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The impact of unilateral and coordinated conduct on market economics and performance : post-merger analysesMohamed, Lesenda Grace 23 February 2013 (has links)
The thesis is an ex-post assessment of two horizontal mergers motivated by the dearth in post-merger analyses in the South African context. The objective is to examine whether market dynamics have changed as stated by the Competition Tribunal. The main theories tested are whether the merged firm post-merger was able to exert market power unilaterally or in coordinated manner. These constructs are examined against the ability of customers to restrain market power, barriers to entry, the effect of the remedies imposed and the financial performance.The results reveal that the Tribunal leans towards the SCP doctrine and demonstrates the need for a dynamic approach in competitive assessments informed by understanding how competitors and customers may react to a merger. The research findings indicate that the Tribunal’s conclusions on both the Nampak/Burcap and Scaw/Ozz transactions were unproven, post-merger. The research also demonstrates the need and importance of ex-post evaluations to improve future decisions on mergers. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted
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Using water law enforcement to demonstrate the effectiveness of regulations for the protection of water resourcesSmith, Farrel January 2021 (has links)
Magister Philosophiae (Integrated Water Resource Management) - MPhl(IWM) / The South African National Water Act attracted attention of the international water community as one of the most reformist pieces of water legislation in the world, and a major step forward in the transformation of the concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM) into legislation. However, 20 years later after the National Water Act was promulgated, implementation of the same act has been partially successful. In many aspects, the, implementation has been weak. The argument is that the water law enforcement is not been implemented to demonstrate the effectiveness of regulations for the protection of water resources. / 2022
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Exhaustion of Local Remedies : Is Exhaustion of Local Remedies Procedural or Substatntive Requirement in Investment Treaty ArbitrationRibicic, Dalibor January 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Tyrosol production of Candida species by plant extracts used for skin treatment remediesHeredia, Dario Gabriel January 2022 (has links)
>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The fungal genus Candida is a collection of approximately 150 asporogenous yeast species which are able to cause life-threatening diseases when the normal host defences have been compromised. The most commonly isolated species is Candida albicans (C. albicans), which is a dimorphic fungus that exists in the blastopore and mycelial phase. Factors which are critical for the pathogenicity of Candida are morphological transition between yeast and hyphal forms, thigmotropism, biofilm formation, expression of adhesins, invasins on the cell surface and the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes such as phospholipases, proteases, and haemolysin.
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Naturläkemedel inom sjukvårdenAli, Viktoria January 2010 (has links)
Naturläkemedel är ett område som väcker stort intresse idag och allt fler individer väljer att ta hand om sina åkommor på egen hand. Modern forskning visar på interaktioner mellan naturläkemedel och konventionella läkemedel. Eftersom naturläkemedel under lång tid uteslutande har använts i egenvårdssyfte har patienters användning av dessa produkter skett i stor utsträckning utan medverkan från den vanliga hälso- och sjukvården. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka sjuksköterskors inställning till och kunskaper om naturläkemedel. Studien är av kvalitativ design och är baserad på sex intervjuer med sjuksköterskor verksamma vid två ortopediska vårdavdelningar i Södra Sverige. Resultatet visade att behovet av ökade kunskaper om naturläkemedel hos sjuksköterskor är stort och att naturläkemedel är något som diskuteras i mycket liten omfattning inom sjukvården. / Herbal remedies is an area that arouses great interest today and more individuals choose to take care of their symptoms on their own. Modern research shows interactions between herbal remedies and conventional medicines. Since herbal remedies for a long time been used exclusively in self-care purposes, the patients use of these products are made largely without the participation of the ordinary health care. The purpose of this study was to investigate nurses attitudes towards and knowledge of herbal remedies. The design of this study is qualitative and is based on six interviews with nurses working in two orthopedic departments in southern Sweden. The results showed that the need for increased knowledge of herbal remedies among nurses is high and that herbal remedies are discussed in a very small scale in health care.
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Assessment of the quality and content of website health information about herbal remedies for menopausal symptomsSowter, Julie, Astin, F., Dye, L., Marshall, P., Knapp, P. 04 March 2016 (has links)
Yes / Objective
To assess the quality, readability and coverage of website information about herbal remedies for menopausal symptoms.
Study design
A purposive sample of commercial and non-commercial websites was assessed for quality (DISCERN), readability (SMOG) and information coverage.
Main outcome measures
Non-parametric and parametric tests were used to explain the variability of these factors across types of websites and to assess associations between website quality and information coverage.
Results
39 sites were assessed. Median quality and information coverage scores were 44/80 and 11/30 respectively. The median readability score was 18.7, similar to UK broadsheets. Commercial websites scored significantly lower on quality (p = 0.014), but there were no statistical differences for information coverage or readability. There was a significant positive correlation between information quality and coverage scores irrespective of website provider (r = 0.69, p < 0.001, n = 39).
Conclusion
Overall website quality and information coverage are poor and the required reading level high.
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The legal nature of preference contractsNaude, Tjakie 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The various constructions of rights of pre-emption encountered in South African case
law all have some merit. This is confirmed by the multiplicity of types of preference
contracts encountered in German law especially. The tendency of South African courts
and writers to portray one approach as the only correct one to the exclusion of all other
views, results in tension and confusion, all the more because of the failure to investigate
the relevant policy considerations comprehensively. The confusion is compounded by
what amounts to a breakdown of the system of precedents with judgments being based
on incorrect interpretations of previous decisions and with scant regard for contrary
decisions.
No certainty exists regarding the construction of the contractual right of pre-emption in
Roman and Roman-Dutch law, nor is it clear what figure or figures were received into
South African law. The Germanic concept of tiered ownership that forms the historical
basis for the Oryx remedy, does not form part of our law. This accounts for the
difficulty that courts and writers have in explaining this remedy in terms of Romanist
terminology, and the resort to the language of fiction.
German law and English law, relied upon in South African case law, do not support a
uniform construction of all rights of pre-emption as creating an enforceable duty to
make an offer upon manifestation of a desire to sell. The almost unanimous support of
US courts for a remedy by which the holder can ultimately obtain performance of the
main contract upon conclusion of a contract with a third party, challenges the
hypothesis suggested by German law that the default construction of preference
contracts should be the bare preference contract which only creates a negative
obligation.
The very cryptic way in which rights of pre-emption are normally drafted, makes it
difficult to even identify the main purpose of the parties. It is therefore not easy to
classify preference contracts into the different types identified in this study as notional
possibilities. A default regime is therefore highly desirable in the interest of legal certainty. The choice of a default regime should be made on the basis of recognised
policy considerations, particularly on the basis of an equitable balancing of typical
parties' interests and in view of communal interests balanced against the demand for
legal certainty. The choice of default regime cannot be based merely on historical
authority or precedent (which is in any event unclear in the present context) or
unsubstantiated claims that one model is more logical or commercially useful than
another. When rules are chosen as the default regime, these rules must, as far as
possible, be reconciled with the existing conceptual structure of our law to prevent
contradictions and inconsistencies.
A policy analysis reveals that three default types of preference contract should be
recognised, each with a clearly delineated field of application. Firstly, where the
agreement allows the grantor to contract with a third party, the holder has the right to
contract with the grantor at the terms agreed with the third party. Such a preference
contract can therefore be regarded as an option conditional upon conclusion of a
contract with a third party. Such contracts are rare in South Africa. In other cases, the
default rule should be that the grantor must first give the holder an opportunity to
contract before he contracts with a third party. The default construction of this latter
type of preference contracts depends on whether the preference contract itself
predetermines the main contract price. If so, the holder has a right or option to
contract at that price upon any manifestation of a desire to conclude the relevant type of
contract. However, where the preference contract does not predetermine the price, or
refers to a price that the grantor would accept from third parties, any manifestation of a
desire to sell should not be sufficient to trigger the holder's right. The grantor and
society have an interest in having her freedom to negotiate with third parties to obtain
the best possible price curtailed as little as possible. In such cases, the default rule
should be that the holder is only entitled to conclusion of the main contract upon breach
in the form of a contract with or offer to a third party. The default rule should also be
that such preference contracts - which will be treated as ordinary preference contracts -
only terminate upon the grantor actually contracting with and performing to a third
party within a reasonable time after the holder declined the opportunity to match those
terms, and provided the identity of the third party was disclosed to the holder on
request. The holder therefore cannot lose his preferential right by a rejection of an
outrageously high offer by the grantor.
Options and preference contracts are closely related and overlapping concepts. The
type of preference contract that grants a conditional right to contract can often be
understood as a conditional option (or at least as a conditional option subject to a
resolutive condition that the grantor does not want to contract anymore). The
traditional distinction between options and rights of first refusal can only be maintained
in respect of some types of preference contracts. These are negative or bare preference
contracts which only give rise to remedies aimed at restoring the status quo ante the
breach, as well as those preference contracts creating conditional rights to contract
which courts refuse to treat as conditional options because their wording implies a duty
to make or accept an offer, or because the requirement of certainty precludes them from
being options. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verskillende konstruksies van voorkoopsregte aanvaar III Suid-Afrikaanse
beslissings het almal meriete. Dit word bevestig deur die verskillende tipes
voorkoopskontrakte wat veral in die Duitse reg erken word. Die neiging van Suid-
Afrikaanse howe en skrywers om een benadering as die enigste korrekte een te tipeer
veroorsaak spanning en onsekerheid, des te meer weens die versuim om die relevante
beleidsoorwegings deeglik te ondersoek. Boonop is die presedentestelsel telkens
verontagsaam deur verkeerde interpretasies van vorige uitsprake en deurdat
teenstrydige uitsprake bloot geïgnoreer is.
Geen sekerheid bestaan oor die konstruksie van die kontraktuele voorkoopsreg in die
Romeinse of Romeins-Hollandse Reg nie. Dit is ook nie duidelik watter figuur of
figure in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg geresipieer is nie. Die Germaanse konsep van
gesplitste eiendomsreg wat die historiese basis van die Oryx-meganisme daarstel, vorm
nie deel van ons reg nie. Dit verduidelik hoekom howe en skrywers sukkel om dié
remedie te verduidelik aan die hand van Romanistiese verbintenisreg-terminologie, en
die gevolglike gebruikmaking van fiksie-taal.
Die Duitse en Engelse reg waarop gesteun is in Suid-Afrikaanse regspraak, steun nie 'n
uniforme konstruksie van alle voorkoopsregte as behelsende 'n afdwingbare plig om 'n
aanbod te maak by enige manifestasie van 'n begeerte om te verkoop nie. Die byna
eenparige steun van Noord-Amerikaanse howe vir 'n remedie waarmee die
voorkoopsreghouer uiteindelik prestasie van die substantiewe kontrak kan kry by
sluiting van 'n kontrak met 'n derde, is 'n teenvoeter vir die hipotese gesuggereer deur
die Duitse reg dat die verstekkonstruksie van voorkeurkontrakte behoort te wees dat
slegs 'n negatiewe verpligting geskep word.
Die kriptiese wyse waarop voorkeurkontrakte normaalweg opgestel word, maak dit
moeilik om selfs die hoofdoelstelling van die partye te identifiseer. Dit is daarom nie
maklik om voorkeurkontrakte te klassifisieer in die verskillende tipes wat in hierdie
studie geïdentifiseer is nie. 'n Verstekregime is daarom wenslik in die belang van regsekerheid. Die keuse van verstekregime behoort gemaak te word op die basis van
erkende beleidsoorwegings, spesifiek op die basis van 'n billike balansering van tipiese
partybelange en in die lig van gemeenskapsbelange gebalanseer teen die vereiste van
regsekerheid. Die keuse van verstekregime kan nie gebaseer word bloot op historiese
gesag en vorige beslissings nie (wat in elk geval in die huidige konteks onduidelik is).
Dit kan ook nie gebaseer word op ongemotiveerde aansprake dat een model meer logies
of kommersieël bruikbaar as 'n ander is nie. Wanneer verstekreëls gekies word moet
dit, sover moontlik, versoen word met die bestaande begrippe-struktuur van ons reg om
teenstrydighede in die sisteem te vermy.
'n Beleidsanalise laat blyk dat drie verstektipes voorkeurkontrakte erken behoort te
word, elk met 'n duidelik afgebakende toepassingsveld. Eerstens, waar die ooreenkoms
toelaat dat die voorkeurreggewer eers met 'n derde party kontrakteer, het die
voorkeurreghouer 'n opsie om te kontrakteer op die terme ooreengekom met die derde.
Die voorkeurkontrak kan daarom beskou word as 'n opsie onderhewig aan die
voorwaarde van sluiting van 'n kontrak met 'n derde. Sulke kontrakte is raar in Suid-
Afrika. In ander gevalle behoort die verstekreël te wees dat die voorkeurreggewer eers
die houer 'n geleentheid moet gee om te kontrakteer voordat sy met 'n derde 'n kontrak
aangaan. Die verstekkonstruksie van hierdie laasgenoemde tipe voorkeurkontrak hang
daarvan af of die voorkeurkontrak self die substantiewe kontraksprys vasstel. Indien
wel het die houer die reg of opsie om te kontrakteer teen daardie prys by enige
manifestasie van 'n begeerte om die spesifieke soort kontrak te sluit. Maar waar die
voorkeurkontrak nie die prys vasstel nie, of verwys na 'n prys wat die gewer sou
aanvaar van 'n derde, behoort enige manifestasie van 'n begeerte om te kontrakteer nie
genoeg te wees om die houer se reg afdwingbaar te maak nie. Die voorkeurreggewer
en die gemeenskap het 'n belang daarby dat die gewer se vryheid om met derdes te
onderhandel so min as moontlik beperk word sodat sy die beste moontlike prys kan kry.
In sulke gevalle behoort die verstekreël te wees dat die houer slegs geregtig is op die
voordeel van die substantiewe kontrak by kontrakbreuk in die vorm van 'n kontrak met
of aanbod aan 'n derde. Die verstekreël behoort ook te wees dat sulke
voorkeurkontrakte in beginsel slegs beëindig word wanneer die voorkeurreggewer
inderdaad kontrakteer met en presteer aan 'n derde binne 'n redelike tyd nadat die
voorkeurreghouer die geleentheid gegee is om daardie terme te ewenaar. Dit behoort
ook vereis te word dat die identiteit van die derde aan die houer geopenbaar word op sy versoek. Die houer kan dus nie sy voorkeurreg verloor deur nie-aanvaarding van 'n
belaglik hoë aanbod deur die voorkeurreggewer nie.
Opsies en voorkeurkontrakte is oorvleulende konsepte. Die tipe voorkeurkontrak wat
'n voorwaardelike reg om te kontrakteer verleen kan dikwels verstaan word as 'n
voorwaardelike opsie (of minstens as 'n voorwaardelike opsie onderhewig aan 'n
ontbindende voorwaarde dat die gewer glad nie meer wil kontrakteer nie). Die
tradisionele onderskeid tussen opsies en voorkeurregte kan slegs behou word tov
sommige voorkeurkontrakte. Hulle is die "negatiewe" voorkeurkontrakte, wat slegs
aanleiding gee tot remedies gemik op herstel van die status quo ante kontrakbreuk
sowel as daarde voorkeurkontrakte wat voorwaardelike regte om te kontrakteer skep
wat howe weier om as voorwaardelike opsies te behandelomdat hulle bewoording wys
op 'n plig om 'n aanbod te maak of te aanvaar, of omdat die vereiste van sekerheid
hulle verhoed om opsies te wees.
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The office of the ombudsman of Hong Kong: an evaluation from the perspectives of street-level bureaucrats, thepublic and members of the Legislative CouncilLeung, Man-kit, 梁文傑 January 1998 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration
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O direito superveniente nos recursos extraordinário e especialSilveira Neto, Antônio Gonçalves da Mota 05 June 2009 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2009-06-05 / This present study focus on the supervenient law in the exceptionals petitions both “ extraordinário” and “ especial” . However, it is known that there are imposed limits that are included in the prequestioning and also the lawsuit, determined by specific moment of the process when analyzing the subjective elements and the objective elements, that must remains unchangeable. That way, the exceptional petitions can establish, first of all
what is the most relevant, then the peculiarities and hypothesis that fits. It is also important to understand the subject to find elements which identify lawsuit, that is the triple identity and also the establishment of the lawsuit, genesis e use nowadays. After all, it is a way of searching searching an ideal system for this approach. At the end, the objective is to bring up together the institute representative, so that the two different areas in a litigation, respecting even the contradictory terms, the law act and also the right acquired, which can be a benefit of the ius superveniens / O presente trabalho foca no cabimento do direito superveniente nos recursos excepcionais, a saber: extraordinário e especial. Contudo, reconhece-se e respeita-se os limites impostos pela necessária exigência do prequestionamento, bem como pela estabilização de demanda, determinativa de que, após específico momento processual os elementos subjetivos(partes) e o elementos objetivos(causa de pedir e pedido), restam por inalteráveis. Procura-se, assim, caracterizar os recursos excepcionais, estabelecendo o que há de mais relevante em comum, depois as peculiaridades e hipóteses de cabimento. Ato contínuo, examina-se o prequestionamento e sua vertentes. Coloca-se também o necessário estudo dos elementos que identificam a
demanda, isto é, a tríplice identidade, além de, posteriormente, a estabilização da demanda, sua gênese e aplicabilidade atual. Por fim, trata-se da temática proposta, buscando sistematizá-la. Busca-se, assim, conciliar os institutos propostos, para que as partes em litígio, uma vez respeitado o princípio do contraditório, o ato jurídico e o direito adquirido sejam, efetivamente, beneficiados com o ius superveniens.
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Trustee's accountability / Marius Garnett PrestonPreston, Marius Garnett January 2014 (has links)
The trustee has a fiduciary responsibility towards the parties with an interest in the trust.
The parties with an interest in the trust may have certain expectations and requirements of the trustee. The main responsibility and accountability ascribed to and expected of the trustee are for the proper maintenance and administration of the trust and its assets.
The parties with an interest in the trust may be classified according to how closely involved or affected they are by the existence of the trust. The parties closest to the trust are listed as the founder, beneficiaries and co-trustees. Parties with a judiciary, legislative and administrative interest in the trust include the Master of the High Court, the High Court and the auditors as well as accountants of the trust.
The parties with an interest in the trust may not be satisfied with the actions or performance of the trustee. These parties may seek actions and remedies to hold the trustee accountable. These actions and remedies may be found in legislation, the literature, common law or court judgements. It would also be in the trustee’s interest to be informed of the different actions and remedies that could be utilised to hold him accountable.
Different types of action are available to hold the trustee accountable, including civil and criminal remedies. The Trust Property Control Act 57 of 1988 does not provide for criminal remedies, but provides an array of civil remedies to hold trustees accountable. The Aquilian action is also available to parties to hold a trustee accountable who committed a breach of trust.
The focus of the mini-dissertation is to determine the landscape of remedies and actions available to parties with an interest in the trust in order to hold the trustee accountable. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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