Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-186). Also available via the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:07:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 canettieri_ev_dr_guara.pdf: 1796157 bytes, checksum: 7fcb0f5216d983d4edb448126758bf47 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presenta trabalho visou estabelecer as condições de hidrólise ácida do resíduo florestal de eucalipto a cinética dessa reação. Para atingier os objetivos deste trabalho, foi utilizada metodologia estatística (Planejamento Fatorial e Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta - RSM). A espécie arbórea utilizada neste estudo foi o Eucalyptus grandis de 7 anos de idade. Numa primeira etapa do trabalho, foram realizados ensaios de hidrólise catalisada com ácido em reator de aço inox de 1,4 L de acordo com um Planejamento Fatorial de 2 8-4, para avaliar o efeito de oito variáveis: o tamanho de partícula do resíduo (TR), temperatura (T), tempo de reação (t), umidade do resíduo na solução ácida (E), concentração do ácido (CA), tipo de ácido (A) e relação resíduo/solução ácida (R/A) sobre a extração de xilose da fração hemicelulósica do resíduo de eucalipto. Este estudo revelou que as variáveis significativas foram a temperatura, a concentração do ácido sulfúrico e a relação resíduo/solução ácida para a remoção daxilose da fração hemicelulósica do resíduo de eucalipto na região de estudo... . / The aim of this work was to establish optimal conditions for hydrolysis of eucalyptus forest residues and investigate the kinetics of this reaction. Research was conducted making use of response surface methodology (RSM) and a seven-year old Eucalyptus grandis tree. In the first phase of this work, hydrolysis tests were carried out in a 1,4L stainless steel reactor according to a 2 8-4 fractional factorial design, in order to evaluate the effects of eight variables (residue particle size, temperature, reaction time, residue moisture, soaking of the residue in acid solution, acid concetration, type of acid and ratio of residue/acid solution) on xylose extraction from the hemicellulosic fracation of eucalyptus residue. The results showed that, taking into account the type of reactor utilized, the variables temperature, sulfuric acid concentration and ratio of eucalyptus residue/acid solution in the ranges... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Orientador: Regina Maria Monteiro de Castilho / Coorientador: Pedro Cesar dos Santos / Banca: Sérgio Luís de Carvalho / Banca: Kathia Fernandes Lopes Pivetta / Resumo: Objetivou-se caracterizar fisicamente combinações de componentes de substrato com resíduo de celulose. Foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Física do Solo da UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira - SP, utilizando-se três componentes de substrato: areia, solo e composto orgânico (grama batatais + esterco bovino decompostos por 90 dias) e o resíduo de celulose. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com oito tratamentos com três repetições cada, sendo T1 = resíduo de celulose puro; T2 = resíduo + solo (1:1); T3 = resíduo + areia (1:1); T4 = resíduo + composto (1:1); T5 = resíduo + solo + areia (1:1:1); T6 = resíduo + solo + composto (1:1:1); T7 = resíduo + areia + composto (1:1:1) e T8 = resíduo + solo + areia + composto (1:1:1:1). Analisou-se macro e microporosidade e porosidade total, densidade do substrato, densidade de partículas, capacidade de recipiente, condutividade elétrica e pH. O resíduo de celulose puro se adequou em todas as recomendações físicas de um substrato para produção de mudas, sendo que, em relação à condutividade elétrica recomenda-se misturar resíduo de celulose com solo e areia. EXPERIMENTO II: Objetivou-se testar a influência de tratamentos pré-germinativos e diferentes substratos na germinação de sementes, biometria de plântulas e teor de clorofila de folhas de jatobá (Hymeneae courbaril L. var. Stilbocarpa). Foi realizado na UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira - SP, em casa de vegetação do tipo Pad & Fan, no período de 14 de março a 13 de abril de 2011. As sementes, colhidas em 10 de março de 2011, foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: imersão em água por 12 hs, imersão em água por 24 hs, escarificação mecânica no lado oposto à micrópila, escarificação mecânica no lado oposto à micrópila + imersão em água por 12 hs, escarificação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim the work was to characterize physically the combination of substratum components with cellulose residue. The research was conducted at Soil Physics Laboratory in UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira - SP. It was used three substrate component: sand, soil and organic compound (grass + manure decomposed by 90 days) and the cellulose residue. The experimental design was entirely randomized with eight treatments and three repetitions. The treatments was: T1 = pure cellulose residue; T2 = residue + soil (1:1); T3 = residue + sand (1:1); T4 = residue + compound (1:1); T5 = residue + soil + sand (1:1:1); T6 = residue + soil + compound (1:1:1); T7 = residue + sand + compound (1:1:1) and T8 = residue + soil + sand + compound (1:1:1:1). It was analyzed macro and microporosity and total porosity, substrate density, particles density, container capacity, electric conductivity and pH. The pure cellulose residue presented all the physics recommendation for substrate to seedlings production. In relation to electric conduction it was recommended to mixture cellulose residue with soil and sand. EXPERIMENT II: The objective of the study was to test the influence of pre-treatments and substrate on seed germination, plant biometry and leaves chlorophyll content of jatoba (Hymeneae courbaril). It was conducted at UNESP, Ilha Solteira - SP, in a greenhouse-type Pad & Fan in the period from March 14th to April 13th, 2011. The seeds, collected at March 10th, 2011, had the following pre-germination treatments: immersion in water for 12 hours, immersion in water for 24 hours, mechanical scarification opposite the micropyle, mechanical scarification opposite the micropyle + immersion in water for 12 hours, mechanical scarification opposite the micropyle + immersion in water for 24 hours and a witness. For scarification was used sandpaper... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Antonio Cezar Leal / Banca: Encarnita Salas Martin / Banca: Marilia Coelho / Banca: Alba Regina Azevedo Arana / Banca: Jurandir Savi / Resumo: A presente pesquisa teve, como foco central, as políticas públicas que envolvem o gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos adotado no município de Presidente Prudente-SP e a motivação para seu desenvolvimento resultam de indagações advindas de nossa inserção no Projeto de Políticas Públicas FAPESP, originalmente idealizado por um grupo de professores da FCT/UNESP em 2001 e que, ao longo de seu desenvolvimento, obteve o engajamento de diversos parceiros, apoiadores e da sociedade civil. A metodologia utilizada foi: o levantamento de dados, a partir da documentação direta e indireta, bem como a adoção da técnica da observação direta intensiva. Devido à dificuldade em acessar os arquivos públicos municipais, referentes aos anos anteriores a 1980, utilizamos a técnica da "história de vida" para resgatar a memória de antigos funcionários públicos municipais. A forma de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos adotada pelo município foi abordada em seu contexto histórico e atual, além da análise das políticas públicas municipais, referentes ao tema. As ações desenvolvidas durante as fases do Projeto de Políticas Públicas FAPESP sua contribuição para a organização da COOPERLIX e a implantação da coleta seletiva apresentaram um conjunto de informações importantes para compreender a atual situação em que se encontra o município. Conclui-se que o "Projeto de Políticas Públicas FAPESP com o apoio de parceiros e sociedade civil, contribui para a formação de uma política pública de gerenciamento integrado de resíduos sólidos urbanos, no município. / Abstract: The present research had as central focus the public policies about the management of urban solid residues in the town of Presidente Prudente, and the motivation for its development results of resulting inquiries of our insertion in the FAPESP Public Policies Project, originally idealized by a group of professors of the FCT/UNESP in 2001 and that, over its development, got from many partners, supporters, and civil society. The methodology utilized was facts survey from the indirect and straight documentation, as well as the adoption of the intensive straight observation technique. Due to the difficulty in access the municipal public files regarding the years before 1980, we utilized the life story technique for rescue the memory of old municipal public members of staff. The urban solid residues management form adopted by the town was approached in his present and historical context, as well the analysis of the municipal public policies regarding the subject. The actions developed during the phases of the FAPESP Public Policies Project, his contribution to the organization of the COOPERLIX, and the implementation of the selective collection, presented important information set, to understand the present situation in town. Finds that the FAPESP Public Policies Project, with the support of partners and civil society, contributes to the formation of a public policy of integrated management public policy of urban solid residues in the town. / Doutor

Orientador: David de Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T10:03:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vedroni_JoseWilson_M.pdf: 4373066 bytes, checksum: 71b191b108a627ae96907308f1d21aea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Estudo de caso sobre aplicação do RCD (Resíduos de Construção e Demolição), da cidade de Piracicaba São Paulo. Estes resíduos que são popularmente chamados de entulhos são os descartes dos resíduos da construção civil, da demolição de habitações, áreas comerciais e industriais. Estima-se que a cidade de São Paulo gera cerca de dezessete mil toneladas destes resíduos diariamente, representando no Brasil de 41-70 % dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. Estes resíduos, quando não reutilizados e não gerenciados, acabam acarretando impactos negativos ao meio ambiente e à saúde da população, degradando o aspecto visual das cidades, provocando enchentes com o entupimento das tubulações de águas pluviais e com o assoreamento dos rios e córregos. O Conselho do Meio Ambiente, baixou uma resolução denominada RESOLUÇÃO CONAMA 307, de 5 de julho de 2002, em que determina a responsabilidade de todos os Municípios e o Distrito Federal, proibindo o descarte do RCD em lixões, bota-foras ou em aterros sanitários exigindo a elaboração de um plano de gerenciamento integrado dos resíduos incluindo os de construção e principalmente sua reciclagem e utilização. Este trabalho que é de cunho ambiental, faz uma abordagem sobre estes resíduos, uma breve revisão bibliográfica sobre sua dimensão e aplicação em projetos afins, estuda suas características físicas, mecânicas e químicas para verificação de possíveis contaminantes e propõe um modelo para a sua reciclagem e utilização de forma sustentável nas reabilitações dos pavimentos construídos pelas equipes de manutenção do SEMAE (Serviço Municipal de Água e Esgoto de Piracicaba), após intervenções nas redes de água que abastecem e na que realiza o esgotamento sanitário para a população. Desta forma este estudo de caso, pretende contribuir, como mais um procedimento que os órgãos públicos e privados, possam utilizar como meio de resolver este grave problema, que é dar uma solução segura para a utilização destes resíduos / Abstract: Case study on the application of RCD (Residues of Construction and Demolition) in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo. These residues, popularly known as dumps, are waste from civil construction, from demolition of houses, commercial and industrial areas. It is estimated that the city of São Paulo produces approximately seventeen thousand tons of this type of residues daily. In Brazil, this accounts for 41-70 % of solid urban waste. If not reused or managed, this waste ultimately causes a negative impact on the environment and on the health of the population; it degrades urban looks and causes floods because it clogs rainwater piping. It also aggrades rivers and streams. The Environment Council has issued a resolution, named CONAMA Resolution no. 30, dated 5 July, 2002, which determines the accountability of all Cities and the Federal District for waste, and forbids waste disposal in dumps or sanitary landfills. An integrated waste management plan must be developed including construction waste and particularly waste recycling and utilization. This paper is of an environmental nature. It provides an approach to these residues, a brief review of the bibliography about its dimension and application in similar projects, it reviews its physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics to detect possible contaminants. The paper also proposes a model for sustainable waste recycling and reuse in pavement recovery carried out by maintenance teams from SEMAE (Municipal Service of Water and Sewer from Piracicaba), after intervention in water supply and sewage networks that serve the population. In this manner this case study intends to be one more tool that public and private agencies can use as a means to solve these serious problem by providing a safe solution to use these residues / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Neste trabalho é utilizado o processo oxidativo avançado, via reagente de Fenton, para a destruição de resíduos que contenham hidroquinona. Sendo as técnicas utilizadas para a comprovação desta metodologia: ultravioleta, carbono orgânico total, cromatografia gasosa, cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Em todas essas análises pôde?se observar uma destruição de mais de 60% da hidroquinona. / In this work, the destruction of hydroquinone present in residues was reached through advanced oxidation process, via Fenton. The reaction was followed by ultraviolet spectroscopy, total organic carbon and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and mass spectrometry detector. Throughout all the results, the destruction of hydroquinone was greater than 90%.

Microbiological screening of antimicrobial residues in eggs needs special attention because of the high level of naturally occurring inhibitors contained in eggs which often lead to false positive results. However, it was discovered that heating egg samples at 800C for 10 minutes inactivated the inhibitors. The new bacteriological screening test for antimicrobial residues in eggs which was developed during this study, contains viable spores of Geobacillus stearothermophilus which are sensitive to antimicrobial residues including beta-lactams, tetracycline’s and macrolides. The new test method was validated based on the comparison with a reference method, namely the Kundrat micro-screening four-plate test,1 and published literature of another standard reference method, the Premi®Test. A preliminary trial was conducted on 36 hens that were given therapeutic oral doses of overthe- counter antimicrobials daily for seven days with one of eleven antimicrobials based on the manufacturer’s recommendations. Eggs were collected from the hens during and after treatment and tested for the presence or absence of antimicrobial residues. Several performance criteria and minimum detection concentrations were estimated and discussed. Some agreements and differences were found between the new and the reference tests with the new test being more sensitive to beta-lactams, tetracyclines and macrolides than the Kundrat and Premi®Test on the average. The use of florfenicol and norfloxacin in laying hens is banned and therefore there are no maximum residue limits (MRL) or published Premi®Test values. For meat, the MRL is 100mg/kg. It was therefore concluded that the new screening test could be used for routine screening of antimicrobial residues in eggs. A two seasonal survey was also conducted to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial residues in commercial chicken eggs in Tshwane area of Gauteng Province, South Africa. Although the season did not impact statistically on the antibiotic residues found in the eggs; eggs sold at the roadside (informal businesses), certain egg brands, and those sold at lower prices were found to be more likely to contain antibiotic residues than those obtained from formal outlets and at higher prices. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

The advent of new methods to detect animal drug residues has resulted in a need to independently validate them. The effects of processing milk on the performance of these methods was evaluated. Antibiotic-free milk samples were spiked with sulfamethazine, penicillin G, and chlortetracycline at levels of 10, 10 and 30 ppb, respectively. Spiked milk and negative control milk was heat-treated, homogenized or heat-treated and homogenized. The procedures evaluated for penicillin detection were Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay, a HPLC described by Barker et al., Charm II microbial receptor assay, and CITE Probe and LacTek enzyme immunoassays. The procedures evaluated for sulfonamide detection were an HPLC method described by Long et al., Charm II microbial receptor assay, CITE Probe, LacTek and Signal enzyme immunoassays. The methods evaluated for tetracycline detection were a HPLC method described by Long et al., Charm II microbial receptor assay, and LacTek and CITE Probe enzyme immunoassays. The results indicate that the commercial tests and the disk assay were not adversely affected by processing treatments. Significant treatment differences were found when testing raw Charm II data by analysis of variance but these differences did not effect the overall results of the test. Results of the HPLC method were inconclusive for the three drugs tested. / Master of Science

Yes / The analysis of organic residues from archaeological materials has become increasingly important to our understanding of ancient diet, trade and technology. Residues from diverse contexts have been retrieved and analysed from the remains of food, medicine and cosmetics to hafting material on stone arrowheads, pitch and tar from shipwrecks, and ancient manure from soils. Research has brought many advances in our understanding of archaeological, organic residues over the past two decades. Some have enabled very specific and detailed interpretations of materials preserved in the archaeological record. However there are still areas where we know very little, like the mechanisms at work during the formation and preservation of residues, and areas where each advance produces more questions rather than answers, as in the identification of degraded fats. This chapter will discuss some of the significant achievements in the field over the past decade and the ongoing challenges for research in this area. / Full text was made available in the Repository on 15th Oct 2015, at the end of the publisher's embargo period.

O consumo sempre crescente de produtos juntamente com a falta de incentivo à redução, reutilização e reciclagem, e à escassez de área para disposição dos rejeitos propiciam o aumento descontrolado de resíduos sólidos presentes no meio ambiente. Os resíduos poliméricos, pós-consumo - embalagens plásticas – se destacam nos resíduos sólidos domiciliares (RSD), por apresentarem crescimento de participação no lixo urbano e possuírem características como: degradação lenta e volumetria elevada, o que compromete a vida útil dos aterros sanitários, e, ainda, terem potencial econômico para reutilização e reciclagem. Este trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma caracterização física, mássica e volumétrica, dos resíduos poliméricos, no município de São Carlos, SP, complementado por estudo dos grupos de polímeros termoplásticos. O método adotado para caracterização física foi por amostragem, na coleta convencional, e pela massa total coletada, na coleta seletiva. Na coleta convencional, o número de amostragem compreendeu todos os setores, sendo a massa da amostra obtida por quarteamento. Foi feita uma caracterização no inverno e outra no verão. Destacam-se, nos resultados, o percentual de resíduos poliméricos, em massa, de 10,47%, composto por PET (35,96%), PEAD (26,42%), PP (16,25%), PS (7,96%), Outros (7,85%), PVC (3,76%), PEBD (1,79%), na coleta convencional, e na coleta seletiva, de 20,60%, composto por PET (50,64%), PEAD (24,03%), PP (13,76%), PS (6,96%), Outros (1,79%), PEBD (1,70%), PVC (1,12%). Os índices percentuais volumétricos foram de 27,20%, na coleta convencional e de 56,56% na coleta seletiva. Observou-se que o percentual de resíduos poliméricos destinados ao aterro sanitário ainda é elevado, considerando a existência de coleta seletiva, e que a resina de PET teve o maior índice de participação, superando o PEAD, tradicionalmente a de maior descarte nos resíduos sólidos domiciliares / The on going growing consumption of products, together with lack of incentive to the reduction, re-useage, recycling, and the area shortage for dispose the waste, generates an uncontrolled increase of solid waste found on the environment. The polymeric residues, post-consumption - plastic packing - stand out in home solid waste (RSD), due to the fact that they present participation growth in the urban waste. They present the following characteristics: slow degradation and high volume, what compromises the sanitary landfill life cycle, and can also have economical potential in order to be re-used and recycling. This work aims to accomplish a physical, mass and volumetric characterization of the polymeric residues, in municipality São Carlos, SP, complemented by groups of polymeric termoplastic study. Sampling was the method adopted for physical characterization in conventional collection, and total mass collected in the selective collection. In conventional collection, the number of sampling involved all the sectors, being the sample mass obtained by quarters method. One characterization was done in the winter and another in the summer. In the results, it was observed the percentage of polymeric residues, in mass, of 10,47%, composed by PET (35,96%), PEAD (26,42%), PP (16,25%), PS (7,96%), Other (7,85%), PVC (3,76%), PEBD (1,79%), in conventional collection, and 20,60%, in selective collection, composed by PET (50,64%), PEAD (24,03%), PP (13,76%), PS (6,96%), Other (1,79%), PEBD (1,70%), PVC (1,12%). The volumetric percentage indexes were of 27,20%, in conventional collection and of 56,56% in selective collection. It was noticed that the percentage of polymeric residues set aside for the sanitary landfill was still high, considering the existence of selective collection and that the resin of PET had the largest participation index, overcoming PEAD, traditionally the largest discard in home solid residues