Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur nivågruppering kan påverka elevers lärande i skolans tidigare år. Syftet har uppfyllts genom att svar sökts på två frågeställningar; den första rörande vilka för- respektive nackdelar avseende elevers lärande i matematik framträder vid nivågruppering. Den andra frågeställningen som denna studie svarar på är vilka faktorer för elevers lärande som spelar in vid nivågruppering i matematikundervisning. Detta har skett via en systematisk litteraturstudie där vetenskaplig forskning inhämtats för granskning och analys. Studiens resultat avslöjar att nivågruppering i matematik sällan gynnar elevers lärande generellt och oftast drabbar de lågpresterande elevernas lärande negativt. Resultatet indikerar också att dessa negativa effekter är en följd av skolornas bristande organisering av, och lärarnas inställning till, nivågruppering. / <p>Matematik</p>

Students with emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD) display severe social and academic deficits that can adversely affect their academic performance in mathematics and result in higher rates of failure throughout their schooling compared to other students with disabilities (U.S. Department of Education, 2005; Webber & Plotts, 2008). Furthermore, students with E/BD are at a greater risk of being served in more exclusionary and restrictive settings compared to their peers as a result of their poor social skills and chronic disruptive behaviors (Gagnon & Leone, 2005; Furney, Hasazi, Clark-Keefe, & Hartnett, 2003; U.S. Department of Education, 2005; Whorton, Siders, Fowler, & Naylor, 2000). This is of great concern as students with E/BD often receive lower grades, fail more classes, have higher drop-out rates, have fewer employment opportunities, and have increased involvement in the legal system (Bullock & Gable, 2006; Cullinan & Sabornie, 2004; Jolivette, Stichter, Nelson, Scott, & Liaupsin, 2000; Kauffman, 2001). The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the equal additions algorithm on subtraction with regrouping on the subtraction performance of fourth-grade students with E/BD and mathematics difficulties. The equal additions algorithm was taught using a direct instruction technique. This study investigated 3 participants at the fourth grade level in a residential treatment facility which serves students with E/BD. A multiprobe multiple baseline across participants design was used for this study. Assessments used for this study included (a) Woodcock Johnson III (WJIII), (b) the ENRIGHT, (c) a student questionnaire, (d) baseline probes, and (e) an error analysis student profile. Data was analyzed by visual analysis. The results suggest that when the equal additions algorithm was systematically implemented students were able to successfully complete subtraction with regrouping problems and errors dramatically decreased. Limitations and future for research directions are discussed.

Students with emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD) display severe social and academic deficits that can adversely affect their academic performance in mathematics and result in higher rates of failure throughout their schooling compared to other students with disabilities (U.S. Department of Education, 2005; Webber & Plotts, 2008). Furthermore, students with E/BD are at a greater risk of being served in more exclusionary and restrictive settings compared to their peers as a result of their poor social skills and chronic disruptive behaviors (Gagnon & Leone, 2005; Furney, Hasazi, Clark-Keefe, & Hartnett, 2003; U.S. Department of Education, 2005; Whorton, Siders, Fowler, & Naylor, 2000). This is of great concern as students with E/BD often receive lower grades, fail more classes, have higher drop-out rates, have fewer employment opportunities, and have increased involvement in the legal system (Bullock & Gable, 2006; Cullinan & Sabornie, 2004; Jolivette, Stichter, Nelson, Scott, & Liaupsin, 2000; Kauffman, 2001). The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the equal additions algorithm on subtraction with regrouping on the subtraction performance of fourth-grade students with E/BD and mathematics difficulties. The equal additions algorithm was taught using a direct instruction technique. This study investigated 3 participants at the fourth grade level in a residential treatment facility which serves students with E/BD. A multiprobe multiple baseline across participants design was used for this study. Assessments used for this study included (a) Woodcock Johnson III (WJIII), (b) the ENRIGHT, (c) a student questionnaire, (d) baseline probes, and (e) an error analysis student profile. Data was analyzed by visual analysis. The results suggest that when the equal additions algorithm was systematically implemented students were able to successfully complete subtraction with regrouping problems and errors dramatically decreased. Limitations and future for research directions are discussed.

Notre recherche doctorale se propose d’analyser la mise en place de la Gestion Prévisionnelle des Emplois et des Compétences (GPEC) dans le cadre d’un regroupement de cliniques privées appartenant à un même opérateur de santé. Organisée en trois temps, notre thèse vise à se démarquer de l’approche fonctionnaliste qui domine les écrits sur la GPEC en Sciences de Gestion et qui traite principalement du contenu de la démarche. Elle tente, en ce sens, d’ouvrir la « boîte noire » que constitue la GPEC à l’aune de la dimension humaine et du processus de construction. Dans un premier temps, nous mobilisons l’approche contextualiste de Pettigrew (1985, 1987, 1990) qui rend compte des interrelations entre trois grandes dimensions : un contenu de changement, le contexte interne et externe dans lequel il se développe et le processus de son déploiement. Ce cadre d’étude contextualiste initial ne suffit pas à lui-seul pour étudier un phénomène. Dès lors, nous proposons de le faire évoluer par l’introduction de variables explicatives dans ses trois dimensions. Cette modélisation systémique particulière est réalisée dans une logique abductive alternant des allers et retours entre les observations théoriques et les observations réalisées sur le terrain d’étude mobilisé, CAPIO BAYONNE. Dans un second temps, nous mettons à l’épreuve notre modèle contextualiste de recherche sur le terrain d’étude en question. La déclinaison empirique obtenue révèle de nombreux enseignements qui inscrivent la GPEC dans une vision multi-paradigmatique et intégrée combinant l’approche contingente, l’approche incrémentale et l’approche fonctionnaliste. Enfin, dans un troisième et dernier temps, la recherche cherche à établir, à partir de notre modèle contextualiste et de ses enseignements issus du terrain, un mode de gestion « générique » de GPEC pour les managers qui souhaitent se doter d’une telle démarche dans le cadre d’un regroupement de cliniques privées. / This doctoral research work proposes to analyse the implementation of Provisional Management of Employment and Skills practices (“GPEC” in French) within the framework of a regrouping of several private French clinics belonging to a common health care provider. Our thesis is organised in three parts, and aims to distinguish itself from the functionalist approach which currently dominates the literature on “GPEC” in Management Sciences and which limits itself mainly to studying the content of the approach. We thereby try to continue the work of opening up the "black box" of the “GPEC” in terms of the human dimension and the construction process involved. Firstly, we mobilise Pettigrew's contextualist approach (1985, 1987, 1990), which describes the interrelationships between three major dimensions : a content of change, the internal and external context in which this develops, and its deployment process. This initial contextualist framework is not in itself sufficient for studying a phenomenon.We therefore propose to further develop it by introducing explanatory variables into each of its three dimensions. This specific systemic modeling is performed using abductive logic to frequently alternate between the theoretical findings on the one hand and the observations conducted on the study site, CAPIO BAYONNE, on the other. Secondly, we test our contextualist research model on the study site in question. The empirical declination thus obtained teaches many lessons which set the “GPEC” in a multi-paradigm, integrated view of things, combining the contingency approach, the incremental approach and the functionalist approach. Finally, in a third and final part, our research seeks to establish, on the basis of our contextualist model and the lessons learnt from the field, a "generic" GPEC management mode for managers who wish to develop such an approach as part of a regrouping of private clinics.

Le regroupement des clubs sportifs amateurs est une mise en commun partielle ou totale des ressources de ces clubs. S'il a le plus souvent été au centre des recherches scientifiques effectuées dans le milieu des entreprises, le regroupement n'a jusque-là été que partiellement évoqué dans ces études concernant le milieu sportif. Cette étude vise à sortir les regroupements de clubs sportifs amateurs de l'anonymat en permettant leur compréhension. Il s'agit, suivant une approche pluridisciplinaire (sociologie, management et économie des organisations sportives) de connaitre le phénomène de regroupement de clubs sportifs amateurs. C'est questionner les facteurs à l'origine des regroupements, c'est aussi scruter la mise en oeuvre de telles décisions et c'est enfin, sonder leurs conséquences sur la vie quotidienne du club sportif. Nous avons donc soigneusement inspecté, les enjeux organisationnels de ces regroupements, leurs modalités et processus, les stratégies et logiques d'action des principaux acteurs et les conséquences de ces regroupements sur la vie quotidienne du club. Notamment, sur le plan culturel et identitaire, économique et sportif, et sur le plan de la gouvernance au sens de Gérard Charreaux (1997). Les données recueillies selon une méthode inductive sont principalement des observations et des entretiens, secondairement des coupures de presse et documents internes aux clubs et FFA. Dix entretiens formels d'une moyenne de cinquante minutes chacun et une centaine d'entretiens informels, conçus dans un esprit de complémentarité et de recoupement. Vingt-cinq numéros du journal Le Progrès de 1999 à 2015, soit environ cinquante pages de coupure de presse sur les regroupements de clubs. Les comptes rendus d'AG, de CD, de réunions d'entraîneurs, tout comme les statuts et règlements spéciaux des clubs et de la FFA ont constitué l'essentiel des documents internes. Le traitement de ces données s'est fait selon le triptyque : analyse qualitative de contenu par théorisation ancrée-analyse stratégique de l'acteur-théorie de la contingence, selon respectivement, Pierre Paillé-M. Crozier & E. Friedberg-Henry Mintzberg. Les regroupements de clubs d'athlétisme présentés dans notre recherche, au-delà d'avoir deux modalités principales, ententes et fusions, sont un construit collectif et local, intéressés, instables et institutionnalisés. Cinq grands groupes de facteurs contingents poussent le club vers le regroupement : les objectif et effectifs du club, leur modernisation, le développement de la pratique et de la politique sportive locale. Dans ce contexte de regroupement de clubs, la latitude managériale du dirigeant de club reste conditionnée à plusieurs niveaux, notamment, celui de la collectivité territoriale et de la FFA. Notre recherche, permet d'éclairer non seulement les enjeux du regroupement des clubs d'athlétisme, les interactions clubs d'athlétisme-FFA-collectivités territoriales, la gouvernance de ces clubs, mais aussi, balise un nouveau cadre comparatif clubs sportifs amateurs-entreprises sous le prisme du regroupement / The grouping of non-professional or amateur sports clubs is a partial or total pooling of their resources. Despite that it has been centrally and generally evoked in scientific researches based on business companies, grouping only has been partially conducted in research studies in the sport field. Our study aims to remove those non-professional/amateur sports clubs from anonymity, expose them to the public eye and facilitate their understandings as well. To accomplish this goal, we used a multidisciplinary approach of sport organizations (including their sociology, management and economy). To understand the phenomenon of grouping non-professional sports clubs. In order to grasp that phenomenon, we need to inquire about the factors at the origin of the groupings, the implementation of such decisions and, finally to inquire on their consequences on the daily life of the sporting club. To answer to inquiries, we analyzed meticulously, the organizational challenges of these groupings, their methods and process, the strategies and logics of action of the main actors, and the consequences of these groupings in the daily life of the club, particularly, on the aspects of culture and identity, economic and sporting, and as regards to the governance within the meaning of Gérard Charreaux (1997). The data collected under an analytical method were of two types: those principals were based on observations and talks and those secondaries were based on newspaper cuttings and documents internal to the clubs and FAF. The principal data consisted of 10 formal talks of an average of 50 minutes each and a hundred abstract talks, conceived in a spirit of complementarity and stepping. The secondary data were collected from 25 numbers of the Le Progrès newspaper from 1999 to 2015, which comprised approximately 50 pages of newspaper cut on the groupings of clubs, the GA and DC reports, meetings of trainers, as well as the status and special regulations of clubs and FAF. All those data were analyzed according to the triptych: qualitative analysis of contents by theorization and anchored strategic analysis actor-theory of the contingency, according to respectively, Pierre Paillé-M. Crozier & E. Friedberg-Henry Mintzberg. Beyond the two principal methods: agreements and fusion. The groupings of athletics’ clubs presented in our research are built collectively and locally. They are more interested, unstable and institutionalized. Five large groups of contingent factors lead the club towards the grouping: objective and manpower of the club, modernization of the club and development of the practice, and the local sporting policy. In this context of grouping of clubs, the managerial latitude of the leader of club remains conditioned on several levels, including, the territorial collectivity and FAF. Our dissertation through the theoretical framework chosen, makes it possible to clarify not only the challenges of grouping athletics’ clubs, the club’s interactions of territorial athletics-FFA-communities, the governance of these clubs, but also, stands out as a new comparative framework non-professional sporting clubs

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