A Mimosa scabrella Bentham bracatinga) é uma espécie arbórea nativa da Mata Atlântica, de ocorrência restrita aos Estados do sul e sudeste do Brasil (RS, SC, PR, SP). A espécie vem sendo cultivada no sul do país e em outros países como Costa Rica e Ruanda, para os mais variados fins. Contudo, embora a espécie tenha diversas utilidades, muito pouco tem sido feito em termos de melhoramento genético. Assim, em Maio de 2003, um teste de procedências e progênies de M. scabrella foi instalado na Estação Experimental de Itatinga (ESALQ/USP), utilizando oito procedências nativas e uma comercial, coletadas ao longo da distribuição geográfica da espécie. O delineamento usado foi o Blocos de Famílias Compactas, com nove procedências, 10 a 20 progênies por procedência, seis plantas por subparcela e cinco repetições. Seis meses após o plantio foi medido o caráter altura total e sobrevivência de plantas no ensaio. Concomitantemente, uma amostra de aproximadamente 50 plantas por procedência foi usada para a analise de eletroforese de isoenzimas, revelando-se sete locos polimórficos. Os resultados mostraram que a espécie tem sistema misto de reprodução com predomínio de cruzamentos (média de tm = 0,971). Na média das procedências foi detectada 7,6% de cruzamento entre indivíduos parentes e 51,3% de cruzamentos biparentais, indicando fortes desvios de cruzamentos aleatórios e que as progênies são constituídas por misturas de diferentes tipos de parentescos. Em concordância, o coeficiente médio de parentesco entre plantas dentro de progênies foi alto (0,392). A análise da diversidade genética detectou altos níveis de heterozigosidades (He = 0,580; Ho = 530), embora em duas procedências (Caçador-SC e Ituporanga comercial-PR) foram detectados excessos significativos de homozigotos em relação ao esperado sob Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. O estudo da associação entre distância genética de Nei (1978) com a distância geográfica entre procedências, usando o teste de Mantel, não detectou correlação significativa (r=0,198 ; P=159), de forma que não é possível atribuir o padrão de distância genética observado entre procedências ao modelo isolamento por distância. A comparação da medida de divergência genética entre procedências detectada por caracteres quantitativos (Qp = 0,039) com a detectada por locos isoenzimáticos (θp =0,018) sugere que a divergência genética quantitativa observada entre as procedências aos seis meses de idade para o caráter altura foi causada por seleção divergente (Qp>θp). Parâmetros genéticos foram estimados para o caráter altura, usando os modelos aleatório (assume progênies de polinização livre como meios-irmãos) e misto de reprodução (assume progênies de polinização livre como misturas de diferentes parentescos). A estimativas da variância genética aditiva, os coeficientes de herdabilidade e os ganhos esperados na seleção foram superestimados em 36%, 48% e 41%, respectivamente, quando o modelo aleatório de reprodução foi usado ao invés do modelo misto de reprodução. / Mimosa scabrella Bentham (Bracatinga), is a native tree species of Atlantic Forest, of restricted occurrence to the Southwest and South of Brazil (RS, SC, PR and SP). The species comes being cultivated in the Brazil south and in the other countries as Costa Rica and Ruanda, for the most varied ends. But, although the species has a varied ends, lack studies in the genetic breeding. Thus, in May of 2003, a M. scabrella provenance progeny test was implanted in the Experimental Station of Itatinga (ESALQ/USP). The design used was the Compact Family Block with eight provenances, 10 to 20 families per provenance, six plants per subplot and five replications (block). Total height and survival at six months old were measured in the trials. Concomitantly, a sampled of about 50 plants per provenance was used to analyses of isozymes electrophoresis, reveling seven polymorphic loci. The results showed that the species has a mixed mating system with outcrossing predominance (average tm = 0.971). In the provenance average was detected 7.6% of biparental inbreeding and 51.3% of biparental outcrossing, indicating strong deviations of random mating and that the families are mixtures of different relatedness kinds. In agreement, the average relatedness coefficient among plant within families was high (0.392). The analyses of genetic diversity detected high levels of observed and expected heterozygosities (He = 0.580; Ho = 530, respectively), although in two provenances (Caçador-SC and Ituporanga comercial-PR) were detected significant excess of homozygotes in relationship to expected in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The studied of association among Nei (1978) genetic distance and geographic distances among provenances, using Mantel test, no detected significant correlation (r = 198; P = 159), indicating that the observed genetic distance among provenance patters is not possible to attribute the isolation distance model. The comparison of genetic divergence among provenance measured by quantitative traits (Qp = 0.039) with the measure by isozymes loci ( θp = 0.018) suggest that the quantitative genetic divergence among provenance at six months old to height trait was caused by divergent selection ( Qp > θp ). Genetic parameters were estimated to height trait, using the random (assume open-pollinated arrays with half-sibs) and mixed (assume open-pollinated arrays with mixed of different relatedness kinds) mating model. The additive genetic variance, heritabilities coefficients and expected gain selection were 36%, 48% and 41%, respectively, super-estimates, where a random model was used instead of mixed mating model.

Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been reported to be one of the greatest global public health threats. Statistics of the fertility status of modern society has linked increased DM to a decrease in fertility rates. Hyperglycaemia is characteristic of DM that results in a disturbance of proteins, lipids and carbohydrate metabolism leading to an increase production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the case where ROS overwhelms antioxidant mechanisms, the body goes into state of oxidative stress (OS). OS plays a vital role in the progression of DM which leads to dysfunction and damage of various organs including that of the reproductive system. Os has shown to cause damage to the sperm membraneby oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA’s) as the sperm membrane are rich in PUFA’s. This damage contributes to reduced sperm motility, concentration, morphological abnormalities and the sperms ability to fuse with the ZP of the oocyte. DM has been observed to cause testicular degeneration by interrupting sertoli cell production and maintenance thus resulting in a disturbance of the normal functioning of the reproductive system. Experimental studies have targeted more natural sources for treating DM and its complications of the reproductive system. Plants and natural dietary substances have shown to have high antioxidant contents that combat DM induced oxidative stress. This study explored the effect the Hypoxis hemerocallidea (H. hemerocallidea) supplementation on testicular and epididymal tissue, sperm motility and reproductive hormones in male wistar rats. The experiment were conducted for 6 weeks and the rats (230-260 grams) were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=12 per group). Diabetes was induced in 3 of the 5 groups. The first group was the normal control group (A), second the diabetic control group (B), third was the diabetic group treated with 800mg/kg H. hemerocallidea (group C), fourth the diabetic group treated with 200mg/kg H. hemerocallidea (group D) and fifth the non-diabetic group supplemented with 800mg/kg H. hemerocallidea (group E). Blood glucose showed a significant increase in the diabetic group when compared to the normal control and treated groups. H. hemerocallidea showed improvement in sperm motility and sperm morphology more at 800mg/kg when compared to diabetic group and diabetic group treated with 200mg/kg. Body, testicular and epipidymal weights of diabetic control were significantly lower when compared to the other groups. Testicular and epididymal Malondialdehyde levels were decreased in normal control, diabetic groups treated with different doses of H. hemerocallidea and the non-diabetic group supplemented with H. hemerocallideaon comparing with the diabetic control group. Antioxidants such as Superoxide dismutase, Catalase and total Glutathione activity was observed to be dosage dependent in certin groups but most showed a significant increase when compared to the diabetic control group. The total antioxidant capacity was measured using Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); increase was observed when normal control group and treated groups were compared to the diabetic group. Testosterone and estradiol levels were also increased when the normal control group and treated groups were compared to the diabetic control group. Based on our findings it can be concluded that H. hemerocallidea supplementation can potentially be used to counteract deleterious effects of DM on the male reproductive system.

A Mimosa scabrella Bentham bracatinga) é uma espécie arbórea nativa da Mata Atlântica, de ocorrência restrita aos Estados do sul e sudeste do Brasil (RS, SC, PR, SP). A espécie vem sendo cultivada no sul do país e em outros países como Costa Rica e Ruanda, para os mais variados fins. Contudo, embora a espécie tenha diversas utilidades, muito pouco tem sido feito em termos de melhoramento genético. Assim, em Maio de 2003, um teste de procedências e progênies de M. scabrella foi instalado na Estação Experimental de Itatinga (ESALQ/USP), utilizando oito procedências nativas e uma comercial, coletadas ao longo da distribuição geográfica da espécie. O delineamento usado foi o Blocos de Famílias Compactas, com nove procedências, 10 a 20 progênies por procedência, seis plantas por subparcela e cinco repetições. Seis meses após o plantio foi medido o caráter altura total e sobrevivência de plantas no ensaio. Concomitantemente, uma amostra de aproximadamente 50 plantas por procedência foi usada para a analise de eletroforese de isoenzimas, revelando-se sete locos polimórficos. Os resultados mostraram que a espécie tem sistema misto de reprodução com predomínio de cruzamentos (média de tm = 0,971). Na média das procedências foi detectada 7,6% de cruzamento entre indivíduos parentes e 51,3% de cruzamentos biparentais, indicando fortes desvios de cruzamentos aleatórios e que as progênies são constituídas por misturas de diferentes tipos de parentescos. Em concordância, o coeficiente médio de parentesco entre plantas dentro de progênies foi alto (0,392). A análise da diversidade genética detectou altos níveis de heterozigosidades (He = 0,580; Ho = 530), embora em duas procedências (Caçador-SC e Ituporanga comercial-PR) foram detectados excessos significativos de homozigotos em relação ao esperado sob Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. O estudo da associação entre distância genética de Nei (1978) com a distância geográfica entre procedências, usando o teste de Mantel, não detectou correlação significativa (r=0,198 ; P=159), de forma que não é possível atribuir o padrão de distância genética observado entre procedências ao modelo isolamento por distância. A comparação da medida de divergência genética entre procedências detectada por caracteres quantitativos (Qp = 0,039) com a detectada por locos isoenzimáticos (θp =0,018) sugere que a divergência genética quantitativa observada entre as procedências aos seis meses de idade para o caráter altura foi causada por seleção divergente (Qp>θp). Parâmetros genéticos foram estimados para o caráter altura, usando os modelos aleatório (assume progênies de polinização livre como meios-irmãos) e misto de reprodução (assume progênies de polinização livre como misturas de diferentes parentescos). A estimativas da variância genética aditiva, os coeficientes de herdabilidade e os ganhos esperados na seleção foram superestimados em 36%, 48% e 41%, respectivamente, quando o modelo aleatório de reprodução foi usado ao invés do modelo misto de reprodução. / Mimosa scabrella Bentham (Bracatinga), is a native tree species of Atlantic Forest, of restricted occurrence to the Southwest and South of Brazil (RS, SC, PR and SP). The species comes being cultivated in the Brazil south and in the other countries as Costa Rica and Ruanda, for the most varied ends. But, although the species has a varied ends, lack studies in the genetic breeding. Thus, in May of 2003, a M. scabrella provenance progeny test was implanted in the Experimental Station of Itatinga (ESALQ/USP). The design used was the Compact Family Block with eight provenances, 10 to 20 families per provenance, six plants per subplot and five replications (block). Total height and survival at six months old were measured in the trials. Concomitantly, a sampled of about 50 plants per provenance was used to analyses of isozymes electrophoresis, reveling seven polymorphic loci. The results showed that the species has a mixed mating system with outcrossing predominance (average tm = 0.971). In the provenance average was detected 7.6% of biparental inbreeding and 51.3% of biparental outcrossing, indicating strong deviations of random mating and that the families are mixtures of different relatedness kinds. In agreement, the average relatedness coefficient among plant within families was high (0.392). The analyses of genetic diversity detected high levels of observed and expected heterozygosities (He = 0.580; Ho = 530, respectively), although in two provenances (Caçador-SC and Ituporanga comercial-PR) were detected significant excess of homozygotes in relationship to expected in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The studied of association among Nei (1978) genetic distance and geographic distances among provenances, using Mantel test, no detected significant correlation (r = 198; P = 159), indicating that the observed genetic distance among provenance patters is not possible to attribute the isolation distance model. The comparison of genetic divergence among provenance measured by quantitative traits (Qp = 0.039) with the measure by isozymes loci ( θp = 0.018) suggest that the quantitative genetic divergence among provenance at six months old to height trait was caused by divergent selection ( Qp > θp ). Genetic parameters were estimated to height trait, using the random (assume open-pollinated arrays with half-sibs) and mixed (assume open-pollinated arrays with mixed of different relatedness kinds) mating model. The additive genetic variance, heritabilities coefficients and expected gain selection were 36%, 48% and 41%, respectively, super-estimates, where a random model was used instead of mixed mating model.

La biodiversité de l'île de La Réunion a récemment été reconnue comme d'intérêt mondial. Depuis 2010 le territoire du Parc National de La Réunion est en effet classé au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. Cette riche biodiversité fournit des services à l'homme, notamment par le biais des plantes aromatiques et médicinales, utilisées traditionnellement sur l'île. Aujourd'hui, la responsabilité de La Réunion vis à vis de sa biodiversité est grande et l'enjeu majeur consiste à la gérer et à la valoriser durablement. Le faham est une orchidée emblématique et patrimoniale, endémique des Mascareignes (Réunion, Maurice), bien connue des réunionnais et largement consommée pour ses propriétés aromatiques et médicinales. L'appellation faham regroupe en réalité deux espèces : une espèce de haute altitude, Jumellea rossii, et une espèce de basse altitude, Jumellea fragrans. Actuellement, le faham est récolté en milieu naturel sur les domaines publics ou privés car il n'existe pas de système de production agricole. L'utilisation continue de cette ressource depuis maintenant plusieurs siècles menace fortement sa survie en milieu naturel. C'est dans ce contexte qu'a été créé le projet ORCHIFAH, qui vise à mettre en place une filière de production de faham respectueuse de l'environnement et offrant des garanties quant à sa conservation. Partie intégrante de ce projet, le présent travail a pour objectif d'étudier certains aspects de la biologie et la chimie des deux espèces de faham préalablement à la mise en place d'une filière agricole. Ainsi, le système de reproduction, la germination asymbiotique in vitro, les rythmes de croissance et de production de biomasse foliaire, et la composition métabolomique des deux espèces ont été étudiés. Les résultats concourent à améliorer la connaissance des espèces, et fournissent une base solide pour leur mise en culture, ainsi que pour la conduite d'actions de conservation appropriées. / Reunion Island's biodiversity has recently been recognized as of worldwide interest. Since 2010, the National Park of Reunion area is classified as World Heritage of UNESCO. This rich biodiversity provides services to humans, including through aromatic and medicinal plants, which are traditionally used on the island. Today, the responsibility of Reunion to its biodiversity is important and the major challenge is to manage and promot it in a sustainable way. Faham is an iconic and of local importance orchid, endemic to the Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius), well-known and widely consumed in Reunion for its aromatic and medicinal properties. The name faham actually includes two species: the high altitude species, Jumellea rossii, and the low altitude species, Jumellea fragrans. Currently, faham is harvested in the wild on public or private land because there is no agricultural production system for this resource. Continued use of faham for centuries now threatens heavily its survival in the wild. In this context, the ORCHIFAH project has been created, and aims to establish a sustainable faham production chain and to provide guarantees for its preservation. Part of this project, the aim the present work is to study some aspects of the biology and chemistry of the two species of faham, prior to the establishment of an agricultural production. Thus, the reproductive system, the asymbiotic in vitro germination, growth rates and leaf biomass production, and metabolomics composition of both species were studied. The results contribute to improve the knowledge of the species, and provide a solid foundation for their cultivation, and to conduct appropriate conservation actions.

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