Das Bestreben nach immer kompakteren und leistungsfähigeren Antrieben verhilft der Zahnkupplung derzeit zu neuer Popularität. Sie ist in der Lage, vergleichsweise große Axial- und Winkelbewegungen auszuführen und Radialverlagerungen (Reihenschaltung) aufzunehmen. Insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit beweglich aufgehängten Getrieben gewinnt die Kenntnis über das Betriebs- und Rückstellverhalten im Betrieb zunehmend an Bedeutung. / The trend towards more and more compact and more efficient transmissions helps the gear coupling to get new popularity. It is able to perform relatively large axial and angular motions and to absorb radial displacements. Especially in connection with movably supported gear units the knowledge about its restoring behaviour in operation becomes increasingly significant. Therefore the question was initiated in order to develop a method for the determination of axial restoring forces of driver gearings which are capable of displacements.

「公平」概念始於西方的社會交換和公平理論，據目前研究，已知公平感乃維繫親密關係滿意的關鍵。當個體覺得親密關係愈公平，會愈滿意、快樂，關係也會趨於穩定；而當個體在關係中因不公平而感到痛苦時，會尋求能提升公平感的因應方式，此即「儲存公平」。然目前西方與台灣皆尚未發展出儲存公平的量化工具，本研究係針對此點，以台灣未婚的大學生和研究生作為研究對象，回顧中西相關文獻，歸納出「和諧忍讓」、「直接溝通」、「自我成長」、「放棄關係」四個儲存公平策略，並編製成量表，經預試及正式施測後，量表的內部一致性α為 .820，解釋變異量百分比達56.718%，顯示信效度俱佳。本研究以儲存公平策略量表為工具，探討中華文化脈絡中的年輕未婚學生族群在面臨各種不公平情形時，兩性所採取的「儲存公平策略」是否產生差異。 　　本研究以1200份問卷進行正式施測，以周玉慧和謝雨生（2009）的「夫妻支持授與受量表」篩選出340位不公平的樣本進行統計分析。本研究沿用原量表的分類方式，將不公平的狀態分為「情緒不公平」、「實質不公平」、「資訊不公平」，研究者並增設「整體不公平」。本研究發現，研究樣本在「情緒」、「實質」、「資訊」三向度不公平的感受程度具有顯著差異，在實質和資訊向度感覺最不公平。而男、女兩性對於不公平的感受程度沒有顯著差異；而在儲存公平策略選擇方面，男性在所有的不公平情境下，選擇「自我成長」與「和諧忍讓」傾向顯著最高；然而，女性在「整體不公平」和「資訊不公平」的情況下，選擇「自我成長」的傾向升為首位，「和諧忍讓」退至第二選擇。 　　整體而言，本研究的貢獻乃發展儲存公平策略量表，研究結果並可供諮商輔導實務領域參考，而研究者也提出具體建議，供未來相關研究參考。 / Equity theory unveils the important role of equity – people rely on equity to decide whether to leave or stay in relationships. Many researches had already proved that “equity” is connected to satisfaction and happiness. Furthermore, “inequity”, according to social support theory, can be classified to emotional, tangible and informational, simulates people to find solutions to balance their relationships; and the solutions to gain equity are called “equity restoring”. This study aims to develop “Equity Restoring Strategy Scale” to discover how people cope with unequal situations in premarital romantic relationships, and to investigate if gender differences exist. Equity Restoring Strategy Scale is consisted of four strategies, which refer to self-growth, tolerance, leaving the field and communication. Analysis results exhibit that gender differences exist in strategy choosing. Male prefer both self-growth and tolerance in all kind of inequities, whereas female choose only self-growth when dealing informational inequity and global inequity.

Fortums electric grid in Norra Djurgårdsstaden is a test grid for smart equipment and they are investigating new techniques and ways to improve the quality of the grid. With the quality improvements that are researched, a "self-restoring system" is a part of the research with the intention to lower the amount of outages and shorten the time it takes to restore faults. This thesis can be seen as a part of the optimization process of the grid in Norra Djurgårdsstaden where the benefits with a basic self-restoring system have been investigated on low voltage level. In the thesis the self-restoring system has been classified into a "basic" and an "advanced" category. The basic self-restoring system cross-connect several feeding paths by cross-connecting different low voltage grids and use mechanical equipment to change between cables when a fault in a cable occurs. The advanced self-restoring system uses several feeders and smart grid technology with equipment and softwares which communicate and visualize the grid. The difference between the systems is that the advanced system can visualize the grid and is able to tell when and where faults have occurred to a more detailed level. The advanced system can also calculate the power available and does not need the same amount of cables for redundancy because it can command users to lower their consumption when an outage has occurred. A decision was made to only investigate the technique on low voltage level because a basic system already exists on medium voltage in Norra Djurgårdsstaden. Results show that investing in a basic self-restoring system in Norra Djurgårdsstaden would cost about 2 million SEK and lower the total amount of outages for the customers in the area from 45 minutes per customer and year down to about 41 minutes. The reason why the decrease is only four minutes per year and customer is because faults occurring on higher voltage level cannot be reduced with the system. It is totally about 10 % of the faults that occur on low voltage level. One conclusion from the thesis is that the reduction in quality costs which are because to the lowered outages will not be enough to pay back the investment. More outage-time per customer and year need to be prevented with the system or the customers need to value reduced outages significantly more.

This thesis focuses on reducing the delay of non-restoring division. Although the digit recurrence division is lower in complexity and occupies a smaller area than division by convergence, it has a drawback: slow division speed. To mitigate this problem, two modification ideas are proposed here for the non-restoring division, the fastest division algorithm of the digit recurrence division methods. For the first proposed approach, the delay of the multiplexer for selecting the quotient digit and determining the way to calculate the partial remainder can be reduced through inverting the order of its flowchart. Second, one adder and one inverter can be removed by using a new quotient digit converter. To prove these ideas are valid, the simulation results comparing the modified non-restoring division and the standard non-restoring division are provided. / text

Following mineral-sand mining in the northern sandplains near Eneabba, southwestern Australia, rehabilitation managers have the difficult task of restoring shrubland communities of exceptional plant species richness. Management aims to restore a fully functional and self-sustaining shrubland community with similar vegetation and resilience properties to that of the surrounding natural vegetation. This thesis examines the performance of the restoration program by Iluka Resources Ltd. (and their predecessors) by comparing current vegetation properties and their response to fires on previously mined land versus the surrounding natural shrubland. As biomass accumulates post-restoration, fires will return as a natural disturbance factor and, as a result, a desirable measure of restoration success might include the ability of the postmined lands to recover from disturbance. Pre-burnt plant species diversity, composition, structure and key functional attributes in four mined sites rehabilitated 8 (R8) to 24 (R24) years ago were compared with those of surrounding natural areas classified on the basis of substrate type (low and high sand dunes, shallow sand swales, sand over laterite and sand over limestone). The rehabilitated sites (except R8) had more species (about 140) than natural sites (about 100) with 12–37% species in common with natural sites. Floristic composition was most similar to the local swales and dunes (physically closest). / Two strong colonizers, the fire-killed Acacia blakelyi and the fire-tolerant Melaleuca leuropoma, were universally present. Plant densities were about a quarter to half those of natural sites. Fire-resprouters were under-represented. Growth-form distributions were most similar to those of the dunes, with some woody shrubs up to 2.5 m tall present. Greater iron levels and soil hardness (penetrability) were the only soil factors consistently greater in rehabilitated sites. Following experimental fires at the same study sites, species richness fell by 22–41% in rehabilitated sites but increased by 4–29% in natural sites. Species present before fire were reduced by 40–56% in rehabilitated sites and 4–12% in natural sites. Only 42–66% of resprouting species recovered in rehabilitated sites, whereas 96–100% recovered in natural sites. Nonsprouting species recruitment was also lower in rehabilitated (18–57%) than natural (67–85%) sites. Seedling mortality over the first summer after fire was higher in rehabilitated sites (59-86% death of individuals) than in natural sites (14-60%). PCoA ordination showed that fire altered the floristic composition of rehabilitated sites much more than it did in natural sites, mostly attributable to the loss of the extant resprouter species. It was found that the smaller lignotuber size (source of dormant buds) recorded in rehabilitated (vs. natural) resprouters was responsible for their higher post-fire mortality. For equivalent crown size in ten common lignotuberous shrub species, lignotuber circumferences were, on average, 50% smaller at rehabilitated sites. / As a result, overall persistence in these species was much lower in rehabilitated (mean of 52% alive, range of 11–93%) versus natural sites (mean of 96%, range of 79–100%), but improved with time since restoration for five of the ten selected species. Apart from differences in the age of the plants (natural sites having much older plants recruited after previous fires), the lower soil penetrability at rehabilitated sites may have restricted lignotuber development. A tradeoff favoring a higher crown volume to lignotuber size ratio was also apparent in nine of the ten species with greater crown volumes (by 37%) and smaller lignotubers (by 36%) in rehabilitated sites. Demographic attributes for six selected woody species were compared between rehabilitated and natural sites (~3-30 years since disturbance) to investigate growth patterns and optimum fire-return intervals. At matched years since restoration or last fire, nonsprouter species in rehabilitated sites grew larger (1.1 to 4.7 times) and produced/stored more viable seeds per plant (1.1 to 10.9 times). Despite older aged individuals in natural sites at matched years since restoration vs. last fire, restored resprouters were larger (1.1 to 3.6 times) and produced/stored more viable seeds (1.1 to 6.9 times). Although greater growth and fecundity rates were recorded in rehabilitated sites, the estimated optimum fire-return interval based on maximum seed production was similar in rehabilitated and natural sites for five out of six species. / However, mean fire intervals typical of surrounding natural vegetation near the Eneabba area (13 years over the last 40 years) may not be suitable for rehabilitated minesites at Eneabba, whereby longer initial fire intervals (20–30 years) would better ensure persistence of resprouter individuals via the seedling recruitment strategy and resprouting strategy. Iv My study indicated that the returned vegetation can at present be classified as “rehabilitated” or “partially restored” but not “completely restored” since the original plant diversity, composition, structure, and resilience properties to fire have not yet been achieved. It may not be possible/realistic to achieve complete restoration since mining is such a destructive disturbance type that some complex ecological attributes may take centuries to develop. I discuss six key factors as important in improving the overall restoration success at Eneabba: 1) restoration of a deeper topsoil and looser subsoil profile; 2) collection of appropriate amounts of only local provenance species, mulch and topsoil; 3) control of highly competitive species; 4) management of fertilizer additions; 5) reseeding and replanting in subsequent years after the initial restoration treatments, including after initial fires; and 6) delaying the introduction of management fires until the restored vegetation develops sufficient fire-resilience properties.

Das Bestreben nach immer kompakteren und leistungsfähigeren Antrieben verhilft der Zahnkupplung derzeit zu neuer Popularität. Sie ist in der Lage, vergleichsweise große Axial- und Winkelbewegungen auszuführen und Radialverlagerungen (Reihenschaltung) aufzunehmen. Insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit beweglich aufgehängten Getrieben gewinnt die Kenntnis über das Betriebs- und Rückstellverhalten im Betrieb zunehmend an Bedeutung. / The trend towards more and more compact and more efficient transmissions helps the gear coupling to get new popularity. It is able to perform relatively large axial and angular motions and to absorb radial displacements. Especially in connection with movably supported gear units the knowledge about its restoring behaviour in operation becomes increasingly significant. Therefore the question was initiated in order to develop a method for the determination of axial restoring forces of driver gearings which are capable of displacements.

Designers of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are always striving to improve the speed of their designs. The propagation delay of FPGA interconnection networks is a major challenge and continues to grow with newer technologies. FPGAs interconnection networks are implemented using NMOS pass transistor based multiplexers followed by buffers. The threshold voltage drop across an NMOS device degrades the high logic value, and results in unbalanced rising and falling edges, static power consumption due to the crowbar currents, and reduced noise margins. In this work, circuit design techniques to construct interconnection circuit with capacitive boosting are proposed. By using capacitive boosting in FPGAs interconnection networks, the signal transitions are accelerated and the crowbar currents of downstream buffers are reduced. In addition, buffers can be non-skewed or slightly skewed to improve noise immunity of the interconnection network. Results indicate that by using the presented circuit design technique, the propagation delay can be reduced by at least 10% versus prior art at the expense of a slight increase in silicon area. In addition, in a bid to reduce power consumption in reconfigurable arrays, operation in weak inversion region has been suggested. Current programmable interconnections cannot be directly used in this region due to a very poor propagation delay and sensitivity to Process-Voltage-Temperature (PVT) variations. This work also focuses on designing a common structure for FPGAs interconnection networks that can operate in both strong and weak inversion. We propose to use capacitive boosting together with a new circuit design technique, called Twins transmission gates in implementing FPGA interconnect multiplexers. We also propose to use capacitive boosting in designing buffers. This way, the operation region of the interconnection circuitry is shifted away from weak inversion toward strong inversion resulting in improved speed and enhanced tolerance to PVT variations. Simulation results indicate using capacitive boosting to implement the interconnection network can have a significant influence on delay and tolerance to variations. The interconnection network with capacitive boosting is at least 34% faster than prior art in weak inversion. / Graduate

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) support the reconfigurable computing paradigm by providing an integrated circuit hardware platform that facilitates software like reconfigurability. The addition of an embedded microprocessor and peripherals to traditional FPGA Combinational Logic Blocks (CLBs) interleaved with interconnections has effectively resulted in a programmable system on-chip. FPGAs are used to support flexible implementations of Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) functions. Because FPGAs are reconfigurable, they often are used in place of ASICs during the cicuit design process. FPGAs are also used when only a small number of ICs are required: ASICs necessitate large manufacturing runs to be economically viable; for smaller runs the use of FPGAs is an economic alternative. Application domains of interest, such as intelligent guidance systems, medical devices, and sensors, often require low power, inexpensive calculation of trance- dental functions. COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer (CORDIC) is an iterative algorithm used to emmulate hardware expensive multipliers, such as Multiply/ACculmulate (MAC) units, with only shift and add operations. However, because CORDIC is a sequential algorithm, characterized as having the latency of a serial multiplier, techniques that speed up computational performance have many applications.To this end, three implementations of standard CORDIC, (i) unrolled hardwired, (ii) unrolled programmable, and (iii) rolled programmable, were implemented on four Xilinx FPGA families: Virtex-4, -5, and -6, and Spartan-6. Although hardwired unrolled was found to have the greatest speed at the expense of no runtime flexibility, and rolled programmable was found to have the greatest flexibility and lowest silicon area consumption at the expense of the longest propagation delay, improvements to CORDIC implementations were still sought. Three parallelized CORDIC techniques, P-CORDIC, Flat-CORDIC, and Para-CORDIC, were implemented on the same four FPGA families. P-CORDIC and Flat-CORDIC, were shown to have the lowest latency under various conditions; Para-CORDIC was found to perform well in deeply pipelined, high throughput circuits. Design rules for when to use standard versus precomputation CORDIC techniques are presented. To address the low power requirements of many applications of interest, the Unfolded Multiplexor-LRB (UMUX-LRB), patent held by Sima, et al, was analyzed in weak inversion across four transistor technology nodes (180nm, 130nm, 90nm, and 65nm). Previous was also expanded from strong inversion across 180nm, 130nm, and 90nm technology nodes to also include 65nm. The UMUX-LRB interconnection network is based upon the Xilinx commercial interconnection network. Therefore, this network (MUX-LRB), and another static circuit technique, CMOS-Transmission Gates (CMOS-TG), were profiled across all four technology nodes to provide a baseline of comparision. This analysis found the UMUX-LRB to have the smallest and most balanced rising and falling edge propagation delay, in addition to having the greatest reliability for temperature and process variation. / Graduate

This thesis focuses on fisheries managers’ efforts to restore native cutthroats to northern Nevada’s Pyramid Lake for recreation, and the Paiutes’ battle to preserve them as a means of livelihood. Their efforts to reconstruct the fishery revealed the implausibility of environmental restoration, but more importantly underlined the motivations necessary to attempt it. Chapter 2 describes how the Pyramid Lake Lahontan cutthroat— historically an important subsistence resource for Northern Paiutes— were initially exploited for profit in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and gradually destroyed as agricultural interests diverted the Truckee River’s water and industrial pollution contaminated the trout’s aquatic habitat. Fisheries managers in Nevada turned to artificial propagation to meet the demands of fishermen and replace the native fish industrialization destroyed. The Nevada Fish and Game Commission experimented with non-native introductions and like most of the West became proponents of rainbow trout and their recreational potential. Chapter 3 narrates a history of the Nevada Fish and Game Commission’s project to restore trout to Pyramid Lake in the 1950s and 1960s after its native cutthroat became extinct in the early 1940s. For the Commission, restoring Pyramid Lake meant establishing trout and salmon populations— native or not— to feed the growing outdoor tourism industry. While the Commission made plans to restore natural spawning runs, these were unsuccessful, and the Commission relied on stocking the lake to maintain the fishery. However, these experiments failed and eventually cutthroats from other lakes in Nevada proved better occupants of the lake. Chapter 4 describes the native cutthroat’s role in the water debate carried out in government agencies and in the courts in the 1970s and 1980s to decide whether or not water diverted from the Truckee for agriculture should be returned to the Paiutes to support their shrinking lake and dwindling fishery. Environmentalist groups like the Sierra Club joined the Paiutes in their effort to gain water that would allow for the native fishery’s restoration. Their vision clashed with that of agriculturists who feared losing water they depended on for their crops. However, after a lengthy struggle, the Paiutes won an important victory toward preserving their lake.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a capacidade de selamento apical de três materiais retrobturadores em dentes submetidos à infiltração microbiana por Enterococcus faecalis. Além de analisar a ocorrência da infiltração microbiana em relação à variável tempo. Para tal, foram utilizados 80 caninos superiores permanentes humanos extraídos, instrumentados com o sistema rotatório ProTaper Universal (MAILLEFER) e obturados pela técnica de compactação lateral, com dois tipos de cimento endodôntico: Endofill (DENTSPLY) e AH Plus (DENTSPLY). A apicetomia foi realizada com a remoção de 3mm do terço apical e o retropreparo confeccionado com pontas ultrasônicas. As amostras foram subdivididas, aleatoriamente, em 6 grupos com 10 dentes cada, e 2 grupos controles. Os materiais utilizados para a retrobturação foram MTA branco (ANGELUS), IBC BioAggregate (INNOVATIVE BIOCERAMIX INC.) e Acroseal (SEPTODONT). Foram confeccionados dispositivos para fixação dos dentes aos tubos Eppendorfs. As amostras foram inoculadas com cepas de E. faecalis e incubadas a 37C, por um período de 90 dias, para análise da presença de turvação do meio Enterococcosel. Para a realização da análise estatística foram utilizados os seguintes testes: Qui-quadrado com Prova Exata de Fisher e Kruskal-Wallis. Os resultados mostraram que todos os grupos nos quais foi realizada a obturação e a posterior retrobturação apresentaram infiltração. Comparando todos os grupos, não houve diferença significativa entre os materiais testados. Em relação apenas aos materiais retrobturadores, o Acroseal obteve a menor infiltração, seguido do MTA branco e do IBC BioAggregate. As amostras obturadas com o cimento Endofill não apresentaram diferença estatística em relação à variável tempo. Porém, nas amostras obturadas com o cimento AH Plus, houve maior ocorrência de infiltração nas amostras retrobturadas com o IBC BioAggregate e menor infiltração nas amostras retrobturadas com Acroseal, com diferença estatisticamente significante ao nível de 10%. / The objective of this study was to compare the apical sealing ability of three root-end filling materials in teeth submitted to the microbial leakage by Enterococcus faecalis. Besides analyzing the occurrence of the microbial leakage in relation to the variable time.For such, 80 canine permanent superior teeth extracted from humans were used, which were instrumented with ProTaper Universal system (MAILLEFER) and filled by the lateral compaction technique, with two types of endodontic sealers: Endofill (DENTSPLY) and AH Plus (DENTSPLY). The apices were resected with the removal of 3mm of the apical third and the root-end cavities prepared with ultrasonic tips. The samples were subdivided, randomly, in 6 groups with 10 teeth each, and 2 control groups. The materials used for the retrofilling were white MTA (ANGELUS), IBC BioAggregate (INNOVATIVE BIOCERAMIX INC.) and Acroseal (SEPTODONT). Devices were made for fixation of the teeth to the Eppendorf tubes. The filling samples were inoculated with strains of E. faecalis and incubated at 37C, for a period of 90 days, for analysis of the presence of turbidity of Enterococcosel medium. For the accomplishment of the statistical analysis the following tests were used: Qui-square with Exact Proof of Fisher and Kruskal-Wallis. The results showed that all the groups in which the filling was accomplished and the subsequent retrofilling presented leakage. Comparing all groups, there was not significant difference among the tested materials. In regard to only the root-end filling materials, Acroseal obtained the smallest leakage, followed by white MTA and IBC BioAggregate. The samples filled with the sealer Endofill didn't present statistical difference in relation to the variable time. However, in the samples filled with the sealer AH Plus, there was larger leakage occurrence in the samples retrofilled with IBC BioAggregate and smaller leakage in the samples retrofilled with Acroseal, with statistically significant difference at a 10% level.