Telge Återvinnings avfallsanläggning Tveta, har gamla deponiområden och verksamhetsytor som genererar lakvatten och processvatten. Lakvattnet pumpas kontinuerligt till Himmerfjärdsverkets reningsverk, Syvab. Himmerfjärdsverket är REVAQ-certifierat sedan 2009 och kraven för certifieringen har nu skärpts. Perfluoroktansulfonat (PFOS) är ett av de ämnen som finns i lakvattnet och gränsvärdet för det har nu sänkts till 15 ng/l i inkommande flöde vilket Telge Återvinning måste förhålla sig till. För att de ska kunna göra det behövde reningsgraden av PFOS vara 90% av dagens halt. Lakvattnet innehöll dessutom en hög halt partiklar vilket behövde behandlas för att uppnå önskad reningsgrad. PFOS är ett stabilt, bioackumulerande ämne som dessutom är toxiskt. På grund av sin stabilitet kan endast ett fåtal reningsmetoder användas för att avskilja ämnet ur vattenlösningar. Målet med den här rapporten har varit att ta fram dessa reningsmetoder och även värdera dess tillämpningsmöjligheter för reningen av lakvattnet på Tveta. Sammanställningen av informationen har skett genom intervjuer och litteraturstudier. De reningsmetoder som kunde uppnå den eftersökta reningsgraden var omvänd osmos, nanofilter, jonbytare, granulerat aktivt kolfilter och pulveriserat aktivt kol. Utav dessa var granulerat aktivt kolfilter mest lämpat för Tveta avfallsanläggnings lakvattensammansättning vilket avgjordes utifrån ett kostnad- och erfarenhetsperspektiv. Utformningen på partikelavskiljningsprocessen kunde inte fastslås utan praktiska undersökningar men flockning av partiklarna kan ses som ett försteg i processen. / The waste treatment plant of Telge Återvinning in Tveta have old landfills which produces leachate and processwater. The leachate is transported with pumps to the water treatment plant Himmerfärdsverket, Syvab. The water treatment plant has a REVAQ-certificate since 2009 and the requirements to keep the certificate have become tougher. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is one of the substances in the produced leachate. The content limit for that substance has now been decreased to 15 ng/l which means that Telge Återvinning must lower their PFOS content in their leachate. To do so they’ll need a PFOS removal efficiency of 90% based on their current content value. The leachate also contains lots of particles which needs to be removed if the desired removal efficiency is to be reached. PFOS is a none-reactive, bio-accumulative, substance which is also toxic. There’s only a few treatment methods that can be used for the removal of this substance in liquid matrixes because of its none-reactive nature. The point of this report has been to highlight these methods and evaluate them based on their possible usage as a treatment method for the leachate at the waste treatment plant. The information for these methods have been gathered through literature studies and interviews. The available methods which were able to achieve the desired removal efficiency were the reverse osmosis and the nanofiltration, the ion exchanger, the granular active carbon filter and powdered active carbon. From these available methods the granular active carbon filter was thought to be the most suited method for treating the leachate. The most suited method was decided based on its operation cost and familiarity with prior PFOS treatment plant. The treatment process for the particle removal couldn’t be fully decided without field studies. Although flocculation was decided to be the primary step in the treatment process.

Den ökade utvecklingen av antibiotikaresistens utgör ett hot mot dagens samhälle och befintliga avloppsreningsverk är inte byggda för att avloppsrena vattnet från antibiotika. Men det är inte bara rening av antibiotika från avloppsvattnet som är viktig för att motverka uppkomsten av antibiotikaresistens, utan även reduktion av bakterier. Det finns ett alternativ att källsortera avloppsvatten från hushåll och behandla det separat istället för att leda det till avloppsreningsverk. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilken reningsteknik som var mest lämplig att implementera för att rena avloppsvatten utifrån kriterierna rening av antibiotika, bakteriereduktion, driftkostnad, energiförbrukning, kemikalieanvändning samt behov av ytterligare yta och ombyggnation, på befintliga avloppsreningsverk och nya anläggningar där det sker källsortering. Teknikerna utvärderades genom en multikriterieanalys (MKA) baserad på en litteraturstudie för inhämtande av data och en enkät där medlemmar i SAFE-gruppen gav poäng till kriterierna utifrån hur viktiga de anser att de är. För behandling av svartvatten undersöktes ytterligare existerande behandlingsalternativ för att ta reda på hur effektiva de är på rening av läkemedelsrester och reducering av bakterier från svartvatten. Ett ytterligare syfte var att utreda vilka för- och nackdelar som fanns med att källsortera avloppsvatten, vilket gjordes genom att medlemmar i SAFE-gruppen svarade på en enkät samt genom en litteraturstudie. Urvalet av reningstekniker som undersöktes i denna studie baserades på deras rening av antibiotika för blandat avloppsvatten och dessa var ozonering, GAK (granulärt aktivt kol), UV och väteperoxid, nanofiltrering, omvänd osmos, aktivt kol och MBBR (biofilmreaktor med rörlig bädd). Den reningsteknik som var lämpligast att implementera på ett avloppsreningsverk och en ny anläggning för källsorterat avloppsvatten var ozonering som generellt presterade bra för majoriteten av kriterierna. Det fanns för- och nackdelar med att källsortera avloppsvatten. En fördel med att behandla svartvatten separat är att det innehåller majoriteten av bakterier och läkemedelsrester, däremot är en nackdel att förbehandlingen behöver vara omfattande för att reningsteknikerna som undersöktes ska åstadkomma samma reningsgrad som för blandat avloppsvatten. De reningstekniker som undersöktes i studien (ozonering, GAK, UV med väteperoxid, omvänd osmos, nanofiltrering, aktiv slambehandling och MBBR) är inte relevanta för källsortering av avloppsvatten och separat behandling av svartvatten. Istället kan i dag aktuella behandlingsalternativ som våtkompostering, rötning, alkalisk behandling och ammoniakbehandling med urea vara relevanta då de är tekniker som kan användas för behandling av svartvatten med påvisad reduktion av bakterier. / The increasing development of antibiotic resistance constitutes a threat to today’s society, and the existing wastewater treatment plants are not built to remove antibiotics from the wastewater. However, it is not only the removal of antibiotics from wastewater that is important to counteract the accelerated development of antibiotic resistance, the reduction of bacteria matters as well. An alternative to conventional waste water treatment is source separation of wastewater from households and treating blackwater separately from greywater. The purpose of this study was to investigate which treatment technique that was most suitable to implement for the removal of antibiotics as well as bacteria from wastewater on existing wastewater treatment plants and on new facilities with source-separation of wastewater based on the following criteria: removal of antibiotics, bacteria reduction, operation cost, energy consumption, use of chemicals and surface area. The techniques were evaluated by using multicriteria analysis (MCA) where performance data were derived from literature and a survey where the importance of the criteria were graded by members of the SAFE-group. For the treatment of blackwater existing treatment options were further investigated to find out how effective they are at removing pharmaceuticals and reducing bacteria from blackwater. In addition the aim was also to investigate advantages and disadvantages of source separation of wastewater and treating blackwater separately from greywater. In order to determine this, members of the SAFE-group answered a survey and a literature study was done. The selection of treatment technologies evaluated were based on antibiotic removal for mixed wastewater and included ozonation, GAC (granulated active carbon), nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, UV and hydrogen peroxide, activated sludge and MBBR (moving bed bioreactor). The removal technique that according to the MCA was most suitable to implement at a wastewater treatment plant and a new facility for source separated wastewater was ozonation. There are both advantages and disadvantages with source-separation. An advantage of treating black water separately is that it contains the majority of bacteria and pharmaceuticals residues, however a disadvantage is that the pre-treatment needs to be extensive in order for the treatment techniques that were investigated to achieve the same degree of removal as for mixed wastewater. The treatment techniques investigated in the study (ozonation, GAK, UV and hydrogen peroxide, nanofiltration, activated sludge and MBBR) are mainly applied for mixed wastewater and not as relevant for source separation of wastewater and separate treatment of blackwater. Instead, existing treatment techniques such as wet composting, anaerobic digestion, alkaline treatment and ammonia treatment with urea may be more relevant as they are techniques that are used for treating blackwater with rather good reduction of bacteria.

<p>Pharmaceuticals that are found in marine ecosystems are a threatening environmental concern, which is known to harm both animal and plant life. One of the reasons for this problem is that the waste water treatment techniques are not optimized to clear waste water from its pharmaceuticals contain. In this master thesis four Swedish treatment wetlands were studied, and their ability to reduce numerous pharmaceuticals in waste water. The four treatment wetlands that were studied were those in Oxelösund, Trosa, Nynäshamn and Eskilstuna. Two ecotoxicological tests and chemical analysis were used. The ecotoxicological tests were performed on the copepod <em>Nitocra spinipes</em> and macro algae <em>Ceramium tenuicorne</em>, but the results were ambiguous and could not be related to the chemical analysis. The result from the chemical analysis showed that 50-70 % of the substances were reduced to some degree, and of which 15 % were almost completely reduced. In Nynäshamn’s wetland and Oxelösund’s wetland the pharmaceutical treatment were more efficient than in Trosa’s wetland and Eskilstuna’s wetland. This was probably due to the, at the time, more efficient biological activity. The pharmaceuticals that dominated the incoming waters to all the wetlands were more or less the same. On the contrary, substances were reduced to different degrees in the four wetlands. However, the reduction patterns for both Nynäshamn and Oxelösund were similar, which suggest that the same processes dominated in both wetlands. As the study was performed in cold winter conditions with bad oxygen supply it is likely that greater reduction would be obtained in warmer conditions.</p>

Pharmaceuticals that are found in marine ecosystems are a threatening environmental concern, which is known to harm both animal and plant life. One of the reasons for this problem is that the waste water treatment techniques are not optimized to clear waste water from its pharmaceuticals contain. In this master thesis four Swedish treatment wetlands were studied, and their ability to reduce numerous pharmaceuticals in waste water. The four treatment wetlands that were studied were those in Oxelösund, Trosa, Nynäshamn and Eskilstuna. Two ecotoxicological tests and chemical analysis were used. The ecotoxicological tests were performed on the copepod Nitocra spinipes and macro algae Ceramium tenuicorne, but the results were ambiguous and could not be related to the chemical analysis. The result from the chemical analysis showed that 50-70 % of the substances were reduced to some degree, and of which 15 % were almost completely reduced. In Nynäshamn’s wetland and Oxelösund’s wetland the pharmaceutical treatment were more efficient than in Trosa’s wetland and Eskilstuna’s wetland. This was probably due to the, at the time, more efficient biological activity. The pharmaceuticals that dominated the incoming waters to all the wetlands were more or less the same. On the contrary, substances were reduced to different degrees in the four wetlands. However, the reduction patterns for both Nynäshamn and Oxelösund were similar, which suggest that the same processes dominated in both wetlands. As the study was performed in cold winter conditions with bad oxygen supply it is likely that greater reduction would be obtained in warmer conditions.