorregte gemeenskappe werksversekering en -geleenthede het en daar ook voedsel-sekuriteit is. Die voorsiening van geleenthede vir stedelike landbou maak dit nie net moontlik om die behoefte aan voedsel van minder-bevoorregte stedelinge te bevredig nie, maar verseker ook langdurige, volhoubare stedelike nedersettings.

The Portland metropolitan region has seen unprecedented growth in the last three decades, resulting in both economic expansion and considerable gentrification. While lauded for its commitment to sustainability and a "smart development" ethos, many questions remain for the city with respect to the needs of displaced residents and a burgeoning population of young professionals. This study examines how various levels of government implement growth management policies to accommodate these demographic changes, and aims to assess whether and how the consequences of growth, especially gentrification and displacement, are meaningfully addressed. Qualitative interviews were conducted with staff members and elected officials from city, county, and regional government structures across the Portland metropolitan area to investigate the "regional housing crisis." Inductive analysis of these data considers the implications of Portland's layered government structure for making equitable growth-related decisions. Participants expressed a mismatch in what was expected of them--both from higher levels of government and their constituents--and their perceived capacity to do so. While government officials advocate the need for new development of affordable housing units, they see themselves as limited by a series of technical barriers in the stratified planning process, as well as an unequal distribution of influential power in public involvement processes. Findings are synthesized to offer policy recommendations and consider alternative government responses to public housing issues.