Avaliou-se a correlação entre alteração ambiental e ocorrência de focos de raiva em herbívoros na região do vale do rio Paraíba do Sul paulista e alto Tiete no período de 1996 a 2006, por meio da aplicação de técnica de sensoriamento remoto e sistemas de informação geográfica. Foram utilizadas imagens do satélite Landsat-5, sensor TM, órbitas 218 e 219, ponto 76, bandas 3 e 4 na obtenção do índice de vegetação com diferença normalizada (NDVI). Foi feita a subtração de NDVI para obtenção da alteração de cobertura vegetal ou vigor de biomassa em intervalos de um ano, e dados de ocorrência de focos de raiva agregados por município corrigidos pelo efetivo herbívoro no respectivo ano. Diferenças significativas foram obtidas na comparação das médias de alteração de NDVI para ganho, perda e alteração geral em todo período pelo teste de Wilcoxon, exceto de 1996 a 1997 e seqüência de somatória de rankings negativos de 1998 a 2002. A análise de correlação entre diminuição de NDVI e focos de raiva corrigidos foi significativa em 2002 e 2003. Para ganho de NDVI, foi significativo em 1998 e 2003. Para alteração geral foi significativa em 2002. Houve correlação significativa de aumento de NDVI e focos de raiva corrigidos em 2000, 2002 e 2004, com r > 0 em todo período, exceto 2002 e observadas correlações entre alteração, geral e de perda, e tamanho de rebanho significativas em 2000, 2002, 2004 e 2006. A correlação positiva entre alteração de NDVI e rebanho herbívoro sugere a alteração do tamanho do rebanho como um fator de alteração da cobertura vegetal e conseqüente aumento da ocorrência de raiva pela alteração do habitat do morcego hematófago, principal hospedeiro do vírus rábico na América do Sul. A implantação da Coordenadoria de Defesa Agropecuária (CDA) da Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento de São Paulo, em 1999 e a obrigatoriedade da vacinação contra a raiva, a partir de 2002, podem ter encoberto a correlação positiva encontrada no período anterior, de 1996 a 1999. Após o controle da raiva ter se consolidado, a alteração de NDVI voltou a apresentar correlação positiva, devendo ser considerada de fato fator de risco para a ocorrência de raiva nos herbívoros. A metodologia proposta no estudo pode ser uma alternativa no estudo de alteração ambiental como fator de risco na epidemiologia de doenças infecciosas, porém refinamento da técnica pode ser considerado a fim de controlar influências de condições atmosféricas e época do ano nas imagens utilizadas / The present work evaluated the correlation between environmental changes and herbivore rabies in eastern São Paulo State, from 1996 to 2006, using remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques. Images from Landsat-5 satellite, sensor TM, orbits 281 and 219, point 76, bands 3 and 4 were used to obtain the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). For each year, the subtraction of NDVI was calculated in order to evaluate the changes in vegetation coverage or biomass robustness. Also, the occurrence of rabies was obtained, for each local administrative division, called municipality, later corrected by the number of herbivores. Significative differences were obtained when comparing mean NDVI changes, being gain, loss or both using Wilcoxon test, except between 1996 and 1997. Differences were also obtained in negative rank sums from 1998 and 2002. The correlation analysis between NDVI loss and rabies occurrence was significative in 2002 and 2003. The correlation between NDVI gain and rabies occurrence was significative in 1998 and 2003. For both gain and loss of NDVI, there was significant correlation with rabies occurrence only in 2002. For corrected rabies outbreaks, there was significative correlation in 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2006. Positive correlation between NDVI changes and herbivores herds suggests that rise in number of herds impacts vegetation coverage, consequently the increase of rabies occurrence, caused by changes in vampire bat habitats. The implantation of an animal health service in São Paulo, in 1999, imposing vaccination against rabies in cattle in 2002, may have covered positive correlation from 1996 to 1999. After the consolidation of control measures, NDVI changes turned to be correlated, allowing its classification as risk factor for rabies occurrence. The proposed method can be an alternative to study environmental changes as risk factor of infectious diseases epidemiology. The improvement of the method is necessary to control atmospheric conditions and the period of images acquirement

Conhecer a resposta da cultura do algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L var. latifolium Hutch) à variabilidade espacial de atributos físicos e químicos do solo e seu comportamento espectral mediante doses variadas de fertilizantes pode ajudar a estabelecer estratégias de manejo do solo e da cultura, com melhor uso de corretivos e fertilizantes. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho foi desenvolvido para: a) estudar a variabilidade espacial da fertilidade do solo, estado nutricional, população de plantas, número de estruturas reprodutivas e produtividade do algodoeiro em uma lavoura comercial; b) verificar as relações de causa e efeitos entre as variáveis estudadas; c) avaliar o efeito da variação de doses de nitrogênio na detecção do teor de nitrogênio foliar do algodoeiro utilizando propriedades de reflectância através de um sensor óptico ativo. Para isso, foram conduzidos dois experimentos diferenciados. O primeiro foi realizado numa lavoura comercial, localizada em Chapadão do Céu, GO. Os dados foram coletados numa área de 90 hectares, dividida numa malha com espaçamento regular de 100 m entre pontos, formando um retângulo com 10 colunas e 11 linhas. Para detectar a variação na pequena escala, foram feitas amostragens mais intensas com espaçamento de 33 m, formando 5 "ilhas", constituindo um total de 170 amostras. Os dados foram submetidos às análises estatísticas descritivas, geoestatística, interpolação através de krigagem ordinária e regressão pelo método "stepwise". A variabilidade expressa pelo coeficiente de variação foi baixa a moderada para todas as variáveis analisadas, com exceção de maçãs retidas e P no solo. Os resultados da análise geoestatística indicaram que os fatores de produção da cultura do algodoeiro apresentam, em sua maioria, dependência espacial e esta deve ser considerada quando da definição de esquemas de amostragem e práticas de manejo do solo e da cultura. A produtividade do algodoeiro foi significativamente afetada por N, P, Ca e Mg no tecido foliar e fração areia e argila do solo. O segundo experimento foi realizado na área experimental da USP/ESALQ, em Piracicaba, SP. O delineamento experimental foi o aleatorizado em blocos, com cinco tratamentos (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1 de N) e quatro repetições. Os dados do índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada (NDVI) e da razão simples vermelho/infravermelho próximo (V/IVP) foram coletados no período de 23 a 92 dias após a emergência (DAE) totalizando nove datas de coleta. Foram coletados também dados referentes ao índice de clorofila, índice de área foliar (IAF) e altura de plantas. Os valores do NDVI apresentaram uma tendência crescente ao longo do período das leituras, enquanto a relação V/IVP teve comportamento inverso, e a partir de 45 DAE, foram afetados significativamente pelas doses de N aplicadas. Relações significativas foram observadas entre os valores do NDVI e índice de clorofila e IAF. Aos 92 DAE o NDVI apresentou relação linear positiva e altamente significativa com o teor foliar de N. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as técnicas de geoestatística e sensoriamento remoto podem auxiliar na tomada de decisões sobre as práticas de calagem e adubação em taxa variada na cultura do algodoeiro. / Know the cotton answer (Gossypium hirsutum L. var. latifolium Hutch) to the spatial variability of soil physical and chemical attributes and its spectral behavior by means of varied rates of nutrients can help to establish soil and crop management strategies, with better use of lime and fertilizers. This work was developed to: a) study the spatial variability of soil fertility, nutritional state, plants population, reproductive structures number and cotton yield in a commercial field; b) to study the relationships among those variables; c) to evaluate the effect of the variation of nitrogen levels on the detection of its content on cotton leaves using reflectance properties by an active optical sensor. Two differentiated experiments were conducted; the first one was located in a commercial field in Chapadão do Céu, GO. Data were collected in a area of 90 hectares, divided in a regular grid of 100 m with 10 columns and 11 lines. In order to detect the variation in the small scale, more intense samplings with spacing of 33 m were conducted forming 5 islands, constituting a total of 170 samples. The data were submitted to the descriptive statistical analysis, geostatistic, interpolation through ordinary kriging, and stepwise regression analysis. The variability expressed by variation coefficient were low to moderated for all analyzed variables, except for healthy bolls and soil P. Geostatistics analysis indicated that the crop cotton factors of production present, in its majority, spatial dependence and this should be considered when of the definition of sampling schemes and soil and crop management practices. Cotton yield was affected significantly by N, P, Ca and Mg in the leaves, as well as sand and clay fraction of the soil. The second experiment was accomplished in an experimental area at USP/ESALQ, in Piracicaba, SP. The experiment was conducted as a randomized block design and treatments consisted on five levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg of N ha-1) with four replications. The readings of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI and the ratio Red/Near infrared (RED/NIR) were collected between 23 to 92 days after the emergency (DAE), with the total of 9 visits. Data referred to the chlorophyll index, leaf area index (LAI) and plants height were also collected. The values of NDVI presented a growing tendency along the period, while RED/NIR had an inverse behavior, being significantly affected by the rates of applied N, starting from 45 DAE. At 92 DAE, NDVI presented a positive linear relationship with leaves N content. Significant relationships were observed between the values of NDVI and chlorophyll index and LAI. The results obtained indicate that geostatistic techniques and remote sensing can help on management decisions for variable rate application of lime and fertilizers in cotton.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a expansão da mancha urbana através da análise multitemporal dos índices BUILT-UP e NDBI calculados a partir de imagens de sensores remotos. A técnica de votação será explorada para, a partir de uma análise multitemporal, aprimorar a qualidade do mapeamento da área urbanizada. Paralelamente mapas coropléticos da população total residente são analisados para, em conjunto com a interpretação dos mapas oriundos da técnica de votação, subsidiarem a discussão sobre a relação entre a expansão das áreas construídas relacionadas não ao Rodoanel Mário Covas (SP-21) mas as rodovias que o interceptam. As explorações da aplicação do método de votação obtiveram resultados satisfatórios e apontaram que é de suma importância a heterogeneidade das mesmas para seus resultados serem aprimorados, além da importância da aquisição das imagens em períodos chuvosos a fim de manter a diferenciação do solo exposto com as áreas urbanas. / The present study aims to evaluate the expansion of the urban spot through the multitemporal analysis of BUILT-UP and NDBI indices calculated from remote sensor images. The voting technique was explored in order to improve the quality of mapping of the urbanized area, based on a multitemporal analysis. At the same time, maps of the total resident population are analyzed in order to support the discussion of the relationship between the expansion of the built-up areas related to the Mário Covas Roadway (SP-21) and the highways that intercept him. Based on the results obtained, it was possible to observe that the urban sprawl is related not to the Rodoanel but like highways that intercept it. The explorations of the application of the voting method obtained satisfactory results and pointed out that the heterogeneity of the subtitles for their results and improved, as well as the importance of the acquisition of the images in rainy periods in order to maintain the difference between exposed soil and urban areas.

Dados de altura da superfície do mar medidos a partir de satélites altimétricos e saídas de dois modelos de circulação geral dos oceanos (OGCM for the Earth Simulator - OFES e Community Earth System Model - CESM) foram utilizados com o objetivo de verificar se modelos numéricos climáticos reproduzem ondas de Rossby de forma similar à observada em dados altimétricos no Atlântico Sul. Os modelos diferem quanto à forçante, o modelo OFES é forçado com dados do NECP-NCAR enquanto que o modelo CESM é acoplado com modelo atmosférico, de gelo e terrestre. Uma vez que essas ondas dependem da estrutura interna de densidade e da forçante do vento, podemos fazer inferências sobre a adequação desses dois fatores nos modelos à realidade observada pelo altímetro. Uma série de filtros de resposta impulsiva finita 2D (FIR-2D) foi aplicada aos dados de anomalia da altura da superfície do mar com o propósito de detectar as ondas de Rossby e as componentes de onda encontradas nos dados dos modelos foram comparadas com as do altímetro. Os dois modelos são capazes de reproduzir ondas de Rossby e apresentam melhores resultados em baixas latitudes. Porém o modelo OFES apresentou mais dificuldades para reproduzir os parâmetros de onda encontrados no altímetro apresentando diferenças médias de até 68% para a amplitude, 34% para o comprimento de onda e 38% para a velocidade de fase. Em contrapartida as maiores diferenças médias entre os parâmetros de onda calculados a partir dos dados altimétricos e do modelo CESM foram de 32% para a amplitude, 20% para o comprimento de onda e 20% para a velocidade de fase. Além disso, o modelo CESM foi capaz de reproduzir o sinal sazonal com uma correlação média de aproximadamente 0,7 com o sinal sazonal encontrado pelo altímetro em toda a bacia do oceano Atlântico Sul enquanto que o sinal sazonal do modelo OFES apresentou uma correlação média de 0,4 com o sinal encontrado pelo satélite. Estes resultados mostram que os dois modelos reproduzem o fenômeno satisfatoriamente, sendo o CESM melhor que o OFES. A diferença dos resultados deve estar ligada aos aspectos supracitados, especificamente à forçante atmosférica e estrutura de densidade na coluna d\'água nas latitudes ao sul de 20ºS. / Sea surface height data measured from altimetry satellites and outputs of two ocean general circulation models (OGCM for the Earth Simulator - OFES and Community Earth System Model - CESM) were used to determine whether climate numerical models reproduce the Rossby waves in a manner similar to those observed in altimetry record in the South Atlantic. The models differs in the forcing, OFES is forced with NCEP-NCAR data while CESM is coupled with atmospheric model, ice and land model. Because these waves depend on the internal density structure and wind forcing, we can make inferences about the suitability of these two factors in the models in comparison with the altimetry data used as a reference. A series of finite impulse response band-pass filters (FIR-2D) was applied to isolate the westward propagating signals corresponding to Rossby waves in the altimeter. Both models are able to reproduce Rossby waves and show better results in low latitudes. However, the OFES model presented more difficulty to reproduce the wave parameters found in altimeter with differences of up to 68% for amplitude, 34% for the wavelength and 38% for phase velocity. By contrast the greatest differences between the wave parameters computed from the altimeter data and the CESM model were 32% for amplitude, 20% for the wavelength and 20% for phase velocity. Furthermore, the CESM model was capable of reproducing the seasonal signal correlation with an average of approximately 0.7 with altimeter\'s seasonal signal found throughout the South Atlantic basin, while the OFES\'s seasonal signal showed an average correlation 0.4 with the signal found by the satellite. These results indicate that both models can reproduce the phenomenon satisfactorily, the CESM better than OFES. The difference between the results should be related with the aspects cited above, specifically with the atmospheric forcing and the density structure in the water column in latitudes southern then 20ºS.

Os municípios de Rio Branco e Cruzeiro do Sul, Estado do Acre, são dois exemplos extremos do processo de desmatamento na Amazônia Legal Brasileira. O primeiro, capital do Estado, com praticamente 60% da população local, ligado ao restante do país por duas rodovias federais, apresenta altas taxas de desmatamento. O segundo, isolado no extremo oeste do Estado, com uma precária rede viária de ligação com a região mais povoada do Estado, apresenta baixíssimas taxas de desmatamento. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem por objetivo estimar a área desmatada nos municípios de Rio Branco e Cruzeiro do Sul, entre os anos de 1985 e 2003; verificar os períodos de maiores incrementos no desmatamento em Rio Branco e Cruzeiro do Sul; comparar os resultados dos dois municípios e, por fim, analisar os resultados com a existência das principais vias de acesso na tentativa de entender sua influência no diferente processo de mudança da ocupação do solo nos dois municípios. / The Rio Branco and Cruzeiro do Sul cities, in the state of Acre, are two extreme examples of the deforestation of the Legal Amazon Forest. The first, capital of the state, has practically 60% of the local population and it is connected to the other regions of the country by two federal roads. This countie shows high levels of deforestation. The second example, isolated in the extreme west side of the state, has a very precarious transportation network. In this case, the deforestation levels are very low. In this context, this investigaton has as objectives: estimate the deforested area in the cities of Rio Branco and Cruzeiro do Sul, between the years of 1985 and 2003; verify the periods of the highest increases of deforestation in the Rio Branco and Cruzeiro do Sul cities; compare the results of the two cities and, finally, analyse the results in face of the existence of major connection ways, towards understanding the influence of these roads in the differents processes of land occupation change in the two cities.

Cheng, Shilai. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-150). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Chan, King-Chong. / Thesis (M.Phil.) -- Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: leaves 150-163. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Figures --- p.vii / Tables --- p.x / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.i / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Hypotheses --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Land Use and Land Cover --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Informational Classes and Spectra I Classes --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3 --- Simple Per-Pixel Classification Method --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4 --- Scene Noise and Boundary Effect --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5 --- Using Filtered Data --- p.16 / Chapter 2 .6 --- Textura1 Classifier --- p.18 / Chapter 2.7 --- Contextual Classifier --- p.22 / Chapter 2.8 --- Geographic Information System (GIS) --- p.24 / Chapter 2.9 --- Expert System and Artificial Intelligence (AI) --- p.25 / Chapter 2.10 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1 --- Spectral Class Composition Method (SCCM) --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- The Concept of the Spectral Class Composition Method --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Unsupervised Classification Process --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Training Process --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Proportion Counting --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Number of Spectral Class --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Window Size --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Transect Process --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Classification Task --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.9 --- Summary --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2 --- Research Design --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Study Area --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Data and Instruments Used --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- C1assification Scheme --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Accuracy Assessment --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results and Discussion I--- Examining the Relationship Between Land Use and Spectral Classes --- p.55 / Chapter 4. 1 --- Unsupervised Classification --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Unsupervised Classification Process --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Unsupervised Classification Results --- p.58 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Difference Between Spectral Class Maps --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2 --- Training Process --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Definition of Training Process --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Selection of Training Sites --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Spectral Class Composition Data Extracted from the Training Sites --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Spectral Heterogeneous Characteristics of Land Use Types --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Different Number of Spectral Classes --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Similar Composition Results in Some Land Use Types --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Using Spectra1 Class Composition Data as Rules of Classification --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3 --- Proportion Counting --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Window-Based Proportion Counting Process --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Transect Process --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Variation of Spectra I Class Proportion within a Land Use Type --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Variation of Spectral Class Proportion among Land Use Types --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.103 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Resu1ts and Discussion II --- Classification and Accuracy Assessment --- p.104 / Chapter 5.1 --- Rule-Based Land Use Classification --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Derivation of Rules for Classification --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Using Rules for Classification --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Modification of the Rules --- p.109 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- C1assification Resu11s --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2 --- Accuracy Assessment --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Accuracy Assessment Process --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Analysis of Error Matrices --- p.123 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Comparison Between Spectral Class Composition Method and Simple Per-Pixel Method --- p.126 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Discussion on the Resui.ts of Producer's and User's Accuracy --- p.130 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Discussion on Number of Spectral Classes --- p.132 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Discuss i on on Window Size --- p.134 / Chapter 5 .3 --- Summary --- p.136 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.138 / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary --- p.139 / Chapter 6.2 --- Limitations and Problems --- p.142 / Chapter 6.3 --- Contribution --- p.147 / Chapter 6.4 --- Further Research --- p.148 / Bibliography --- p.150

Zhang, Hankui. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-118). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

土地利用/覆盖变化是地球上最重要的景观之一，同全球环境变化高度相关。通过对全球变化的整体模拟以及综合评价研究，可以了解全球气候变化运行机制以及人地关系。同时，全球尺度的土地利用/覆盖变化及其驱动机制研究，将揭示人类在全球气候变化机制中所起的作用，使人类更好地适应全球环境的变化。目前全球尺度的土地利用/覆盖研究大多是基于现有的五种欧洲或美国开发的全球地表覆盖产品，这些产品在一定程度上满足了全球变化研究的基本要求。但是，仍然存在一些不足之处，如统一的分类系统，精度低，产品之间的不一致以及低时效性等，使得这些产品并不适合全球环境变化的对比研究，也不能满足建立更高的精度和更可靠的全球气候变化模型的要求。因此，开发高分辨率，实时的地表覆盖产品，已成为当前全球变化研究的紧迫需要。 / 目前，遥感影像已广泛被用于制作全球地表覆盖产品，但由于传感器的技术要求和资金预算的限制，影像的空间和时间分辨率不能满足更高精度和可靠的全球变化研究需要。鉴于此，迫切需要我们研究和开发更加先进的卫星影像处理方法和地表覆盖产品的生产技术，为全球变化研究提供高精度和高可靠性的地表覆盖产品。 / 因此，为了提供更多的时间和更高空间分辨率的卫星影像以及地表覆盖产品，以更好地开展全球变化研究。本文主要从技术层面上，研究利用多源遥感影像的优点，生成高分辨率和多时相的卫星合成影像，并在此基础上发展了卫星数据融合理论和方法。本文研究中，传统的光谱空间数据融合理论将被回顾和充分讨论，考虑到卫星影像的多时相特征，传统的数据融合理论在时间维度得到扩展，本文将提出新的时空数据融合方法，并应用于植被监测和土地利用制图。 / 通过对融合理论及相关方法的系统学习，本文对各种融合方法进行了系统的回顾与总结，比如基于HIS变换图像融合方法 ，基于小波变换的图像融合方法，时空自适应反射融合模型（STARFM）等，并从遥感应用的角度，提出各种方法的优缺点。结合本文的研究目标，以下为本论文的主要研究内容。 / (1)数据融合相关理论将得到系统的研究和总结，包括各种融合模型及其应用，如基于IHS变换，PCA变换，或者小波分析的数据融合方法，等等。同时，结合具体应用归纳并总结了这些方法的优缺点。 / (2)由于传统数据融合方法依赖于空间及光谱信息，很难处理多源影像数据所蕴含的时空变化信息。因此，本文中，传统数据融合理论和方法在考虑到时间信息后得到改善和扩展。本文通过结合高空间分辨率Landsat数据和高时间分辨率MODIS数据为例，提出两种不同的时空数据融合方法。实验结果也表明，他们适合于处理多时空数据集成, 并能够满足全球变化研究对高质量数据的需要。 / (3)时空数据融合建模中的主要问题有两个，第一个问题是不同数据源之间具有不一致性，如不同卫星数据具有不同的地表反射率以及不同的数据可靠性。第二个是地表覆盖的季节性或者土地利用变化规则在空间和时间的维度具有不确定性，尤其是在复杂地区。考虑这些问题，本文在基于时间和空间自适应反射融合模型（STARFM）的基础上，提出一种新的改进模型，结果表明，它将比原有模型更为有效和更为准确的生成高分辨率合成影像数据。 / (4)混合像元问题是处理卫星数据中的一个常见问题。对于多源卫星数据来说，一个低分辨率图像像素区域将包含多个高分辨率图像像素。因此，不同数据源所获得的遥感数据将会因为混合像元问题从而影响到地表反射率数据在空间尺度上的差异，并影响到最终的融合精度。为了解决时空多源数据融合中的混合像元问题，本文将提出一种改进的基于附加条件的混合像元解缠的时空数据融合方法，实验结果表明它是适合植被监测应用，特别是具有先验土地覆盖图的地区。 / (5)在时空数据融合方法产生的一系列高分辨率合成影像的基础上，时空马尔可夫随机场分类方法被提出并用于研制生产高分辨率土地覆盖产品，该方法利用影像的时空上下文信息。这种方法提供了新的策略去制作土地覆盖产品 ，在缺乏高分辨率影像的地区。实验结果表明，它的精度是可以接受的，可以为缺乏高分辨率数据地区提供高品质的土地覆盖产品。 / Land use/cover change is one of the most important landscapes on the earth and it is highly related to global environmental change, based on which an overall simulation and comprehensive evaluation of global change research can be achieved for understanding the global change mechanism and the linkages between the human and natural environments. Moreover, study of global-scale land use/cover change and its driving mechanism will reveal the human role in global change mechanisms and processes for human adaptation to global environmental change. Most of the current global-scale land use/cover research is based on the existing five land cover products that have been developed by Europe and the US, and these indeed meet the basic requirements for the global change research to some extent. However, certain shortcomings still exist, such as their unified classification system, low accuracy, poor inconsistency, weak timeliness, etc., so, it is impossible to take the comparative global environmental change research as a basis for building more highly accurate and more reliable global change models, and it is urgent and necessary to develop a high-resolution, and up-to-date land cover product for global change research. / Currently, remote sensing imagery has been widely used for generating global land cover products, but due to certain physical and budget limitations related to the sensors, their spatial and temporal resolution are too low to attain more accurate and more reliable global change research. In this situation, there is an urgent need to study and develop a more advanced satellite image processing method and land cover producing techniques to generate higher resolution images and land cover products for global change research. / Accordingly, in order to provide more multi-temporal, high-resolution images and land cover products for global change research, this research mainly focuses on the technical level, of using both advantages of satellite images from different sources to generate high-resolution, multi-temporal images and develop satellite data fusion theory and methods. In this research, the traditional data fusion theory will be fully discussed and an improved scheme will be produced, taking into consideration the temporal information from satellite images at different times. Consequently, the spatial and temporal data fusion method will be proposed and applied to the monitoring of vegetation growth and land cover mapping. / Through conducting a comprehensive study of the related theories and methods related to data fusion, various methods are systematically reviewed and summarized, such as HIS transformation image fusion, Wavelet transform image fusion, the Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM), etc. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are highlighted according to their specific applications in the field of remote sensing. Based on my research target, the following are the main contents of this thesis: / (1) Data fusion theory will be systematically studied and summarized, including various fusion models and specific applications, such as IHS transformation, PCA transformation, Wavelet analysis based data fusion, etc. Furthermore, their advantages and disadvantages are pointed out in relation to specific applications. / (2) As traditional data fusion methods rely on spatial information and it is hard to deal with multi-source data fusion with temporal variation, therefore, the traditional data fusion theory and methods will be improved by a consideration of temporal information. Accordingly, some spatial and temporal data fusion methods will be proposed, in which both high-resolution & low-temporary imagery and low-resolution & high-temporary imagery are incorporated. Our experiments also show that they are suitable for dealing with multi-temporal data integration and generating high-resolution, multi-temporal images for global change research. / (3) There are two main issues related to spatial and temporal data fusion theory. The first is that there are inconsistencies in different images, such as the different levels of land surface reflectance and different degrees of reliability of multi-source satellite data. The second is the rule of phonological variation/land cover variation in both the spatial and temporal dimensions, particularly in areas with heterogeneous landscapes. When considering these issues, an improved STARFM (spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model) is proposed, based on the original model, and the preliminary results show that it is more efficient and accurate in generating high-resolution land surface imagery than its predecessor. / (4) Mixed pixels is a common issue in relation to satellite data processing, as one pixel in a coarse resolution image will constitute several pixels in a high-resolution image of the same size, so different levels of land surface reflectance will be acquired from multi-source satellite data because of the mixed pixel effect on the coarse resolution data, and the final accuracy of the fused result will be affected if these data are subjected to data fusion. In order to solve the mixed pixel issue in multi-source data fusion, an improved spatial and temporal data fusion approach, based on the constraint unmixing technique, was developed in this thesis. The experimental results show that it is well-suited to the phenological monitoring task when a prior land cover map is available. / (5) Based on the high-resolution reflectance images generated from spatial and temporal fusion, a spatial and temporal classification method based on the spatial and temporal Markov random field was developed to produce a high-resolution land cover product, in which both spatial and temporal contextual information are included within the classification scheme. This method provides a new strategy for generating high-resolution land cover products in the area without high-resolution images at a certain time, and the experimental results show that it is acceptable and suitable for generating high quality land cover products in areas for which there is a lack of high-resolution data. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Xu, Yong. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-158). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.II / Acknowledgement --- p.VII / Contents --- p.VIII / List of Figures --- p.X / List of Tables --- p.XII / Abbreviations --- p.XIV / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research objectives and significance --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research issues --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research framework and methodology --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of thesis --- p.16 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- Review of the Existing Image Fusion Methods --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overview --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- The multi-source image fusion method --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3 --- The multi-temporal, multi-source image fusion method --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4 --- Details of STARFM --- p.35 / Chapter 2.5 --- Accuracy of the assessment of the image fusion method --- p.41 / Chapter 2.6 --- Summary and discussion --- p.44 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- An Improved Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Data Fusion Model --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- Theoretical basis of the spatial and temporal reflectance data fusion model --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3 --- An improved spatial and temporal reflectance data fusion model --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4 --- Experiments with simulated data --- p.60 / Chapter 3.5 --- Experiments with actual data from the BOREAS and PANYU study areas --- p.67 / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary and discussion --- p.76 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- Spatial and Temporal Data Fusion Method Using the Constrained Unmixing Approach --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experiments with simulated data --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4 --- Experiments with actual data --- p.90 / Chapter 4.5 --- Applications for NDVI and Land Surface Reflectance Monitoring --- p.96 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary and conclusions --- p.105 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- Spatial and Temporal Classification of Synthetic Satellite Imagery: Land Cover Mapping and Accuracy Validation --- p.107 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2 --- Study sites and data sources --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3 --- Methodology --- p.113 / Chapter 5.4 --- Synthetic Data Generation at the HARV and PANYU Study Areas --- p.119 / Chapter 5.5 --- Land Cover Mapping with Synthetic Data --- p.133 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary and discussion --- p.142 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- Summary and Conclusions --- p.144 / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary --- p.144 / Chapter 6.2 --- Contributions --- p.147 / Chapter 6.3 --- Recommendations for further research --- p.149 / REFERENCES --- p.151

Coastal habitats are highly sensitive to change and highly diverse. Degrading environmental conditions have led to a global decline in biodiversity through loss, modification and fragmentation of habitats, triggering an increased effort to conserve these ecosystems. Remote sensing is important tool for filling in critical information gaps for monitoring habitats, yet significant barriers exist for operational use within the ecological and conservation communities. Reporting on both extent and condition of habitats are critical to fulfil policy requirements, specifically the ECs Habitat’s Directive. This study focuses on the use of Very High Resolution (VHR) optical imagery for retrieving parameters to identifyassociations that can separate habitat boundaries for extent mapping down to species level for indicators of condition, with a focus on operational use. The Earth Observation Data for Habitat Monitoring (EODHaM) system was implemented using Worldview-2 data from two periods (July and September), in situ data and local ecological knowledge for two sites in Wales, Kenfig Burrows SAC and Castlemartin SSSI. The system utilises the Food and Agricultural Organisation’s (FAO) Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) but translations between land cover and habitat schemes are not straight forward and need special consideration that are likely to be site specific. Limitations within therule-based method of the EODHaM system were identified and therefore augmented with machine learning based classification algorithms creating a hybrid method of classification generating accurate (>80% overall accuracy) baseline maps with a more automated and repeatable method. Quantitative methods of validation traditionally used within the remote sensing community do not consider spatial aspects of maps. Therefore, qualitative assessments carried out in the field were used in addition to error matrices, overall accuracy and the kappa coefficient. This required input from ecologists and site specialists, enhancing communication and understanding between the different communities. Generating baseline maps required significant amount of training data and updating baselines through change detection methods is recommended for monitoring. An automated, novel map-to-image change detection was therefore implemented. Natural and anthropogenic changes were successfully detected from Worldview-2 and Sentinel-2 data at Kenfig Burrows. An innovative component of this research was the development of methods, which were demonstrated to be transferable between both sites and increased understanding between remote sensing scientist and ecologist. Through this approach, a more operational method for monitoring site specific habitats through satellite data is proposed, with direct benefits for conservation, environment and policy.