Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KahildeteRFD_TESE.pdf: 2018469 bytes, checksum: 2bf4c3c4dd7f5e60e73413d8e6ce2dd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-12 / The diesel combustion form sulfur oxides that can be discharged into the atmosphere as particulates and primary pollutants, SO2and SO3, causing great damage to the environment and to human health. These products can be transformed into acids in the combustion chamber, causing damage to the engines. The worldwide concern with a clean and healthy environment has led to more restrictive laws and regulations regulating the emission levels of pollutants in the air, establishing sulfur levels increasingly low on fuels. The conventional methods for sulfur removal from diesel are expensive and do not produce a zero-level sulfur fuel. This work aims to develop new methods of removing sulfur from commercial diesel using surfactants and microemulsion systems. Its main purpose is to create new technologies and add economic viability to the process. First, a preliminary study using as extracting agent a Winsor I microemulsion system with dodecyl ammonium chloride (DDACl) and nonyl phenol ethoxylated (RNX95) as surfactant was performed to choose the surfactant. The RNX95 was chosen to be used as surfactant in microemulsioned systems for adsorbent surface modification and as an extracting agent in liquid-liquid extraction. Vermiculite was evaluated as adsorbent. The microemulsion systems applied for vermiculite surface modification were composed by RNX95 (surfactant), n-butanol (cosurfactant), n-hexane (oil phase), and different aqueous phases, including: distilled water (aqueous phase),20ppm CaCl2solution, and 1500ppm CaCl2solution. Batch and column adsorption tests were carried out to estimate the ability of vermiculite to adsorb sulfur from diesel. It was used in the experiments a commercial diesel fuel with 1,233ppm initial sulfur concentration. The batch experiments were performed according to a factorial design (23). Two experimental sets were accomplished: the first one applying 1:2 vermiculite to diesel ratio and the second one using 1:5 vermiculite to diesel ratio. It was evaluated the effects of temperature (25?C and 60?C), concentration of CaCl2in the aqueous phase (20ppm and 1500ppm), and vermiculite granule size (65 and 100 mesh). The experimental response was the ability of vermiculite to adsorb sulfur. The best results for both 1:5 and 1:2 ratios were obtained using 60?C, 1500ppm CaCl2solution, and 65 mesh. The best adsorption capacities for 1:5 ratio and for 1:2 ratio were 4.24 mg sulfur/g adsorbent and 2.87 mg sulfur/g adsorbent, respectively. It was verified that the most significant factor was the concentration of the CaCl2 solution. Liquid-liquid extraction experiments were performed in two and six steps using the same surfactant to diesel ratio. It was obtained 46.8% sulfur removal in two-step experiment and 73.15% in six-step one. An alternative study, for comparison purposes, was made using bentonite and diatomite asadsorbents. The batch experiments were done using microemulsion systems with the same aqueous phases evaluated in vermiculite study and also 20ppm and 1500 ppm BaCl2 solutions. For bentonite, the best adsorption capacity was 7.53mg sulfur/g adsorbent with distilled water as aqueous phase of the microemulsion system and for diatomite the best result was 17.04 mg sulfur/g adsorbent using a 20ppm CaCl2solution. The accomplishment of this study allowed us to conclude that, among the alternatives tested, the adsorption process using adsorbents modified by microemulsion systems was considered the best process for sulfur removal from diesel fuel. The optimization and scale upof the process constitutes a viable alternative to achieve the needs of the market / Os ?xidos de enxofre formados pela combust?o do ?leo diesel podem ser descarregados para a atmosfera sob a forma de particulados e poluentes prim?rios como SO2 e SO 3, acarretando grandes preju?zos ao meio ambiente e ? sa?de humana e, ainda, podem se transformar em ?cidos na c?mara de combust?o, causando danos aos motores. A preocupa??o mundial com o meio ambiente saud?vel e despolu?do tem levado ? institui??o de normas e leis no sentido de reduzir os n?veis de emiss?o de poluentes no ar, estabelecendo teores de enxofre cada vez mais baixos nos combust?veis, de modo a seter produtos menos agressivos ao meio ambiente e ? sa?de p?blica. Os m?todos convencionais de remo??o de enxofre do diesel t?m custo elevado, al?m de n?o serem capazes de produzir combust?veis com n?vel zero de enxofre. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver novos m?todos de remo??o de enxofre do diesel utilizando tensoativos e sistemas microemulsionados, procurando associar novas tecnologias e viabilidade econ?mica aos processos. Para escolha do tensoativo, foi feito um estudo de extra??o na regi?o de Winsor I, com cloreto de dodecilam?nio (DDACl) e nonil fenol etoxilado (RNX 95). A partir dos resultados foi escolhido o RNX 95, como constituinte dos sistemas microemulsionados utilizados na modifica??o dos adsorventes, para os processos de adsor??o e, como extratante, para extra??o l?quido-l?quido. Utilizou-se como adsorvente a vermiculita tratada com uma microemuls?o constitu?da por RNX 95 (tensoativo), n-butanol (cotensoativo), hexano (fase oleosa) e ?gua destilada, solu??o salina de CaCl220 ppm, solu??o salina de CaCl2 1500 ppm (fase aquosa), nos processos de adsor??o, em banho finito e em coluna, cuja fase fluida foi o ?leo diesel comercial (1233 ppm de enxofre). Na etapa de adsor??o em banho finito aplicaram-se duas abordagens estat?sticas pelo m?todo do planejamento fatorial completo (23), com tr?s vari?veis (temperatura, concentra??o da solu??o salina de CaCl2 e granulometria da vermiculita) em dois n?veis experimentais (superior e inferior), variando a raz?o vermiculita:diesel, sendo um planejamento fatorial para a raz?o igual a 1:2 e outro para raz?o igual a 1:5. A resposta experimental foi a capacidade da vermiculita em adsorver o enxofre. Os melhores resultados, tanto para a raz?overmiculita/diesel de 1:5 como para a raz?o 1:2, foram obtidos a uma temperatura de 60?C, concentra??o de CaCl 2 1500 ppm e granulometria da vermiculita 65 mesh, obtendo-se capacidades de adsor??o de 4,24 mg/g para a raz?o 1:5 e 2,87 mg/g, para a raz?o 1:2, indicando que a vari?vel mais significativa, em ambas as raz?es, foi a concentra??o da solu??o salina de CaCl2. Na extra??o l?quido-l?quido, realizada em duas e em seis etapas, utilizou-se a mesma propor??o de tensoativoe diesel e obtiveram-se percentuais de extra??o de 46,8% e 73,15%, respectivamente. Foi realizado tamb?m um estudo alternativo de modifica??o de outros adsorventes para fins de compara??o. Os ensaios foram feitos em banho finito com bentonita e diatomita, modificadas com microemuls?o. Os agentes modificadores foram os j? estudados neste trabalho acrescidos de solu??es salinas de BaCl220 ppm e 1500 ppm, como fases aquosas dos sistemas microemulsionados. Para a bentonita a melhor capacidade de adsor??o foi de 7,53 mg/g utilizando o sistema microemulsionado com ?gua destilada na fase aquosa e para a diatomita o melhor resultado ocorreu com a microemuls?o contendo solu??o salina de CaCl2 20ppm, obtendo-se uma capacidade de adsor??o de 17,04 mg/g. A realiza??o deste estudo permite concluir que, dentre as alternativas testadas, a adsor??o utilizando adsorventes impregnados por microemuls?es foi considerado o melhor processo de remo??o do enxofre do diesel e que a sua otimiza??o e scale upconstitui-se em uma alternativa vi?vel e de custo compat?vel comas necessidades do mercado

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelM_DISSERT.pdf: 1989956 bytes, checksum: 4d567b87a39f4ad9191e5a5c7decf060 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-22 / The groundwater quality has been compromised as a result of the intensification of human activities over the years. Groundwater contamination by nitrate is one of the effects of this degradation, a socio-environmental problem that affects many regions of the world and particular the city of Natal (RN). Developing techniques for nitrate removal in water is intended to eliminate or reduce the concentration of this compound, and those that involve biological processes have produced economic and environmental advantages. This study proposes a technology for biological removal of nitrate in water supply for humans, using the endocarp s coconut as a carbon source and bacteria support. The experiments were performed in pilot scale anoxic, testing different areas of the substrate surface. Results showed high rates nitrate removal during the monitoring period, noting the occurrence of denitrification after the beginning of system operation. The best performance was achieved in the treatment system containing substrate surface area increased, indicating that the decrease in the endocarp size contributed to increased bacterial activity, improving the ability to remove nitrate. About the quality analyzed aspects of water, it was found that the proposed technology has the potential water use for human consumption / A qualidade da ?gua subterr?nea vem sendo cada vez mais comprometida como consequ?ncia da intensifica??o das a??es antr?picas ao longo dos anos. Um dos efeitos dessa degrada??o ? a contamina??o dos mananciais subterr?neos por nitrato, um problema s?cio-ambiental que atinge diversas regi?es do mundo e, em particular, a cidade do Natal (RN). T?cnicas para remo??o de nitrato em ?guas t?m sido desenvolvidas a fim de eliminar, ou reduzir, a concentra??o deste composto, sendo que, as que envolvem processos biol?gicos t?m apresentado vantagens econ?micas e ambientais. Esse estudo prop?e uma tecnologia de remo??o biol?gica do nitrato em ?gua de abastecimento humano, utilizando o endocarpo de coco como fonte de carbono e suporte bacteriano. Os experimentos foram realizados em c?maras an?xicas em escala piloto, testando diferentes ?reas superficiais do substrato. Os resultados mostraram elevadas taxas de remo??o de nitrato ao longo do per?odo de monitoramento, observando a ocorr?ncia da desnitrifica??o logo ap?s o in?cio do funcionamento do sistema. O melhor desempenho foi alcan?ado no sistema de tratamento contendo substrato de maior ?rea superficial, indicando que a diminui??o no tamanho do endocarpo contribuiu com o aumento da atividade bacteriana, melhorando a capacidade de remo??o de nitrato. Quanto ? qualidade da ?gua analisada, verificou-se que a tecnologia proposta tem potencialidade de uso da ?gua para consumo humano

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OdeniaALS_DISSERT.pdf: 3500566 bytes, checksum: bcbbd86a88f2dade1ad704684123cb31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Stabilization pond is the main technology used for treatment wastewater, in northeast Brazil, due to lower cost of deployment, operation and maintenance compared to other technologies. Most systems of stabilization ponds has been in operation for some time, on average 10 years of operation, receiving high organic loads and do not have good removal efficiencies of the main parameters for which have been designed. Therefore it is necessary to work to quantify the efficiency of current systems. This study evaluated the biodegradability of organic matter in raw sewage, the removal of organic matter in reactors and determination of the kinetic constant removal of organic matter (k), both in reactors and in raw sewage, based on the analysis made in the laboratory and through mathematical methods proposed in the literature, in nine systems stabilization ponds, located in Rio Grande do Norte. In relation the degradation kinetics in stabilization ponds, it was observed that many papers published in the literature were obtained in pilot-scale systems, which often, due to the action of external factors such as wind and temperature, these can t be considered as a reference in the analysis of the kinetic constant K, so the need for more research into systems of scale. This study had three distinct phases and simultaneous, routine monitoring, study of the daily cycle and the determination of kinetic constant of degradation of organic matter (K). The monitoring showed that the removal efficiencies of organic matter on most systems were lower than suggested by the literature, the best efficiencies of around 76% (BOD) and 72% (COD) and the worst of the order of 48% (BOD) and 55% (COD). The calculation of K in raw sewage (Ke) was within the range of variation expected in the literature (0.35 to 0.60 days-1). Already for the results obtained for K in the reactors (Kr), there were well below the values recommended in the literature (0.25 to 0.40 d-1 for complete mix and from 0.13 to 0.17 d-1 for flow dispersed), in line with the overloads that organic systems are subject / Lagoa de estabiliza??o ? a principal tecnologia utilizada para tratamento de esgotos dom?sticos no Nordeste brasileiro, devido ao menor custo de implanta??o, opera??o e manuten??o, quando comparada com outras tecnologias. A maioria dos sistemas de lagoas de estabiliza??o est? em opera??o h? bastante tempo, em m?dia 10 anos de opera??o, recebem altas cargas org?nicas e n?o apresentam boas efici?ncias de remo??o dos principais par?metros a qual foram projetadas. Portanto, faz-se necess?rio um trabalho que quantifique a efici?ncia atual desses sistemas. O presente estudo avaliou a biodegradabilidade da mat?ria org?nica no esgoto bruto, a remo??o da mat?ria org?nica nos reatores e a determina??o da constante cin?tica de remo??o de mat?ria org?nica (k), tanto nos reatores quanto no esgoto bruto, baseadas nas an?lises feitas em laborat?rio e atrav?s dos m?todos matem?ticos propostos pela literatura, em nove sistemas de lagoas de estabiliza??o, no Rio Grande do Norte. Em rela??o ? cin?tica de degrada??o em lagoas de estabiliza??o, observou-se que muitos trabalhos publicados na literatura foram obtidos em sistemas em escala piloto, o que muitas vezes, devido ? a??o de fatores externos, tais como vento e temperatura, esses n?o podem ser considerados como refer?ncia na an?lise da constante cin?tica K, por isso a necessidade de se pesquisar mais em sistemas de escala real. Essa pesquisa teve tr?s fases distintas e simult?neas: monitora??o de rotina, estudo do ciclo di?rio e a determina??o da constante cin?tica de degrada??o da mat?ria org?nica (K). O monitoramento mostrou que as efici?ncias de remo??o de mat?ria org?nica, na maioria dos sistemas, estavam abaixo do sugerido pela literatura, sendo as melhores efici?ncias da ordem de 76% (DBO) e de 72% (DQO) e as piores da ordem de 48% (DBO) e 55% (DQO). O calculo do K no esgoto bruto (Ke) mostrou-se dentro da faixa de varia??o prevista na literatura (0,35 a 0,60 dia-1). J? para os resultados obtidos para K nos reatores (Kr), verificaram-se valores bem abaixo do preconizado pela literatura (0,25 a 0,40 d-1 para mistura completa e 0,13 a 0,17 d-1 para fluxo disperso), em conson?ncia com as sobrecargas org?nicas a que os sistemas est?o sujeitos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LorenaAAS_DISSERT.pdf: 1823749 bytes, checksum: 12d88ee29bda4ea738e34260da21491c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-06 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The struvite precipitation in wastewater treatments plants offer advantages to obtaining a economically viable product, containing phosphorus, nitrogen and magnesium, in a bioavailable conditions to plants. The precipitation process requires ideal conditions, but all of these aspects are difficult to obtain and may result in resistance to collect crystals during the sedimentation process. Therefore, instead find the best conditions for precipitation, we propose the dissolved air flotation as another method to retrieve the crystals. The application of dissolved air flotation method to promote separation of struvite crystals from sewage supernatant, was evaluated in a precipitation-flotation reactor (flotatest) and were compared with the precipitation-sedimentation assays (jar test). Finally, were observed that the dissolved air flotation process was as feasible as sedimentation to promote struvite crystals separation, and the pH are the most influencer factor for an efficient separation / A precipita??o de estruvita em Esta??es de Tratamento de Esgoto oferece como vantagem a obten??o de um produto economicamente vi?vel, com f?sforo, nitrog?nio e magn?sio em sua composi??o e biologicamente dispon?vel para as plantas. Este processo necessita de condi??es ideais para que ocorra a precipita??o, por?m a dificuldade de atingir tais condi??es pode resultar em resist?ncia na coleta de cristais durante o processo de sedimenta??o. Assim, em vez de buscar as melhores condi??es de precipita??o, que em muitos casos n?o podem ser atingidas, propomos utilizar a flota??o por ar dissolvido (FAD) como uma alternativa ? sedimenta??o de part?culas. A avalia??o da aplicabilidade do processo de Flota??o por Ar Dissolvido (FAD) na separa??o de cristais de estruvita em percolado de lodo foi realizada em reator de precipita??o-flota??o (flotateste) e comparada com ensaios de precipita??o-sedimenta??o (jar teste). Por fim, foi observado que a flota??o por ar dissolvido ? vi?vel na separa??o de cristais de estruvita tanto quanto a sedimenta??o, sendo o pH o fator que exerceu maior influ?ncia sobre a efici?ncia de separa??o

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CeresVCD_DISSERT.pdf: 2077286 bytes, checksum: e92bca4faf414c0d0c184dc10f694c85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Experience in the use of stabilization ponds shows that this is a system with low cost, easy operation and maintenance and suitable for tropical countries. One of its disadvantages is due to high concentrations of suspended solids, mainly due to algal biomass in the effluents. Accordingly, the dissolved air flotation has been shown to be an efficient post-treatment technology. However, the efficiency of this process is related to coagulation and flocculation steps, as well as the adjustment of the involved variables in the process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the algae removal efficiency from wastewater stabilization ponds and the influence of the factors involved in the process using dissolved air flotation. For this, we used primary facultative and maturation effluents of ETE Ponta Negra in Natal. We did tests of coagulation, flocculation and flotation with the samples, using the equipment flotatest. In this process were tested coagulants aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, and varied the factors pH, coagulant concentration, polymer concentration and rate of recirculation. At the end of the experiments were analyzed turbidity, suspended solids, color, COD and chlorophyll "a". These results were submitted to descriptive statistics to verify the efficiency of the process in general, and regression analysis to identify models that describe the process and demonstrate the factors that have greater influence on flotation. After step methodology, high values were found removal efficiency of suspended solids, reaching values greater than 90% in the best cases. It was concluded that flotation is more efficient in the facultative pond effluent using ferric chloride, and the variability of algae may negatively influence the process. Regression analyzes showed that pH is the most influential variable in the coagulation-flocculation-flotation, and its optimal value among the tested is 5.5 for both coagulants / A experi?ncia no uso de lagoas de estabiliza??o mostra que esse ? um sistema que apresenta baixo custo, f?cil opera??o e manuten??o e adequado a pa?ses tropicais. Apesar disso, uma de suas desvantagens est? relacionada ?s elevadas concentra??es de s?lidos suspensos, devido principalmente ? biomassa das algas nos efluentes. Com o objetivo de remover tais algas, a flota??o por ar dissolvido tem se mostrado como uma eficiente t?cnica de p?s-tratamento. No entanto, a efici?ncia desse processo est? relacionada ?s etapas de coagula??o e flocula??o pr?vias, bem como ao ajuste das vari?veis envolvidas no processo. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a efici?ncia de remo??o de algas de efluente de lagoas de estabiliza??o bem como a influ?ncia dos fatores envolvidos utilizando o processo de flota??o por ar dissolvido. Para isso, foi utilizado efluente das lagoas facultativa prim?ria e de matura??o da ETE Ponta Negra, em Natal. As amostras coletadas foram submetidas a ensaios de coagula??o, flocula??o e flota??o com vistas ? remo??o de s?lidos suspensos, utilizando-se o equipamento flotateste. Nesse processo foram testados os coagulantes sulfato de alum?nio e cloreto f?rrico, e variados os fatores pH, concentra??o de coagulante, concentra??o de pol?mero e taxa de recircula??o da ?gua saturada. Ao fim dos experimentos, foram analisados turbidez, s?lidos suspensos, cor, DQO e clorofila a . Esses resultados foram submetidos a estat?stica descritiva para verifica??o da efici?ncia do processo em geral, e an?lise de regress?o para identificar modelos que descrevam o processo e demonstrem os fatores que apresentam maior influ?ncia na flota??o. Ap?s o desenvolvimento dos ensaios, foram encontradas altas efici?ncias de remo??o de s?lidos suspensos, chegando a valores superiores a 90% nos melhores casos. Concluiu-se que a flota??o ? mais eficiente no efluente de lagoa facultativa utilizando-se o cloreto f?rrico, e que a variabilidade de algas pode influenciar negativamente no processo. As an?lises de regress?o demonstraram que o pH ? a vari?vel de maior influ?ncia na coagula??o-flocula??o-flota??o, sendo que o seu valor ?timo dentre os testados foi 5,5 para os dois coagulantes

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoisesAFQ_DISSERT.pdf: 1322817 bytes, checksum: d69733a37de991cb265f0cf0939bee27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This research evaluated the microalgae removal produced in a stabilization pond system using biofilters as post-treatment, besides characterizing the effluents of stabilization ponds and filters in relation to concentrations of algal biomass (chlorophyll a and suspended solids), organic matter (BOD and COD), total phosphorus, orthophosphate, pH and dissolved oxygen, and tried to correlate physicochemical parameters with chlorophyll "a". It was held at the Ponta Negra ETE which is constituted by three stabilization ponds, with a primary facultative pond and two of maturation. For the algae removal were used two submerged bio-filters: the filter FPF (Facultative Pond Filter), fed with facultative pond effluent; and the filter MPF (Maturation Pond Filter), fed with second maturation pond effluent. The filling material of both filters was predominantly gravel no. 2, although it contains portions of gravel no. 1 and no. 3. The filters operating conditions were bad, they were nearly 10 years without maintenance, without cleaning or removal of sludge since the time of its construction, and part of the filling material may be obstruct. Despite poor operating conditions were obtained satisfactory results, in level of posttreatment. Removal efficiencies in relation to BOD and COD were 7 and 25% in FPF and 9 and 19% and in MPF, respectively. In relation to TSS efficiencies in MPF and FPF were 37 and 20%, respectively. As for the chlorophyll "a" removal, the FPF efficiency was 44% and the MPF was 40%. There was 50% of consumption of dissolved oxygen, on average, within the filters. Two profiles were performed in the filters, and it was possible to conclude that variations throughout the day were not statistically significant, and that, regardless of the time of collection, they would have the same representation comparing to the time of data collection (7 am) and the daily average, although individual variations throughout the day have been shown to be significant. Another important observation is that the correlations between Chlorophyll a and TSS were bigger and more significant in the effluent of the filters than in the effluent of the ponds / A pesquisa avaliou a remo??o das microalgas produzidas em um sistema de lagoas de estabiliza??o utilizando biofiltros como p?s-tratamento, al?m de caracterizar os efluentes de lagoas de estabiliza??o e dos filtros no tocante ?s concentra??es de biomassa algal (clorofila a e s?lidos suspensos), mat?ria org?nica (DBO e DQO), ortofosfato, f?sforo total, pH e oxig?nio dissolvido, e buscou correlacionar os par?metros f?sico-qu?micos com a clorofila a . Foi realizada na ETE Ponta Negra que ? constitu?da por tr?s lagoas de estabiliza??o, sendo uma lagoa facultativa prim?ria e duas de matura??o. Para a remo??o das algas, foram utilizados dois biofiltros submersos: o filtro FLF -alimentado com efluente da lagoa facultativa; e o filtro FLM - alimentado com efluente da segunda lagoa de matura??o. O material de enchimento de ambos os filtros foi predominantemente brita n? 2, apesar de conter por??es de brita n? 1 e n? 3. As condi??es operacionais dos filtros eram p?ssimas, pois estavam h? quase 10 anos sem manuten??o, sem limpeza ou remo??o do lodo desde a ?poca da constru??o, podendo parte do material de enchimento estar colmatado. Apesar das condi??es operacionais prec?rias foram obtidos resultados satisfat?rios, em n?vel de p?s-tratamento. As efici?ncias de remo??o em rela??o ? DBO e DQO foram de 7 e 25% no FLF e 9 e 19% no FLM, respectivamente. Em rela??o aos SST as efici?ncias no FLF e FLM foram de 37 e 20%, respectivamente. Quanto ? remo??o de clorofila a , a efici?ncia no FLF foi de 44% e no FLM foi de 40%. Houve o consumo de 50% do oxig?nio dissolvido, em m?dia, no interior dos filtros. Foram realizados dois perfis nos filtros, e foi poss?vel concluir que as varia??es ao longo do dia n?o foram estatisticamente significativas, e que, independentemente do hor?rio da coleta, teriam a mesma representatividade ao comparar com o hor?rio da coleta da pesquisa (7 horas da manh?) e a m?dia di?ria, embora as varia??es pontuais ao longo do dia tenham se mostrado expressivas. Outra importante observa??o foi que as correla??es entre Clorofila a e SST foram maiores e mais significativas nos efluentes dos filtros do que nos efluentes das lagoas

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-03-17T19:09:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EdwinLuizeFerreiraBarreto_TESE.pdf: 4396827 bytes, checksum: 67d20b4064513759f618b9148557fcdd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-17T21:47:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EdwinLuizeFerreiraBarreto_TESE.pdf: 4396827 bytes, checksum: 67d20b4064513759f618b9148557fcdd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T21:47:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdwinLuizeFerreiraBarreto_TESE.pdf: 4396827 bytes, checksum: 67d20b4064513759f618b9148557fcdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-18 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal realizar o estudo e an?lise de diferentes antenas planares de microfita, atrav?s do emprego de geometrias fractais no patch ressoador e da remo??o parcial do plano de terra com acoplamento. Recentes estudos mostram que as varia??es nas formas geom?tricas do patch da antena e do plano de terra produzem mudan?as na distribui??o da densidade de corrente da estrutura e consequentemente nos modos ressonantes e na polariza??o da antena. No desenvolvimento desta tese, apresenta-se uma nova antena fractal que utiliza a t?cnica de inser??o de fendas e aberturas de forma fractal no plano de terra e tamb?m descontinuidades no transformador ? de onda na linha de transmiss?o a fim de aumentar a largura de banda e alcan?ar comportamentos espec?ficos em aplica??es de banda de frequ?ncia. Emprega-se o substrato FR-4 com dimens?es de 85,0 x 85,0 x 1,57 mm?. Al?m disso, usam-se diferentes modos de casamento de imped?ncia na linha de alimenta??o de antena como CPW (Coplanar Wave Guide) e altera??es da largura da linha de transmiss?o, a fim de obter varia??o na distribui??o de corrente e, consequentemente, na largura de banda de resposta por imped?ncia para S11 ? -10dB para banda C (3.9 GHz - 6,2 GHz) e banda S (2,0 GHz - 4,0 GHz). Uma an?lise comparativa de desempenho para a linha de microfita e CPW foi realizada, obtendo-se para alguns casos antenas circularmente polarizadas. Boa concord?ncia foi obtida entre os resultados medidos e simulados. / This work has as main objective to carry out the study and analysis of different planar microstrip antenna, by employing fractal geometry in the resonator patch and partial removal of the ground plane with coupling. Recent studies show that variations in geometric shapes of the antenna and the ground plane generate changes in current density distribution of the planar structure and consequently the resonant modes and antenna polarization. In developing this thesis presents a new fractal antenna using the technique of insertion slots and fractal shaped defects (gaps) in the ground plane and discontinuities with ? wavelength transformer in the transmission line in order to increase the bandwidth and inserting in the feed line to reach specific behaviors in three frequency bandwidth applications. We used the FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 85.0 x 85.0 x 1.57 mm?. In addition, we used different modes of impedance matching in line antenna feed as CPW (Coplanar Wave Guide), to change the width of the transmission line in order to obtain a variation in the current distribution and hence the response bandwidth impedance to S11 ? -10dB for C band (3.9 GHz - 6.2 GHz) and S band (2.0 GHz - 4.0 GHz). A comparative analysis of cases with microstrip line and CPW was made, applications in this frequency range require preferably circularly polarized antennas. Good agreement was obtained between measured and simulated results.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BethATA_DISSERT.pdf: 4261945 bytes, checksum: f9ef7f539e59502be1e168b17a14bf4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Polyester fibers are the most used fibers in the world and disperse dyes are used for dyeing these fibers. After dyeing, the colorful dyebath is discharged into effluent streams, which needs a special treatment for color removal. Surfactants interaction with dyes has been evaluated in several studies, including the textile area, specifically in the separation of dyes from textile wastewater. In this work a cationic surfactant was used in a microemulsion system for the extraction of anionic dyes (disperses dyes) from textile wastewater. These microemulsion system was composed by dodecylamonium chloride (surfactant), kerosene oil (organic phase), isoamyl alcohol (cosurfactant) and the wastewater (aqueous phase). The wastewater that results after the dyeing process is acid (pH 5). It was observed that changing the pH value to above 12.8 the extraction could be made, resulting in an aqueous phase with low color level. The Scheff? net experimental design was used for the extraction process optimization, and the obtained results were evaluated using the program "Statistica 7.0". The optimal microemulsion system was composed by 59.8wt.% of wastewater, 30.1wt.% of kerosene, 3.37wt.% of surfactant and 6.73wt.% of cosurfactant, providing extraction upper than 96%. A mix of reactive dyebath (50%) and disperse dyebath (50%) was used as aqueous phase and it presented extraction upper than 98%. The water phase after extraction process can be reused in a new dyeing, being obtained satisfactory results, according to the limits established by textile industry for a good dyeing. Tests were accomplished seeking to study the influence of salt addition and temperature. An experimental design was used for this purpose, which showed that the extraction doesn't depend on those factors. In this way, the removal of color from textile wastewater by microemulsion is a viable technique (that does not depend of external factors such as salinity and temperature), being obtained good extraction results even with in wastewater mixtures / Fibras de poli?ster s?o as fibras sint?ticas mais utilizadas no mundo e corantes dispersos s?o empregados para o tingimento destas fibras. Depois do tingimento, o banho colorido ? descarregado no efluente, que precisa de um tratamento especial para remo??o de cor. A intera??o de tensoativos com corantes foi estudada em diversas pesquisas inclusive na ?rea t?xtil, especificamente na separa??o de corantes de efluentes t?xteis. Neste trabalho foi usado um tensoativo cati?nico em um sistema de microemuls?o para extra??o de corantes n?oi?nico (corantes dispersos) de efluente t?xtil. Esse sistema de microemuls?o foi composto por cloreto de dodecil am?nio (tensoativo), querosene (fase org?nica), ?lcool isoam?lico (cotensoativo) e o efluente l?quido (fase aquosa). O efluente que resulta depois do processo de tingimento ? ?cido (pH 5). Foi observado que mudando o valor do pH para acima de 12,8 a extra??o poderia ser feita, resultando em uma fase aquosa com baixo n?vel de cor. Um planejamento experimental do tipo rede de Scheff? foi usado, para a otimiza??o do processo de extra??o, e os resultados obtidos foram avaliados usando o programa "Statistica 7.0". O ponto ?timo do sistema de microemuls?o ? composto por 59,8% em massa de efluente, 30,1% de querosene, 3,37% de tensoativo e 6,73% de cotensoativo, promovendo uma extra??o superior a 96%. Foi analisada a efici?ncia da remo??o da cor em um efluente composto por 50% de banho de corante reativo e 50% de banho de corante disperso, obtendo-se uma extra??o superior a 98%. A fase aquosa obtida ap?s a extra??o do corante pode ser reutilizada em um novo tingimento, obtendo-se resultados satisfat?rios, dentro dos limites estabelecidos para um bom tingimento na ind?stria. Tamb?m foram realizados testes que mostravam a influencia de fatores como a adi??o de sal e a varia??o da temperatura. Para isso foi utilizado um planejamento experimental, o qual mostrou que a extra??o n?o depende desses fatores. Dessa forma, a remo??o da cor de efluentes t?xteis por microemuls?o ? uma t?cnica vi?vel (que independe de fatores externos como salinidade e temperatura), obtendo-se inclusive bons resultados de extra??o em misturas de efluentes

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielE_DISSERT.pdf: 1217613 bytes, checksum: edb565b9e30a0c09780fcf4efd4a52dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In the Hydrocarbon exploration activities, the great enigma is the location of the deposits. Great efforts are undertaken in an attempt to better identify them, locate them and at the same time, enhance cost-effectiveness relationship of extraction of oil. Seismic methods are the most widely used because they are indirect, i.e., probing the subsurface layers without invading them. Seismogram is the representation of the Earth s interior and its structures through a conveniently disposed arrangement of the data obtained by seismic reflection. A major problem in this representation is the intensity and variety of present noise in the seismogram, as the surface bearing noise that contaminates the relevant signals, and may mask the desired information, brought by waves scattered in deeper regions of the geological layers. It was developed a tool to suppress these noises based on wavelet transform 1D and 2D. The Java language program makes the separation of seismic images considering the directions (horizontal, vertical, mixed or local) and bands of wavelengths that form these images, using the Daubechies Wavelets, Auto-resolution and Tensor Product of wavelet bases. Besides, it was developed the option in a single image, using the tensor product of two-dimensional wavelets or one-wavelet tensor product by identities. In the latter case, we have the wavelet decomposition in a two dimensional signal in a single direction. This decomposition has allowed to lengthen a certain direction the two-dimensional Wavelets, correcting the effects of scales by applying Auto-resolutions. In other words, it has been improved the treatment of a seismic image using 1D wavelet and 2D wavelet at different stages of Auto-resolution. It was also implemented improvements in the display of images associated with breakdowns in each Auto-resolution, facilitating the choices of images with the signals of interest for image reconstruction without noise. The program was tested with real data and the results were good / Na atividade explorat?ria de hidrocarbonetos a grande inc?gnita ? a localiza??o das jazidas. Grandes esfor?os s?o empreendidos na tentativa de melhor identific?-las, localiz?-las e, ao mesmo tempo, otimizar a rela??o custo-benef?cio da extra??o de Petr?leo. Os m?todos s?smicos s?o os mais utilizados pelo fato de serem indiretos, isto ?, sondam as camadas de subsuperf?cie sem invadi-las. O sismograma ? a representa??o do interior da Terra e de suas estruturas atrav?s de um arranjo convenientemente disposto dos dados obtidos por meio da s?smica de reflex?o. Um grande problema nessa representa??o ? a intensidade e variedade de ru?dos presentes no sismograma, como o ru?do de rolamento superficial que contamina os sinais relevantes e pode mascarar as informa??es desejadas, trazidas por ondas espalhadas em regi?es mais profundas das camadas geol?gicas. Desenvolvemos uma ferramenta para suprimir estes ru?dos que usa transformadas Wavelets 1D e 2D. O programa, em linguagem Java, faz a separa??o das imagens S?smicas considerando as dire??es (horizontal, vertical e mistas ou locais) e faixas de comprimentos de ondas que formam essas imagens, usando Wavelets de Daubechies, Autoresolu??o que duplica o comprimento das ondas e Produto Tensorial das bases de Wavelets. Desenvolvemos a op??o, em uma mesma imagem, de usar o produto tensorial de Wavelets de dimens?o 2 ou produto tensorial de Wavelets de dimens?o 1 pelas identidades. Neste ?ltimo caso, temos a Decomposi??o em Wavelets de um sinal bidimensional em uma ?nica dire??o. Esta decomposi??o permite alongar numa determinada dire??o as Wavelets bidimensionais, corrigindo efeitos de escalas ao aplicarmos Autoresolu??es. Em outras palavras, aperfei?oamos o tratamento de uma imagem s?smica, usandoWavelet 1D eWavelet 2D em etapas diferentes de Autoresolu??es. Tamb?m implementamos melhorias na visualiza??o das imagens associadas ?s decomposi??es em cada Autoresolu??o, facilitando as escolhas das imagens com os sinais de interesse para reconstru??o da imagem sem os ru?dos. O programa foi testado com dados reais e os resultados obtidos foram de boa qualidade

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanilloLMF_DISSERT.pdf: 2643693 bytes, checksum: e8aa0f4d4535d4002a68928f7529ab75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-07 / In the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil, there are about 80 sewage treatment systems being the predominant technology waste stabilization ponds. The Baldo s WWTP , due to its location and low availability of area, was designed as a hybrid conventional system (UASB reactor followed by activated sludge with biodiscs) at a tertiary level, being the most advanced WWTP in the State and also with the larger treatment capacity (1620 m3/h) .The paper presents the results of its performance based on samples collections from May to December 2012. Composite samples of the effluent of the grit chamber, UASB reactors, anoxic chambers, aeration tanks and treated effluent were collected weekly, every 4 hours for 24 hours. The results showed that the WWTP effluent presented adequate ranges of temperatures, pH and DO, however removal efficiencies of BOD and TSS were below the predicted by design. The UASB reactors also showed removals of BOD and TSS less than expected, due to the accumulation of sludge in the reactors, which eventually, was washed out in the effluent. The nitrification process was not satisfactory mainly due to problems in the oxygen distribution in the aeration tanks. The removal of ammonia and TKN were high, probably by the assimilation process / No Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brasil existe cerca de 80 sistemas de tratamento de esgotos sendo a tecnologia das lagoas de estabiliza??o a predominantemente utilizada. A ETE do Baldo, devido a sua localiza??o e disponibilidade de ?rea foi concebida como um sistema convencional h?brido (UASB lodos ativados com biodiscos) em n?vel terci?rio, sendo a ETE mais avan?ada do Estado e com maior capacidade de tratamento (1620 m 3 /h). O trabalho apresenta os resultados do seu monitoramento, atrav?s de coletas realizadas semanalmente no per?odo de junho a dezembro de 2012, com base em amostras compostas coletadas a cada 4 horas, durante 24 horas, do efluente da caixa de areia, reatores UASB, c?maras an?xicas, tanques de aera??o e efluente tratado. Os resultados mostraram que a ETE apresentou efluentes com temperaturas, pH e OD adequados, entretanto efici?ncias abaixo do projetado para os par?metros DBO e SST. Os reatores UASB tamb?m apresentaram remo??es de DBO e SST abaixo do esperado, devido ao ac?mulo de lodo nos reatores, uma vez que, este era expelido no efluente. O processo de nitrifica??o n?o foi satisfat?rio, pelas baixas concentra??es de nitrato encontradas nos efluentes dos tanques de aera??o, provavelmente por problemas no sistema de aera??o. As remo??es de am?nia e NTK foram altas, provavelmente pelo processo de assimila??o