Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Also available in print.

Texte remanié de: Thèse 3# cycle--Lettres--Paris X, 1969. / Thèse soutenue sous le titre : "Cinéma moderne et société de consommation.

Orientador: Antonio Fernando da Conceição Passos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T11:53:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brum_AlessandraSouzaMelett_D.pdf: 6418413 bytes, checksum: dad9e2871db7b089481e37ab5aa01174 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O primeiro longa-metragem de Alain Resnais Hiroshima Mon Amour foi lançado em circuito comercial no Brasil em 1960, ano seguinte a sua estreia na França. O filme causou grande impacto entre a crítica especializada motivando inúmeros artigos em jornais e revistas. É em torno do amplo e rico material produzido pela crítica brasileira, motivada pelas inovações estéticas introduzidas pelo cineasta francês que essa pesquisa se desenvolve. A recepção crítica a Hiroshima Mon Amour irá refletir as transformações pela qual o cinema passava na época, adquirindo importância nos debates em torno do fazer e do pensar cinematográfico. / Abstract: The first Alain Resnais feature film, Hiroshima Mon Amour was issued in commercial circuit in Brazil in 1960, the year following their debut in France. The film has caused great impact on the specialized criticism motivating many articles in newspapers and magazines. This research embrace the abundant material produced by the Brazilian critic, which was motivated by aesthetic innovations introduced by French filmmaker. The criticizing reception to Hiroshima Mon Amour will reflect the changes that went through the cinema at the time, gaining importance in debates around the making and cinematographic thought. / Doutorado / Multimeios / Doutor em Multimeios

Oeuvre cinématographique réalisée par Alain Resnais en 1959, Hiroshima mon amour est également reconnue pour sa valeur scénaristique, autrement dit littéraire, que l'on doit au travail de Marguerite Duras, et qui a d'ailleurs fait l'objet d'une publication distincte après la sortie du film. L'originalité de la présente recherche repose sur la distinction des deux médiums coexistants, une division qui non seulement oriente mais enrichit la réflexion sur une dialectique de la mémoire et de l'oubli. Si la matérialité filmique et la matérialité textuelle, chacune à l'aide des procédés qui lui sont propres, interrogent le devoir de mémoire et la fonction de l'oubli, il appert que le texte oriente davantage la question de l'oubli, alors que le film fait voir plus positivement le travail de la mémoire. L'écriture de Marguerite Duras se voit marquée par un style épuré où la figure rhétorique de la répétition prédomine et propose une vision du monde où l'oubli, au même titre que la guerre, est inévitable et récurrent. Le traitement de l'image cinématographique d'Alain Resnais permet de conférer aux images mentales une matérialité au sein d'un montage éclaté. Ce dernier participe d'une représentation directe du temps et du processus psychique de la remémoration, de même qu'il donne à voir l'histoire d'un monde devenu impossible à appréhender objectivement sans en évoquer la fragmentation. De surcroît, la structure de l'oeuvre contenant l'apposition d'une tragédie personnelle et d'une catastrophe historique, l'étude de la mémoire tient compte de cette distinction entre les dimensions intime et historique. L'analyse de la partie intime envisage la remémoration comme un effort de rappel qui repose sur l'émergence de la trace mnésique caractérisée par sa persistance. En parallèle, la partie plus historique convie à penser la trace documentaire selon son caractère périssable et ses limites à servir la mémoire historique. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Marguerite Duras, Alain Resnais, Hiroshima mon amour, Littérature et cinéma, Mémoire, Oubli, Répétition, Image-temps, Trace.

In Outside the Metropolitan Frame: The Nouvelle Vague and the Foreign, 1954-1968 I examine the significance of the Nouvelle Vague directors’ engagement with the world beyond metropolitan France, through formal analyses of seminal films by Jean-Luc Godard, Chris Marker, Alain Resnais, and Jean Rouch, as well as close readings of archival documents pertaining to their promotion and reception. I contend that the directors of the Nouvelle Vague were concerned with the shifts in national, transnational and colonial dynamics that marked their era. I demonstrate that their texts and films are structured by a dialectical relationship between a gaze turned outwards onto the world beyond metropolitan France, and a gaze turned inwards, onto the French. In my first three chapters, I inscribe the Nouvelle Vague in a cultural longue durée by examining its formal and thematic continuities with the tradition of French ethnography; the inter-war artistic movement, Surrealism; and the cinéma vérité documentary tradition of the early 1960s. I illustrate that the films of the Nouvelle Vague were fundamentally shaped by their directors’ engagement with the decolonization of the French empire. In my final chapter, I reexamine the most conspicuous example of foreign influence on the Nouvelle Vague, American cinema, in light of my preceding demonstrations. I determine that there are two levels of foreign influence on the Nouvelle Vague, and that the influence of American cinema was above all textual and superficial, whereas a grappling with the end of the French empire was, though far less conspicuous, fundamental to the form of the Nouvelle Vague films themselves.

The audio visual essay, or ”film/video essay” as it might be better known, has in recent years started to enjoy a level of popularity previously unseen in its long and obscure history; encouraging a proper reexamination of the genre through the years, to see how it has developed and changed throughout its lifetime to finally arrive at where it is today. With a lineage stretching back across the centuries, through to the 16th -century writings of Michel de Montaigne, the essay format, either as it manifests in the traditions of literature or the audio visual mode, is a curious form of expression, preferring an indirect route towards knowledge, marked by quandary, reflection, the trying and retrying ideas in a process built around the act of searching. Because of its unusual and shifting nature, on both a formal and discursive level, coupled with a propensity for analysis and dialectical reasoning, it has been a staple of transgressive aesthetic practices, landing it with several of leading experimental filmmakers and movements of the pre- and postwar eras. Interestingly, however, in the new cultural landscape, shaped by the advent of the digital revolution, it has also been involved in a politically transgressive arena of democratized home productions, sparking discussion about the imperative conditions and potential future possibilities of media creation as a whole. To make sense of these historical proceedings, and the forces which impel them, a cohesive definition of the genre is in order, which can then be used as the basis of a functional historical model. As such, the following questions are prompted: What characteristics define the audio visual essay, in what ways has it manifested throughout its history and, by extension, how does one go about formulating a conception of its history? To accommodate these queries both an essayistic mode of analysis, concerning a work’s discursive and formalistic properties, and a chronological lineage of the audio visual essay, is proposed, and applied to different historical examples, to map out paths of development and progression as well as the genres response to the varying cultural, social, political and technological forces during its lifetime.