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La stimulation électrique fonctionnelle (SEF) est une des techniques utilisées pour la rééducation ou la suppléance fonctionnelle de déficiences motrices. Un stimulateur génère des impulsions électriques qui induisent des contractions des muscles paralysés, au travers des unités motrices toujours intactes. Aujourd'hui, les systèmes fonctionnant en boucle ouverte sont majoritairement utilisés. Ils permettent aux chercheurs d'évaluer hors-ligne de la SEF. Cependant, leur réglage reste basé sur un cycle essai-erreur ce qui est loin de simplifier la mise en œuvre de systèmes en boucle fermée. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une méthode de prédiction en temps-réel du couple en fonction de l'EMG conduisant à une nouvelle modalité de contrôle de l'activation musculaire sous SEF. L'EMG évoquée (eEMG) donne une image de l'effet de la SEF sur l'activité musculaire et est ainsi impliquée à la fois dans l'estimation du couple en temps réel et le contrôle. Le couple articulaire peut être estimé par l'eEMG en utilisant un filtre de Kalman et un modèle NARX - RNN. Le facteur d'oubli du filtre de Kalman doit être soigneuse-ment choisi de même que les réglages du schéma de calcul. C'est une limitation en particulier quand lorsque qu'il n'y a aucune connaissance a priori sur la force générée par le sujet sous SEF. La méthode proposée NARX-RNN n'a pas ce défaut et offre de meilleures performances que le filtre de Kalman. L'estimation du couple basée eEMG est donc utilisée hors-ligne et en-ligne en temps réel. Les performances comparées des algorithmes ont été effectues sur sujets sains et sujets blessés médullaires. Par ailleurs, le système temps-réel de contrôle de l'activation musculaire basé EMG a été développé sur la technologie sans fil Vivaltis. Enfin, afin de proposer un contrôle de plusieurs muscles, le concept de synergie a été utilisée pour estimer les activations musculaires cibles à partir d'un couple articulaire désiré. Les niveaux de synergie moyenne ont été utilisés pour valider l'extraction d'activation sur le sujet non inclus dans le calcul de la moyenne. L'erreur d'estimation est de 9.3% sur l'ensemble des sujets. Ces résultats vont dans le sens d'un contrôle d'une neuroprothèse basé synergie. En effet la combinaison des eux contributions de la thèse ouvre des perspectives nouvelles de modalité de contrôle de la SEF. / Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is one of existing rehabilitationtechniques to restore lost motor functions for motor-impaired subjects. Thestimulator generates electrical pulses to drive artificial contractions of theparalysed muscles, through activating intact motor units. Currently open-loopFES system is the most frequently used. The data acquired from the open-loop FESwould help researchers to make off-line analysis for evaluating performance ofFES systems. However, it should go through a trial and error manner, which isfar from facilitating a implementation of real-time closed-loop FES system.In this thesis, we propose and develop a method for real-time EMG-feedback torqueprediction and muscle activation control toward new modality in FES.The evoked electromyography (eEMG) which can reflect electrical muscleactivities under FES, is involved in both offline and real-time FES-inducedtorque estimation and muscle control systems. FES-induced joint torque can beestimated/predicted with eEMG by employing both Kalman filter and NonlinearAuto-Regressive with Exogenous (NARX) type recurrent neural network (RNN). Theforgetting factor of Kalman filter should be properly selected in advance andalso with proper computational settings. It is a limitation for some casesespecially when we do not have prior knowledge of new subject regarding expectedmuscle response intensity induced by FES. The proposed NARX-RNN does not sufferfrom such computational setting problems and also shows better estimation/prediction performances than that of Kalman filter.Evoked EMG based torque estimator is exploited from off-line situation toonline real-time system. Recursive Kalman filter and NARX-RNN are implementedfor real-time torque estimation/prediction with evoked EMG. The performance wasverified both in able-bodied and spinal cord injured subjects. Furthermore, real-time EMG-feedback muscle activation control in FES system is developed togetherwith wireless Vivaltis stimulator for specifying directly muscle activationinstead of conventionally specifying stimulation pattern.Toward natural multiple muscles control with multi-channel FES, muscle synergyconcept was introduced for inverse estimation of muscle activations from desiredjoint moment. The averaged synergy ratio was applied for muscle activationestimation with leave-one-out cross validation manner, which resulted in 9.3%estimation error over all the subjects. This result supports the common musclesynergy-based neuroprosthetics control concept. By combining this inverse estimation of muscle activations together with real-time EMG-feedback muscle activation control, it would open a new modality toward muscle synergy-basedmulti-muscle activation control in FES.

Abstract Employing and exploiting his specialist are the most important for live. From view of economy¡Bsociality¡Bfamily and disabled people ,vocational rehabilitation is very important job. How to promote to let disabled people have ability to work, and to help them in job market,which is important thing in handicapped weal policy. This research¡¦s aim to know question for disabled people who intent to work in job market,and to discuss how to promote their work intention. This research synthesized a theory model for disabled people who intent to work, and provided a real intention to work construct for physically disability,and developed seven constructs for disabled people who intent to work. This research sampled from 303 physically disabilities and 207 non-disabled people in Kaohsiung, result as following: 1.Showing current employment statistics for disabled people in Kaohsiung 2.Physically disabilities are higher than non-disabled people in striving motivation,but are less work-intetion willing. 3. Physically disabilities are less than non-disabled people in striving motivation and intenting to wok. 4. Philosophy of job, handicapped life subsidy, cognizance of government policy are three major influent factors for physically disabilities who intent to work, family cares and interactives, predicated co-work construct are relative second influent factors.

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Within the past decade little research has been conducted in the United States to examine the preparedness of beginning speech-language pathologists; the seminal article used for this research study comes from the United Kingdom (Horton, Byng, Bunning, & Pring, 2004). Literature from the past few decades indicates that there may be deficiencies in the way that beginning speech-language pathologists are being trained clinically. The review of the literature suggests that the field may lack a clear and broadly supported learning theory or framework for the clinical supervision and training of speech-language pathology graduate students. The literature further supports the importance of work-embedded learning and problem-based learning, as well as suggests a theoretical framework that may be utilized for supervision and clinical training in the future. The purpose of this exploratory phenomenological study is to understand and describe how speech-language pathology graduate students perceive their clinical training and supervision obtained during graduate school prepared them for their first externship placements. The literature suggests that a framework for the transfer of theoretical knowledge into the clinical setting is often not present in graduate academic programs (Horton & Byng, 2000b). Models of highly effective practices that are grounded in adult learning theory and empirical research regarding clinical training and supervision should be taken into account. In this way, department-level leaders may be able to design more effective models for clinical training and supervision. The data from participant interviews conducted for this study were organized into two over-arching themes: supervision and clinical experiences. The data in each theme were further organized into more specific categories. The theme of supervision includes five categories: a) most helpful supervisor characteristics, b) least helpful supervisor characteristics, c) differences in supervision, d) feedback from supervisors, and e) working with different supervisors. In addition, the theme of clinical experiences includes four categories: a) differences between in-house experiences and externship experiences, b) significant aspects of clinical training, c) limitations of clinical training, and d) limitations of clinical coursework.

"Children's participation in armed conflict is one of the worst [forms] of child labour and a violation in itself. It is an extensive violation of international humanitarian and human rights law. There is increasing awareness about the variety of roles played by girls in fighting forces. They are abducted and forced to be sexual slaves, cooks, [to] clean, act as porters, loot, and [be] 'wives' to combatants. Notwithstanding, Veale observes that there are still a few gender-based issues of the differential experiences of male and female children who have been involved in military units. Although they play all these roles, they have received scanty attention during the reintegration process as opposed to male child soldiers. Mckay and her colleagues argue that [the] majority of reports, internaitonal campaigns, and initiatives continue to use the generic term 'child soldiers' which most often mean 'boys'. They do not identify differential impacts for boys and girls before, during or after armed conflicts. Mazurana found in another study that between 1990 and 2000, underaged girls participated in armed conflicts in a minimum of 32 countries as child soldeirs or military support forces. ... Northern Uganda qualifies [as] a case study because it has been in conflict between 1996 [and] 2006. It is estimated that there are 70 to 80 percent of child combatants with girls making up 30 percent. Disarmament and demobilisation is carried out by Uganda's People Defence Force (UPDF) working together with some United Nations (UN) humanitarian bodies, then NGOs and community leaders in turn work on the reintegration of the returnees. However, the reintegration process in Uganda is a-typical when compared to that of Sierra Leone, and most often does not take into consideration the special needs of female child soldiers. ... My focus will therefore be on Northern Uganda, but reference will be made to Sierra Leone as precedent where the context permits. This will be relevant for any reintegration procudure that Uganda adopts after the war. ... Chapter one: introduction and background. Chapter two: investigating the recruitment and impact of conflict on child soldiers in general and female child soldiers in particular. This chapter will be divided into two parts. Part one sets the stage by giving a brief account of the conflict in Northern Uganda and Sierra Leone. Part two identifies the significant environmental factors, but not sufficient conditions that cause children in general, and girls in particular, to join armed groups and the impact it has on female child soldiers. Chapter three: legal guarantee of the right to reintegration - by provision and implication. This chapter outlines and analyses treaties that have influenced and circumscribed the policies and practices for the reintegration of female child soldiers. It also looks at those that provide for reintegration by implication. This chapter will also examine the rights-based approach as base for reintegration processes. Case law will be included. Chapter four: comprehensive analysis of effective socio-economic reintegration of female child soldiers. This chapter will examine the factors that influence successful reintegration. It will portray the half-baked approach of reintegration that is obvious in the case study. The role of international agencies, NGOs, civil society and other actors will be discussed as a platform for successful reintegration. Furthermore, some decisions at the Special Court of Sierra Leone (SCSL) will be discussed. Chapter five: conclusion and recommendations." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / Prepared under the supervision of Mr. Angelo Matusse at the Faculdade de Direito, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM