Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 miggiolaro_ae_me_botfca.pdf: 1553715 bytes, checksum: 404b7ce8e3a19e65daa224e2bc052fdd (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A aplicação de resíduos urbanos e industriais no solo pode ser recomendada pelo valor corretivo e fertilizante que apresentam, o que confere a agricultura grande potencial para a reutilização destes, pois seguindo critérios bem definidos, sua aplicação pode melhorar as propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo, além de contribuir para reduzir o consumo de corretivos e fertilizantes, sem contaminação por metais pesados, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as alterações químicas, físicas e microbiológicas ocorridas no solo, a absorção de nutrientes e metais pesados potencialmente tóxicos, e seus efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento da cultura da soja cultivadas sob Sistema Plantio Direto (SPD). O trabalho foi desenvolvido a campo, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado - FCA/UNESP, Botucatu (SP), em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, sob clima tropical de altitude Cwa, na safra 2007/2008. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4x4+1, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro resíduos, sendo dois lodos de esgoto, um centrifugado e tratado com cal virgem (LC) e um de biodigestor com adição de polieletrólitos (LB) e dois resíduos industriais, a escória de aciaria (E) e a lama cal (Lcal), aplicados nas doses 0, 2, 4 e 8 Mg ha-1. A aplicação superficial dos resíduos LC, LB, Lcal e E em solo sob SPD melhorou as propriedades químicas e microbiológicas do solo, além de favorecer o desenvolvimento da cultura da soja, sem contaminação por metais pesados potencialmente tóxicos, atendendo a legislação vigente. Os resíduos LC, Lcal, e E podem ser utilizados como materiais alternativos para correção do solo. / The application of urban and industrial residues in the ground can be recommended by corrective and fertilizing the value that presents. What confers great potential of agricultural re-use of these, therefore its application can be improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the ground, beyond contribute to reducing the of consumption end liming materials, without heavy metals contamination, whose objective was to evaluate chemical, physical end microbiological soil alternations, nutrients absorption and potentially toxic heavy metals, and its effects on the development of soybean crop in soil under no-tillage system. The work was developed in field conditions in the Fazenda Experimental Lageado of Botucatu-SP, in a distrophyc Rhodic Haplustox, harvest 2007/2008. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme 4x4+1, with four replications. The treatments consisted of four residues, two sewage sludge, one centrifuged with virgin line (CS) and one with biodigestor and polyelectrolytes addition (BS), and two industrial residues, slag (SL) and aqueous lime (AL), in the doses 0, 2, 4 and 8 Mg ha-1. The surface application of the residues CS, BS, AL and SL in soil under no-tillage system improved the chemical and microbiological soil properties, as well as promote the deselopment soybean crop, without contamination potentially toxic heavy metals, in accordance with current legislation. The residues Lcal, LSJ and E can be used as alternative material to the limestone for neutralization of the ground acidity.

A new approach to the process of Directed Evolution is proposed, which utilizes different machine learning algorithms. Directed Evolution is a process of improving a protein for catalytic purposes by introducing random mutations in its sequence to create variants. Through these mutations, Directed Evolution explores the sequence space, which is defined as all the possible sequences for a given number of amino acids. Each variant sequence is divided into one of two classes, positive or negative, according to their activity or stability. By employing machine learning algorithms for feature selection on the sequence of these variants of the protein, attributes or amino acids in its sequence important for the classification into positive or negative, can be identified. Support Vector Machines (SVMs) were utilized to identify the important individual amino acids for any protein, which have to be preserved to maintain its activity. The results for the case of beta-lactamase show that such residues can be identified with high accuracy while using a small number of variant sequences. Another class of machine learning problems, Boolean Learning, was used to extend this approach to identifying interactions between the different amino acids in a proteins sequence using the variant sequences. It was shown through simulations that such interactions can be identified for any protein with a reasonable number of variant sequences. For experimental verification of this approach, two fluorescent proteins, mRFP and DsRed, were used to generate variants, which were screened for fluorescence. Using Boolean Learning, an interacting pair was identified, which was shown to be important for the fluorescence. It was also shown through experiments and simulations that knowing such pairs can increase the fraction active variants in the library. A Boolean Learning algorithm was also developed for this application, which can learn Boolean functions from data in the presence of classification noise.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-07-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:09:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cordeiro_gq_me_sjrp.pdf: 852634 bytes, checksum: afdbb4ebc0a0867ed2c6991e1508045a (MD5) / A manipueira, resíduo gerado durante o processamento da mandioca para a produção de fécula ou farinha, é um líquido bastante poluente e tóxico. Para evitar o descarte no meio ambiente, vários estudos estão sendo conduzidos visando minimizar seus efeitos negativos. Um processo bem estudado é o tratamento anaeróbio com separação de fases, uma vez que os reatores em uma única fase mostram-se muito instáveis quanto ao controle da relação acidez/alcalinidade. Para tanto, têm sido utilizados dois reatores, um na fase acidogênica e outro na fase metanogênica para facilitar o controle do processo. Porém, isso acarreta um aumento de espaço de tratamento, uma vez que são duas unidades e a necessidade do controle da alimentação de ambas as fases. Visando eliminar esses inconvenientes, propõe-se o uso de um reator compartimentado, consistindo em uma única unidade e uma única alimentação. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência no tratamento da manipueira em 10 um reator compartimentado, conhecido na literatura como Anaerobic Baffled Reactor, através da variação da concentração de alimentação e do tempo de residência do sistema. Para isso, utilizou-se um reator de vidro com volume útil de 4,6 litros, constituído de três compartimentos (cada um deles com uma zona descendente e outra ascendente), com cerca de 32% do volume do reator de lodo anaeróbio proveniente de um reator do tipo UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor ou reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo) da planta de tratamento de efluentes da Indústria Arco Íris de Refrigerantes. Após uma etapa de aclimatação, o reator foi alimentado com concentrações crescentes de manipueira (DQO de 1000 a 5000 mg DQO L-1) em diferentes Tempos de Residência Hidráulicos (2 a 6 dias).... / The manipueira, residue generated during the processing of the cassava for the production of starch or flour, it is a sufficiently pollutant and toxic liquid. To prevent the discarding in the environment, some studies are being lead aiming to minimize its negative effect. A well studied process is the anaerobic treatment with separation of phases, a time that the reactors in only phase reveal very unstable unto the control of the relation acidity/alkalinity. For it in such a way, they have been used two reactors, one in the acidogenesis phase and another one in the metanogenesis phase to facilitate the control of the process. However, this causes an increase of treatment space, a time that are two units, the necessity of control and feeding of both phases. Aiming at to eliminate these inconveniences, the use of a baffled reactor is considered, consisting of an only unit and an only 13 feeding. Thus, the present work had as objective to evaluate the efficiency in the treatment of the manipueira in a reactor, known in literature as Anaerobic Baffled Reactor, through the variation of the concentration of feeding and the residence time of the system. For this, a glass reactor was used with useful volume of 4.6 liters, constituted of three compartments (each one of them with a descending zone and another ascendant), with about 32% of the volume of the reactor filled with anaerobic sludge proceeding from a reactor of type UASB (up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor) of the effluent treatment plant of the Industry Arco Iris of Cooling. After passing at an acclimatization stage, the reactor was fed with increasing concentrations of manipueira (COD at 1000 to 5000 mg COD L-1) in different Hydraulical Residence Times (2 to 6 days). The control of initial pH was made after two months of experiment, with the sodium bicarbonate addition...(Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 orsati_as_me_ilha.pdf: 1311934 bytes, checksum: c22acc96012190c54cc685594a391296 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A disposição inadequada dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, que leva a contaminação do meio ambiente, é uma problemática comum de diversos municípios brasileiros. A pesquisa tem como objetivos definir critérios funcionais para os locais de disposição final de resíduos sólidos e um parâmetro de avaliação para esses locais, que indique a sua qualidade em termos de funcionalidade e geração de impactos ambientais e econômicos. O parâmetro proposto é o índice de qualidade, determinado por uma relação entre os critérios funcionais e os impactos ambientais e econômicos. Os valores dos critérios funcionais são calculados em função das características físicas do local e o valor dos impactos ambientais e econômicos são determinados através de entrevistas domiciliares. Os resultados do estudo de caso mostram que o método desenvolvido neste trabalho é eficiente, pois indica a funcionalidade do local para a disposição final de resíduos sólidos, em contrapartida à intensidade dos impactos gerados pela ocupação do solo. / Improper disposal of urban solid residues, leading to contamination of environment, is a problem that concerns to several Brazilian countries. The research intends to define functional criteria to the places for final disposal of solid residues and an appraisal parameter for these sites, indicating their quality towards to functionality and environmental and economic impacting. The proposed parameter is the quality index, defined by a relation between functional criteria and environmental and economic impacts. Values of functional criteria are calculated based on the physical characteristics of the place and the value of environmental and economic impacts are determinated through home- based interviews. The study of case results show that the method developed in this work is effective, since it indicates the functionality of the place for final disposal of solid residues, in counterpart to the intensity of impacts generated by soil occupying.

Orientador: Vanildo Luiz Del Bianchi / Banca: Tânia Maria Alberte / Banca: Crispin Humberto Garcia Cruz / Resumo: A manipueira, resíduo gerado durante o processamento da mandioca para a produção de fécula ou farinha, é um líquido bastante poluente e tóxico. Para evitar o descarte no meio ambiente, vários estudos estão sendo conduzidos visando minimizar seus efeitos negativos. Um processo bem estudado é o tratamento anaeróbio com separação de fases, uma vez que os reatores em uma única fase mostram-se muito instáveis quanto ao controle da relação acidez/alcalinidade. Para tanto, têm sido utilizados dois reatores, um na fase acidogênica e outro na fase metanogênica para facilitar o controle do processo. Porém, isso acarreta um aumento de espaço de tratamento, uma vez que são duas unidades e a necessidade do controle da alimentação de ambas as fases. Visando eliminar esses inconvenientes, propõe-se o uso de um reator compartimentado, consistindo em uma única unidade e uma única alimentação. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência no tratamento da manipueira em 10 um reator compartimentado, conhecido na literatura como Anaerobic Baffled Reactor, através da variação da concentração de alimentação e do tempo de residência do sistema. Para isso, utilizou-se um reator de vidro com volume útil de 4,6 litros, constituído de três compartimentos (cada um deles com uma zona descendente e outra ascendente), com cerca de 32% do volume do reator de lodo anaeróbio proveniente de um reator do tipo UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor ou reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo) da planta de tratamento de efluentes da Indústria Arco Íris de Refrigerantes. Após uma etapa de aclimatação, o reator foi alimentado com concentrações crescentes de manipueira (DQO de 1000 a 5000 mg DQO L-1) em diferentes Tempos de Residência Hidráulicos (2 a 6 dias)...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The manipueira, residue generated during the processing of the cassava for the production of starch or flour, it is a sufficiently pollutant and toxic liquid. To prevent the discarding in the environment, some studies are being lead aiming to minimize its negative effect. A well studied process is the anaerobic treatment with separation of phases, a time that the reactors in only phase reveal very unstable unto the control of the relation acidity/alkalinity. For it in such a way, they have been used two reactors, one in the acidogenesis phase and another one in the metanogenesis phase to facilitate the control of the process. However, this causes an increase of treatment space, a time that are two units, the necessity of control and feeding of both phases. Aiming at to eliminate these inconveniences, the use of a baffled reactor is considered, consisting of an only unit and an only 13 feeding. Thus, the present work had as objective to evaluate the efficiency in the treatment of the manipueira in a reactor, known in literature as Anaerobic Baffled Reactor, through the variation of the concentration of feeding and the residence time of the system. For this, a glass reactor was used with useful volume of 4.6 liters, constituted of three compartments (each one of them with a descending zone and another ascendant), with about 32% of the volume of the reactor filled with anaerobic sludge proceeding from a reactor of type UASB (up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor) of the effluent treatment plant of the Industry Arco Iris of Cooling. After passing at an acclimatization stage, the reactor was fed with increasing concentrations of manipueira (COD at 1000 to 5000 mg COD L-1) in different Hydraulical Residence Times (2 to 6 days). The control of initial pH was made after two months of experiment, with the sodium bicarbonate addition...(Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Mestre

O consumo sempre crescente de produtos juntamente com a falta de incentivo à redução, reutilização e reciclagem, e à escassez de área para disposição dos rejeitos propiciam o aumento descontrolado de resíduos sólidos presentes no meio ambiente. Os resíduos poliméricos, pós-consumo - embalagens plásticas – se destacam nos resíduos sólidos domiciliares (RSD), por apresentarem crescimento de participação no lixo urbano e possuírem características como: degradação lenta e volumetria elevada, o que compromete a vida útil dos aterros sanitários, e, ainda, terem potencial econômico para reutilização e reciclagem. Este trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma caracterização física, mássica e volumétrica, dos resíduos poliméricos, no município de São Carlos, SP, complementado por estudo dos grupos de polímeros termoplásticos. O método adotado para caracterização física foi por amostragem, na coleta convencional, e pela massa total coletada, na coleta seletiva. Na coleta convencional, o número de amostragem compreendeu todos os setores, sendo a massa da amostra obtida por quarteamento. Foi feita uma caracterização no inverno e outra no verão. Destacam-se, nos resultados, o percentual de resíduos poliméricos, em massa, de 10,47%, composto por PET (35,96%), PEAD (26,42%), PP (16,25%), PS (7,96%), Outros (7,85%), PVC (3,76%), PEBD (1,79%), na coleta convencional, e na coleta seletiva, de 20,60%, composto por PET (50,64%), PEAD (24,03%), PP (13,76%), PS (6,96%), Outros (1,79%), PEBD (1,70%), PVC (1,12%). Os índices percentuais volumétricos foram de 27,20%, na coleta convencional e de 56,56% na coleta seletiva. Observou-se que o percentual de resíduos poliméricos destinados ao aterro sanitário ainda é elevado, considerando a existência de coleta seletiva, e que a resina de PET teve o maior índice de participação, superando o PEAD, tradicionalmente a de maior descarte nos resíduos sólidos domiciliares / The on going growing consumption of products, together with lack of incentive to the reduction, re-useage, recycling, and the area shortage for dispose the waste, generates an uncontrolled increase of solid waste found on the environment. The polymeric residues, post-consumption - plastic packing - stand out in home solid waste (RSD), due to the fact that they present participation growth in the urban waste. They present the following characteristics: slow degradation and high volume, what compromises the sanitary landfill life cycle, and can also have economical potential in order to be re-used and recycling. This work aims to accomplish a physical, mass and volumetric characterization of the polymeric residues, in municipality São Carlos, SP, complemented by groups of polymeric termoplastic study. Sampling was the method adopted for physical characterization in conventional collection, and total mass collected in the selective collection. In conventional collection, the number of sampling involved all the sectors, being the sample mass obtained by quarters method. One characterization was done in the winter and another in the summer. In the results, it was observed the percentage of polymeric residues, in mass, of 10,47%, composed by PET (35,96%), PEAD (26,42%), PP (16,25%), PS (7,96%), Other (7,85%), PVC (3,76%), PEBD (1,79%), in conventional collection, and 20,60%, in selective collection, composed by PET (50,64%), PEAD (24,03%), PP (13,76%), PS (6,96%), Other (1,79%), PEBD (1,70%), PVC (1,12%). The volumetric percentage indexes were of 27,20%, in conventional collection and of 56,56% in selective collection. It was noticed that the percentage of polymeric residues set aside for the sanitary landfill was still high, considering the existence of selective collection and that the resin of PET had the largest participation index, overcoming PEAD, traditionally the largest discard in home solid residues

A statewide mail survey of primary and secondary wood product manufacturers was undertaken to quantify the production and consumption of wood residues in Virginia. Two hundred and sixty-six wood product manufacturers responded to the study and they provided information on the production, consumption, markets, income or disposal costs, and disposal methods of wood residues. Hardwood and pine sawmills produce approximately 66 percent of Virginia's wood residues. Virginia's wood product manufacturers produce three primary residues: chips, bark, and sawdust. These three residues comprised nearly 83 percent of Virginia's total residue production in 1996. Approximately 200,000 tons or 6 percent of Virginia's wood residues appear not to have adequate markets. A second survey was directed to all municipal waste, construction and demolition, and "other" waste facilities in Virginia. The focus of this survey was to quantify the volume of solid wood residues received at the facilities. In addition, the study was conducted to ascertain tipping fees, did the landfill(s) actively market wood residues, were wood residues recycled, were wood residues restricted from being landfilled, and disposal methods for wood residues. Additionally, the survey was conducted to determine the type of waste facility operated, the quantity of all wastes directed to each landfill, and tipping fees. Seventy-five respondents provided information on the total and solid wood waste volumes received at their respective facilities, recycling efforts, and disposal practices. Approximately 689,000 tons of solid wood, or 8 percent of all wastes, was received at Virginia's landfills in 1996. Virginia's waste facilities reported processing or recycling approximately 406,000 tons or 59 percent of the solid wood received in 1996. / Master of Science

No description available.

Dependence on fossil fuels in the electric sector is one of the major contributors towards Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The increase in renewable contribution has been observed in recent years but there is still potential to utilize wood waste in rural communities for electricity generation promoting energy independence and sustainable development. For this study, a life cycle assessment approach was utilized to estimate the emissions of electricity produced from wood residue in a rural community. Therefore, the process from planting to supply for bioenergy facility to generate electricity are included. The results showed a decrease of 92-96 % in global warming potential resulting from the use of wood residues as compared to that of Grid electricity, natural gas, and coal-fired power plants. Then, a two-layer supply chain network comprising of feedstock supply sites and candidate power plant locations are considered to determine ideal locations for facilitating the bioenergy facility to minimize overall system cost and GHG emissions. The multi objective mathematical model aims to handle various decisions such as power plant location and technology selection, allocation of suppliers to power plants, biomass harvesting, storage, and transportation decisions in the considered supply chain network. The model developed was applied to case study region of Grenada County, Mississippi. The solution with no GHG restriction facilitates higher power plant capacity, 25 MW with lower system cost and satisfies 32.11 % of the total electricity demand of the case study area. Whereas the solution with highest GHG restrictions reduces the power plant capacity to 10 MW, that satisfies 10.22 % of the total electricity demand with increase in total overall system due to the increase in purchase of electricity from external sources as penalty cost. Furthermore, the investigation was extended to multiple counties of Mississippi to determine the feasibility of bioenergy facilities to be located using wood waste as fuel source. The techno-enviro-economic assessment showed the competitiveness of LCOE with the existing electricity supplier as well as other renewable sources such as solar, and wind. The findings of this research can facilitate in decision making process for promoting renewable energy in existing energy supply sources.