This thesis examines the limitations of the legal responses to ‘domestic violence’ from the perspective of two central arguments; first, domestic violence is a social problem, rather than one caused by the deviancy of particular individuals, and, secondly, legal and societal understandings display a misplaced focus on ‘violence’ as the defining feature of an abusive relationship. By failing to address the root social causes or comprehend the true dynamics of abusive relationships as a range of coercive and controlling strategies, incidents of mainly physical violence and the behaviour and personality of the abused woman become the social and legal focus. The thesis asserts that the root causes of domestic violence are the gendered expectations placed upon masculinity and femininity, thus explaining why it is women that are predominantly the victims. To refute the common misconception that women would exit an abusive relationship if they wanted to, a comparison is made between domestic violence and capture crimes such as kidnapping, and the range of social and psychological difficulties encountered by women as a result of the abusive relationship are used to support the claim that the sense of self, autonomy and decision-making ability of the victim is so undermined by the abuser’s tactics that they become entrapped in the abusive relationship. It is then argued that societal and legal misunderstandings of the dynamics and impact of the abuse lead to misinformed legal responses based upon the premise that women are able to safely report domestic violence and receive an adequate response, should they choose to do so. Bringing together critiques of the operation of the civil and criminal justice system in this context with the possibilities and limitations of the international human rights system, the thesis aims to demonstrate not just where the legal responses pertaining to domestic violence are limited, but also why. The research concludes that a legal approach to this problem which overlooks the root causes and over-emphasises isolated incidents of mainly physical violence does not and cannot work; the causes and impacts of domestic violence must be understood and addressed at a society-wide level.

Thesis (M Med.(Family Medicine))--University of Limpopo, 2010. / Aim: To understand the help seeking behaviour of parents having children with minor illnesses such as fungal skin infection and to respond appropriately to such behaviours. Design: A descriptive qualitative study using the free attitude interview technique Method: The study was conducted in Francistown City Council Clinics. Eight participants were interviewed. Using purposeful sampling chose the participants. Each respondent was asked the same exploratory question “How much do you know about this skin infection?” Exploratory question (Setswana) is “O itse go le kae ka bolwetsi jone jo jwa letlalo?” The probe follow up questions were used to encourage elaboration on the topic. The discussions were held in Setswana language. The interviews were audio – taped. The recordings were transcribed, and the ideas that emerged were developed into themes. Results: Most of the respondents believed that Skin fungal infection was common in the community and it was generally called skin rash. It was believed to be infectious that it may be associated with HIV infection. Some however believe that its cause was known and it was treatable The help seeking behaviour of parents having children with minor illness like skin fungal infection falls within these reasons: Availability of alternative treatment, Concern of the child especially if the child complains about the problem, 6 Concern of the parents when the parents consider such minor health concern as a health problem for the child, issues around difficult in management of the problem, If problem is tolerable. Conclusion: Residents of Francistown city council, which was where the study was carried out perceived skin fungal infection as a common infectious skin problem, that is treatable. There is adequate knowledge of the symptoms of skin fungal infection among the participants. Some of the participants believed that skin fungal infection is common in children because they see the skin lesion as a normal change in colour for children before adult life. It was believe that as they get older the change in colour will then disappear. Many of them believe that they do not know the cause and even the few that felt that they knew the cause could not give a good account of the exact cause of the skin fungal infection, only one said that it is caused by a germ. Most of the participants were aware that it is treatable but yet they were not keen seeking for help when they come to the clinics because of one or two of the following reasons: Availability of alternative treatment; Concern of the child especially if the child complains about the problem; Concern of the parents when the parents consider such minor health concern as a health on the child; Issues around difficult in management of the problem; Health problem being tolerable

This thesis examines the extent to which the judiciary can intervene into the executive branch’s power over foreign affairs. This thesis focuses on the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in Canada (Prime Minister) v. Omar Khadr, 2010 SCC 3 where Omar Khadr requested the judiciary to order the executive branch to request his release from American custody in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The Supreme Court refused Khadr’s request, but issued a declaratory order stating that Khadr’s rights had been violated by the Canadian government. This thesis places this decision, and its follow-on litigation, in its international and comparative context by examining the international law of diplomatic protection as well as three cases, one from the United Kingdom, one from South Africa and one from West Germany. After examining the context, this thesis concludes that the Supreme Court’s decision, although flawed, was reasonable.

This thesis examines the extent to which the judiciary can intervene into the executive branch’s power over foreign affairs. This thesis focuses on the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in Canada (Prime Minister) v. Omar Khadr, 2010 SCC 3 where Omar Khadr requested the judiciary to order the executive branch to request his release from American custody in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The Supreme Court refused Khadr’s request, but issued a declaratory order stating that Khadr’s rights had been violated by the Canadian government. This thesis places this decision, and its follow-on litigation, in its international and comparative context by examining the international law of diplomatic protection as well as three cases, one from the United Kingdom, one from South Africa and one from West Germany. After examining the context, this thesis concludes that the Supreme Court’s decision, although flawed, was reasonable.

Thesis (Ph. D. (Philosophy))--Rhodes University, 2004.

M. Tech. / Onychocryptosis is the diagnostic term for an ingrown toenail. It is a common and painful condition that occurs either when the nail grows into the skin on the lateral or medial side of the toe, or if the skin on the side of the toenail grows over the edge of the nail. Magnetis Polus Australis is a homoeopathic remedy recommended in the Homoeopathic Materia Medica specifically for the treatment of onychocryptosis. In previous studies, Rohl (2003) used the remedy Magnetis Polus Australis in a 7cH and a 30cH potency whereas Khan (2004) used it in a 200cH and a 1M potency. Their studies showed promising results but had sample sizes too small for definitive conclusions. In their respective studies, they recommend using Magnetis Polus Australis 2M in a single dose. The present study was aimed at determining the efficacy of Magnetis Polus Australis in treating symptoms of onychocryptosis such as pain in the big toe (hallux), tenderness to pressure, infection, erythema and oedema of the lateral nail fold in two different potencies, namely 30cH in repeated doses and 2M in a single dose. This study was a six week double-blind, placebo controlled study involving forty participants. Pre-diagnosed onychocryptosis participants were recruited and randomly divided into three groups. The first experimental group received a once-off dose of Magnetis Polus Australis 2M powder and a 50ml bottle of placebo liquid. The second experimental group received a once-off placebo powder and a 50ml bottle of 30cH Magnetis Polus Australis liquid. The control group received a once-off placebo powder and a 50ml bottle of placebo liquid. All powders were taken immediately in the presence of the researcher, whereas the 50ml liquids were taken home to be taken as ten drops under the tongue twice daily for the total six week study. After the initial consultation, there were two more follow-up consultations at three weekly intervals. At each follow-up consultation all symptoms of the condition were observed, namely pain in the big toe (hallux), tenderness to pressure, infection, erythema and oedema of the lateral nail fold, and were recorded in respect of each participant (Appendix D and E). At the end of the clinical trial all the recorded data were analyzed and compared using Fisher Exact Tests (FET) according to the symptoms of onychocryptosis. Results showed no significant difference between the experimental and control group and therefore did not confirm the efficacy of Magnetis Polus Australis as a specific treatment for the symptoms of onychocryptosis. The only finding was that the control had a significant improvement in pain as opposed to the experimental group. A possible explanation is that the experimental groups, especially the 2M group, demonstrated a homoeopathic aggravation. Further research on this topic is required with a larger sample group over a longer time period.

ABSTRACT The belief that herbal remedies are less invasive on the human body than conventional medicine and the return of the consumer to a more natural lifestyle, has led to the development of a multitude of remedies, with many different uses. Because the use of these herbal remedies has increased drastically in the last decade, it is essential that the quality and efficacy of these products are well regulated. One of the objectives in this study includes the investigation of the presence of marker metabolites in five herbal remedies, namely Serenoa repens, Silybum marianum, Hypericum perforatum, Echinacea purpurea and Gingko biloba. Although most of the brands tested contained the active ingredients assayed for, a few exceptions were found. However, because this study used only thin layer chromatography for analysis of products, verification of these results should be obtained using other more modern methods for example high pressure liquid chromatography. Four brands of Serenoa repens were selected and assayed for the presence of -sitosterol. All four brands tested indicated the presence of -sitosterol. Five brands of Hypericum perforatum were selected and assayed for the presence of hypericin, rutin and chlorogenic acid. Four of the five products tested indicated the presence of hypericin, while three of five products indicated the presence of rutin and chlorogenic acid. Five brands of Echinacea purpurea were selected and assayed for the presence of -sitosterol, chlorogenic and caffeic acid. Three of the five products indicated the presence of -sitosterol, while only one of the five products contained chlorogenic acid. Caffeic acid was present in 3 of the 5 products. Seven brands of Gingko biloba were selected and assayed for the presence of rutin and bilobalide. Five of the seven products indicated the presence of rutin and bilobalide. Four brands of Silybum marianum were selected and assayed for the presence of both taxifolin and sylibin. Only two of the four products contained both taxifolin and silybin. The second objective of this study is to provide a literature review of the five herbal remedies mentioned above. Amongst the topics discussed were uses of these plants, evidence from studies conducted, chemistry and mechanism of action of the active molecules contained in the plants.

L'expansion à l'étranger et la circulation de nouveaux produits entre le Nouveau et l'Ancien sont l'un des grands enjeux de l'historiographie dédiée au commerce de l'Atlantique et au commerce mondial. Bien que les spécialistes aient travaillé sur cette question en ce qui concerne l'insertion, l'adaptation et la consommation de ces nouveaux genres en Amérique, en Europe, en Asie et en Afrique, il y a eu peu de discussions sur les agents qui ont promu ce mouvement dans le monde entier: les commerçants spécialisés - les pharmaciens - et leurs entreprises commerciales. Cette thèse présente une histoire interconnectée entre ceux qui ont fourni des produits pour le marché médical en Europe et l'Amérique portugaise et la manière dont de nouveaux médicaments ont été introduits par le commerce mondial dans la seconde moitié du 18ème siècle. Son objectif principal est de fournir un aperçu analytique de la compréhension des processus qui ont été mutuellement globaux et locaux, par exemple: comment un médicament amérindien est-il un médicament certifié et garanti par la médecine européenne ou asiatique? Et comment ces produits ont-ils été introduits dans ces circuits et par quels itinéraires du marché? / The overseas expansion and circulation of new products between the New and Old World are one of the great issues for the historiography that is dedicated to the Atlantic trade and to the global commerce. While specialists have been working on this issue with regard to the insertion, adaptation and consumption of these new genres in America, Europe, Asia and Africa, there has been little discussion about the agents who have promoted this movement around the globe: specialized traders - druggists - and their trading companies. This thesis presents an interconnected history between those who provided products for the medical market in Europe and Portuguese America and the ways in which new medicines were introduced by global commerce in the second half of the 18th century. Its main objective is to provide an analytical overview for the understanding of processes that have been mutually global and local, for example: how did an Amerindian medicine become a medicine certified and guaranteed by European or Asian medicine? And how were these products introduced in these circuits and by what market routes?

acase@tulane.edu / The role of legal and administrative capacity (“LAC”) in shaping antidumping outcomes has increasingly captured the attention of scholars across a broad range of disciplines. Prior LAC scholarship has largely focused on the experience of member countries in antidumping proceedings brought before the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body. No prior scholarship has analyzed the role of firm-level LAC in explaining the firm-specific dumping margins estimated by the administering authority of a particular country. The relationship between LAC and firm-specific dumping margins is relevant to the field of international development insofar as it has been postulated that capacity constraint-conditioned dumping margin differentials have a disproportionately adverse impact on respondent firms from developing countries. This dynamic, it is further postulated, compromises the ability of producers and exporters in developing countries to integrate themselves into global supply chains and/or access lucrative export markets. These outcomes, in turn, undercut developing country efforts to achieve export-driven economic growth and development strategies. This work empirically examines the theory that LAC is a significant determinant of firm-specific dumping margins in U.S. antidumping investigations administered between 2000 and 2014 using, in connection with a triangulated set of confirmatory and exploratory research questions, a newly constructed database and capacity index. Descriptive and inferential analyses reveal the presence of statistically significant differences between the average firm-specific dumping margins estimated for respondent firms with low- and high- levels of LAC. Moreover, this work finds evidence of a statistically significant association between firm-specific dumping margin outcomes and LAC, both on a stand-alone basis and when modeled alongside alternative explanatory variables. These results provide empirical grounds for concluding that (i) the capacity constraint theory has, in the context of U.S.-administered AD investigations, merit and (ii) U.S. statutes, regulations, procedures, and methodologies operate to impose differentially disadvantageous consequences on certain parties. The latter conclusion violates both the WTO prohibition against de facto discrimination and the U.S. commitment to give special regard to the situation of developing countries. This work concludes by presenting recommendations and diagnostic tools geared toward improving the experience of capacity-constrained respondent firms in U.S. antidumping investigations and identifying directions for future research. / 1 / Robert M. Kossick, Jr.

This study aims to identify traditional medicines which people use in Babati District, Tanzania and to find out which direction the local use and knowledge of traditional medicine is taking in comparison with modern medicine (MM). It is a case study based both on primary and secondary sources. The primary information was gathered with the help of semi-structured interviews and shorter enquiries with people of all categories that use herbal remedies or visit bone fixers and with women that are supported by traditional midwifes. For simple health problems people use TM, for more complicated cases, they go to the hospital. A difference between Babati urban and rural inhabitants was noticed in the usage of traditional and modern medicine, but not between poor and rich people, opinions being slightly different. The Tanzanian government does not encourage the implementation of the TM in the modern medical system and as long as the young generation is not interested to learn the secrets of their parents‟ vocation, this knowledge is threatened by being forgotten. All the herbs used in TM will most likely find their way into the modern pharmacy; however because of the lack of documentation and statistics, it can take up to one hundred years. For this purpose, the gap between TM and MM has to narrow through a better collaboration between all the involved parts.