Thesis (Master of Arts)--Koryŏ Taehakkyo, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-94).

Thesis (Master of Arts)--Koryŏ Taehakkyo, 2006. / Abstract in English and Korean. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-94)

In January 2019, Ghana launched its Year of Return program to mark 400 years since the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in Jamestown, Virginia. The year-long event was described as a spiritual birth right journey for members of the Black diaspora and aimed to boost tourism and migration to the country by posing Ghana as a key destination for the Black diaspora and African Americans in particular. As the Ghanaian state encourages the diaspora to travel and migrate to Ghana to help boost its economy, Ghanaian citizens are looking for opportunities to migrate out of Ghana for better education and employment opportunities. Considering this dichotomy, this thesis explores the differing and often contrasting mobilities apparent in the Black diaspora through the context of the Year of Return program. It is informed by fieldwork conducted via information and communication technologies (ICTs) over the COVID-19 pandemic through participant observation, interviews, and media analysis. This thesis first explores how Ghana's historical relationship with the Black diaspora laid the groundwork for the success of the Year of Return. It then explores how different understandings of Blackness were used by the Ghanaian state to promote connections across the Black diaspora. Finally, it focuses on the differing mobilities characterizing the phenomenon of return to Ghana to inquire into the state of global Black mobility.

This dissertation examines the effects of return migration on Nikkei (of Japanese descent) sending communities in the Soconusco Region (Acacoyagua), Chiapas, Mexico and Lima, Peru. Massive numbers of Nikkei Latin Americans have been returning to Japan in the last two decades filling a shortage in low-skill labor. The Nikkei mass exodus is indicative of the global economic pattern that has caught Latin American countries in a downward economic spiral resulting in joblessness and class polarization. For many, transnational migration is the only viable option for economic survival. This research illustrates how Nikkei are strategically making home, shaping family and defining selves through return migration. Nikkei Latin Americans (those who go and those who stay) approach return as Ganbatteando (doing one's best) embracing and making-their-own the Japanese concept of Ganbarimas. This study examines the local impacts of a global phenomenon broadening the traditional anthropological approach on spatially localized groups to address identity-formation as a discursive phenomenon situated in-between, across and outside, yet still connected to fixed or bounded locations or nations. I explore how Japanese in Latin America reconcile their Japanese roots with their embedded experience in their Latin American birthplace as well as their newest and current experiences in Japan to construct variable, changing and unique identities. Nikkei, situated in and creating a temporal and spatial borderzone are forming, reforming, and transforming home, family and identity as their local communities and marriage options, are depleted. By incorporating non-Nikkei-but-Nikkei-enthusiasts, Nikkei are sustaining and reinforcing endogamous marriage at a time when the emigration of large numbers of marriageable-aged Nikkei make that otherwise impossible. In this process, they are making intimate choices: reasserting ethnic strongholds in the homes of their choice, shifting and strategically broadening kinship and community boundaries, and at the same time more strictly regulating inclusion and exclusion. Nikkei are eating potato chips with chopsticks at the same time that non-Nikkei in Latin America are frying sushi. / Anthropology

Yes / At a time when there are more people on the move than ever before, it is pivotal to explore people's motivations and experiences of return migration. Whilst motivations for migration are comparatively well explored, return migrants' experiences are less well-known and migrants' gender is rarely considered. This article addresses these gaps. It is based on qualitative research and in-depth interviews with 32 Polish women: 16 migrants and 16 return migrants. Considered through the lens of agency and structure, this research uncovers how fluid the process of migration has become; migration motivations and patterns are blurred and interlinked with one another while classic migration theories seem outdated. The study uses an “intersection of motivations” to show how inseparable migration-related motivations have become. This article contributes to the growing literature on East–West return migration and highlights women as migrants and the gendered nature of their mobility. / Jagiellonian Polish Research Centre in London

by Chun Wai (May) Chan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [147-149]). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Introduction --- p.1-3 / The Historical Event / Intersection of History and Biography / Contemporary Emigration / Literature Review --- p.4-15 / Conceptual and Theoretical Issues / "Types of Contemporary HK Emigrants, Emigration Strategies, & Emigration Adjustments" / "Rationales for Emigration, Return Emigration, and Settlement" / Politically Driven vs. Economically Driven Emigration / Middle Class Emigration vs. Working Class Emigration / The Meaning of the Contemporary Wave of Emigration / Research Method --- p.16-20 / Research Aim / Framework of Analysis / Subject of Study / Research Design / Conducting the Interview / Data Analysis / Chapter Organization --- p.21-21 / Chapter 1- The Setting / Chapter 2- The Search / Chapter 3- The Transition / Chapter 4- The Split / Chapter 5- The Scale / Chapter 6- The Meaning of the Contemporary Wave of Emigration from Hong Kong / Chapter Chapter 1- --- The Setting --- p.22-26 / Chapter 1.1 --- History of Emigration / Chapter 1.2 --- The Contemporary Period / Chapter 1.2A --- Transformations in Hong Kong / Chapter 1.2B --- Immigration Policies of Overseas Destination Countries / Chapter 1.3 --- The Timeframe / Chapter Chapter 2- --- The Search --- p.27-48 / Chapter 2.1 --- Forward / Chapter 2.2 --- Motivations for Emigration / Chapter 2.2A --- Overseas Educational Opportunities / Chapter 2.2B --- Overseas Living Environment / Chapter 2.2C --- Political Transition (97) / Chapter 2.3 --- 1997: Divergent Focus / Chapter 2.3A --- Shadow Past / Chapter 2.3B --- Ambiguous Future / Chapter 2.4 --- Non-Conventional Cases / Chapter 2.5 --- Recapitulation / Chapter Chapter 3- --- The Transition --- p.49-74 / Chapter 3.1 --- Forward / Chapter 3.2 --- Economic and Social Transitions / Chapter 3.2A --- Economic / Chapter 3.2A. 1 --- Employment/ Career Adjustments / Chapter 3.2A. 1. a --- Experience and Education Route / Chapter 3.2A. 1 .b --- Experience Route / Chapter 3.2A. 1. c --- Further Education Route / Chapter 3.2A. 2 --- Economic Insecurity / Chapter 3.2.B --- Social / Chapter 3.2B.1 --- Expanded Living Environment / Chapter 3.2B.2 --- Detracted Sense of Belonging / Chapter 3.3 --- Recapitulation / Chapter Chapter 4- --- The Split --- p.75-107 / Chapter 4.1 --- Forward / Chapter 4.2 --- Motivations for Return Emigration / Chapter 4.2A --- Lack of Extended Family Support & Contact Overseas / Chapter 4.2B --- Preference of Living in Hong Kong / Chapter 4.2C --- Economic/Career Opportunities in Hong Kong / Chapter 4.3 --- Conditional Return / Chapter 4.4 --- Tendency to Return to Destination Country / Chapter 4.5 --- Return Emigration Experiences / Chapter 4.6 --- Motivations for Settlement / Chapter 4.6A --- Overseas Living Environment/Lifestyle / Chapter 4.6B --- Opportunities for the Next Generation / Chapter 4.6C --- Timing/Inability to Overcome Barriers to Return Emigrate / Chapter 4.7 --- Perception of Passport / Chapter 4.8 --- Recapitulation / Chapter Chapter 5 --- The Scale --- p.108-118 / Chapter 5.1 --- Forward / Chapter 5.2 --- The Losses / Chapter 5.3 --- The Gains / Chapter 5.4 --- The Balance / Chapter 5.5 --- Recapitulation / Chapter Chapter 6- --- The Meaning of the Contemporary Wave of Emigration from Hong Kong --- p.119-131 / Appendix / Table I: Motivations for Emigration / Table II: Motivations for Return Emigration / Table III: Motivations for Settlement / Table IV: Occupation and Education Level / Table V: No. of Children / "Table VI: Current Age, Age at Time of Emigration, and Year of Emigration/ Return Emigration/Settlement" / Interview Schedule (Abridged) / Bibliography

My dissertation discusses refugee rights and post-repatriation integration in South Asia in the context of debates over "citizenship." Postcolonial state-formation processes in South Asia have profoundly shaped questions of belonging and membership. As a result, official citizenship has become an important marker of group inclusion and exclusion in South Asian states. Using the literature on citizenship, I discuss the "belonging" claims of non-citizens (refugees) and argue that in practice this "belonging" extends beyond the state-centric "citizenship" view of membership. In doing so, I address two sets of interrelated questions: what factors determine whether or not refugees will be repatriated in South Asia, and why do some repatriated groups re-integrate more successfully than others in "post-peace" South Asian states? I answer these questions through a study of refugees from Sri Lanka and Bangladesh who sought asylum in India and were later repatriated to their countries of origin. The politics of postcolonial state-formation and subsequent discriminatory policies on language in Sri Lanka and non-recognition of the Jumma people in Bangladesh encouraged many citizens to flee to India as refugees. I argue, first, that India's state-centric politics of non-recognition of the two refugee groups contributed to their later repatriation. In the absence of rights and status in exile, refugees turned to "home" as a place to belong. I then analyze the post-repatriation variations in accommodation in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh as most refugees attempted to reclaim the lost identity and "citizenship" at "home" through the process of repatriation. However these countries pursued strategies of limited accommodation, which led to the minimal or partial re-integration of the two returnee-refugee groups.

The study was conceptualised against the background that leading migration theories explain return migration based on failure and success alone. The neo-classical economics theory of migration perceives return migration as a by-product of a failed migration experience while the new economics of labour migration perceives return as occurring after successful achievement of migration objectives. This study questions these theoretical positions through an exploration of the factors that deter South Africa-based Zimbabwean skilled migrants from returning home permanently notwithstanding a successful or failed migration experience. Furtive economic factors in Zimbabwe and South Africa that dissuade skilled migrants from returning home permanently are explored. Social factors in Zimbabwe and in South Africa that influence return migration decision making are also examined. Furthermore, the study analysed whether and how Zimbabwean skilled migrants are forced into a permanent settlement in South Africa as a result of what this study calls the ‘diaspora trap’. This ‘diaspora trap’ framework argues that Zimbabwean skilled migrants in South Africa do not return following their experiences of failure and success in South Africa. Central to the absence of return is the social construction of migrants as successful in Zimbabwe. Skilled migrants are deterred from returning due to their failure to meet family and communal expectations of success. In addition, return migration is deferred as a means to hide poverty in South Africa. Moreover, new diaspora family ties weaken attachments with Zimbabwe and contribute to deferred return migration. Skilled migrants are thus entrapped in South Africa by their failure to live up to the success social construct and the inability to mitigate adversities in the host country.

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published_or_final_version / abstract / Modern Languages and Cultures / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy