Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AldemiroJRP_DISSERT.pdf: 1779400 bytes, checksum: 8a5467983a7427bc6b96f7baa7868609 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work presents research into the addition of chamotte obtained from the ceramic isolator of unusable spark plugs in formulations of material mixes for standard white ceramic material with aluminum oxide bases. After the physical chemical characterization of the primary materials, standard clay and the chamotte, three mixtures were prepared with concentrations of 10, 20 and 30% chamotte by weight in relation to the standard clay. The test samples underwent heating at a rate of 30 0C/min to levels that included 100o , 200o , 300o, 400o, 500o e 600 0C and also we submitted to three distinct burn temperatures: 1450o, 1500o e 1550 0C, remaining at these temperatures for 2 hour periods. After sintering, the physical and microstructural properties of the different test samples were measured and analyzed. The results show that the materials obtained present good technical properties and that the chamotte can be reutilized as an additive in the production of white ceramic material with an aluminum oxide base / Neste trabalho estudou-se a influ?ncia da adi??o de chamote obtido do isolador cer?mico de velas de igni??o inserv?veis na formula??o de massas de cer?mica branca a base de alumina. Ap?s caracteriza??o f?sico-qu?mica das mat?rias-primas, argila-padr?o e chamote, foram preparadas tr?s formula??es de concentra??es 10, 20 e 30% em peso de chamote em rela??o ? argila-padr?o. Os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos ao aquecimento numa taxa de 30 0C/min em patamares de 100? , 200? , 300? , 400? , 500? e 600 0C e queimados em tr?s temperaturas distintas a 1450? , 1500? e 1550 0C, permanecendo 2 horas na temperatura de patamar. Ap?s as sinteriza??es, as propriedades f?sicas e a evolu??o microestrutural de fases dos corpos-de-prova foram mensuradas e discutidas. Os resultados mostraram que os materiais obtidos apresentam boas propriedades e que o chamote pode ser reaproveitado como aditivo na produ??o de cer?micas brancas a base de alumina

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4583937 bytes, checksum: 1a468cd29ffe0a374735416f7a0a678b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The reutilization of poultry litter is an alternative way that producers found to deal with the high cost of the materials used to cover the floor on their farms. To reuse this poultry litter, it has to suffer changes on its physical, chemical and biological characteristics, perhaps compromising the process of chicken growth. To make it safe, is required that the producer treats this material; for example reducing the biological load and promoting ammonia to be released. With this present work, as the main focus, it s pursued the evaluation of the composed material as a methodology for treating the poultry litter beyond its reutilization. All the experiments were conducted at Laboratório de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental , regarding to the Civil Engineering Department, at Universidade Federal de Viçosa. It was made in four experiments. Experiment 1 was done by assembling a windrow of poultry litter, aerated, with fans cycles. During experiment 2, was compared the efficiency of different methods of composed materials applied at the treatment of the poultry litter in order to reutilize it, using one windrow poultry litter and two overturning cells; was also evaluated its influence on the substratum maker of the poultry litter on this process. On experiment 3, was evaluated the decay of nitrogen, on its normal and ammoniac forms, still using the windrow system. On experiment 4, was possible to determine the amount of volatile ammonia from the process of composed and the treated poultry litter. During the processes, temperature, water contamination, pH, solid contamination, organic carbon contamination, nitrogen and fecal contamination organisms were submitted to tests. The results show that, long cycles of aeration at the windrow system, make it harder to get the composed material done, because it make the material dry faster; the overturning cells show better efficiency reducing the biological load and releasing ammonia when it s compared to the windrow system. Summing up, the composed material obtained from the aerated windrow system, presents good efficiency in order to reduce the total and ammoniac nitrogen from the poultry litter. / A reutilização da cama de frango é uma alternativa encontrada pelos produtores como solução ao alto custo de aquisição de material para cobertura do piso. No reuso, a cama de frango sofre alterações em suas características físicas, químicas e biológicas, podendo comprometer o processo de criação de frangos. Para que o reuso seja seguro, é necessário que se faça um tratamento, a fim melhorar as características do resíduo, como reduzir a carga biológica e promover a liberação de amônia. Com a realização deste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a compostagem como metodologia para o tratamento da cama de frango visando sua reutilização. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, do Departamento de Engenharia Civil, da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Foram montados quatro experimentos. O Experimento 1 consistiu na montagem de uma leira estática de cama de frango, aerada com diferentes ciclos de funcionamento do ventilador. Durante o Experimento 2, comparou-se a eficiência de diferentes métodos de compostagem aplicados no tratamento da cama de frango visando sua reutilização, com a montagem de 1 leira estática aerada e 2 pilhas por reviramento, avaliou-se também a influência do substrato formador da cama de frango no processo. No Experimento 3, avaliou-se o decaimento do nitrogênio, em sua forma total e amoniacal, da cama de frango submetida ao processo de compostagem por leira aerada estática. No Experimento 4, determinou-se a quantidade de amônia volatilizada da cama de frango durante o processo de compostagem e da cama tratada. Durante os tratamentos, foram realizadas análises de temperatura, teor de água, pH, teor de sólidos, teor de carbono orgânico total, nitrogênio e de organismos indicadores de contaminação fecal. Os resultados mostraram que ciclos de aeração muito prolongados realizados em leiras estáticas aeradas dificultam a realização da compostagem, pois ressecam rapidamente o material; a compostagem realizada em pilhas reviradas apresenta melhor eficiência na redução da carga biológica e na promoção da liberação de amônia se comparada ao método de leiras estáticas aeradas; a compostagem realizada em leiras estáticas aeradas apresenta boa eficiência na redução de nitrogênio total e amoniacal da cama de frango.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Tartari.pdf: 9550409 bytes, checksum: 139b195eb1b11dbe7bfc7a238de6d98b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-05 / The objective of this work is to research the development of methods for utilizing the sludge generated in the Tamanduá water treatment plant, located in the city of Foz do Iguaçu - PR, as a prime material for the production of red ceramic. For this purpose, it was used beyond the mud, four clays originating geological region of western Paraná, called: Plastic (OP) and Sand (AO) from Santa Rita Ceramic and Plastic (AP) and Sand (AA) from de Artisans Cooperative of Foz do Iguaçu PR (COOAFOZ), used for production of red ceramic. The methodology is divided into: characterization of the 5 materials for determination of humidity, organic matter, loss by fire, limits of sil consistency, residues, grain fineness, chemical and mineralogy, in the second phase of the investigation, seven binary mistures were made among the clays from Santa Rira Cermics and from COOAFOZ, varying the weight of both in proportion of 0, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 100%. Were up 336 bodies of evidence by uniaxial pressing, tested dry and after sintering at temperatures of 950 o and 1050 °C, measured before the following tests: total linear contraction, water absorption, apparent porosity, loss by fire, apparent specific mass, strength the bending, scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis. It was found that the clay AP and OP showed characteristics of high plasticity with major composition of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 and grains < 2&#956; equivalent to 19.4 and 21.6, respectively. When these clays the AP and OP in greater weight percentages in the mixtures, the intensities of interaction between clay processing were positively evaluate the physical-mechanical properties of bodies of evidence. Mixtures A1 (100% AP), A2 (70% AP + 30% AA), B1 (100% AP) and A2 (70% AP + 30% AA), showed better results on water absorption of less than 25% and resistance to bending than 60 kgf/cm2 at a temperature of 950 °C and more than 80 kgf/cm2 to 1050 oC. In these compositions, is incorporated 4, 8, 12 and 16% of dry sludge to determine the maximum permissible load without causing cracks and deformations. It was found that the sludge presented characteristics of silty clay of low plasticity, can replace clay similar to 8% in the production of red ceramic. According to analysis of results, have been building blocks of 6 holes for the method of extrusion incorporating 8% of wet mud is found that the physical mechanical properties evaluated were: linear contraction of 8.6%, 24% water absorption and 46 kgf /cm2 of resistance to compression, and within the rules for production of red ceramic coating for (bricks). It appears that the sludge was incorporated as the mass of wet clay, about 75% of initial water when received from the water treatment plant Tamanduá, contributing to process of maturation. It was concluded that based on the results obtained in the laboratory that the sludge generated in the water treatment plant of the unit Tamanduá in Foz do Iguaçu - PR can be used as an additive in the manufacture of bodies for red ceramic. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo pesquisar o desenvolvimento de métodos para utilizar o lodo gerado na Estação de Tratamento de Água Tamanduá, localizada na cidade de Foz do Iguaçu/PR, como matéria-prima para produção de cerâmica vermelha. Para atingir a finalidade proposta, utilizaram-se além do lodo, quatro argilas de formação geológica da região oeste do Paraná, denominadas por: Plástica (OP) e Areia (OA) da Cerâmica Santa Rita e Plástica (AP) e Areia (AA) da Cooperativa de Artesões de Foz do Iguaçu PR (COOAFOZ), empregadas para produção de cerâmica vermelha. A metodologia subdividiu-se em: caracterização das 5 matérias-primas pela determinação da umidade, matéria orgânica, perda ao fogo, limites de consistência de solos, resíduos, granulometria, composição química e mineralógica. Na segunda fase da investigação, fez-se sete misturas binárias entre as argilas da Cerâmica Santa Rita e da COOAFOZ, variando o peso de ambas em 0, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 e 100%. Foram confeccionados 336 corpos de prova por prensagem uniaxial, analisados a seco e após sinterização nas temperaturas de 950 e 1050 oC, avaliados perante os seguintes ensaios: contração linear total, absorção de água, porosidade aparente, perda ao fogo, massa específica aparente, resistência à flexão, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microanálise. Verificouse que as argilas AP e OP apresentaram características de alta plasticidade com presença majoritária de SiO2, Al2O3, e Fe2O3 e grãos < 2&#956;, iguais a 19,4 e 21,6 respectivamente. As argilas AP e OP em maiores porcentagens peso nas misturas intensificaram as interações entre os argilominerais, isto é, no processamento obtiveram-se resultados positivos diante a avaliação das propriedades físico mecânicas dos corpos de prova. As misturas A1 (100% AP), A2 (70% AP + 30% AA), B1 (100% OP) e B2 (70% OP + 30% OA), apresentaram melhores resultados com relação à absorção de água menor que 25% e resistência à flexão superior a 60 kgf/cm2 na temperatura de sinterização a 950 oC e superior a 80 kgf/cm2 à 1050 oC. Nestas composições, incorporaram-se 4, 8, 12 e 16% de lodo seco para determinar a carga máxima admissível sem causar trincas e deformações. Verificou-se que o lodo apresentou características de argilas siltosas de baixa plasticidade, podendo substituir argilas similares em até 8% na produção de cerâmica vermelha. De acordo com análise dos resultados obtidos, fizeram-se blocos estruturais de 6 furos pelo método de extrusão incorporando 8% de lodo úmido, e verificou-se que as propriedades físico-mecânicas avaliadas foram as seguintes: 8,6% de contração linear, 24% de absorção de água e 46 kgf/cm2 de resistência à compressão, estando dentro das normas de produção de cerâmica vermelha para revestimento (tijolos). Destacou-se que o lodo incorporado na forma úmida à massa de argila, com cerca de 75% de água inicial quando recebido da Estação de Tratamento de Água Tamanduá, contribuiu no processamento de maturação da mesma. Portanto, conclui-se com base nos resultados que o lodo gerado na Estação de Tratamento de Água da unidade Tamanduá em Foz do Iguaçu PR pode ser utilizado como aditivo na fabricação de massas para cerâmica vermelha.

I aktuellt läge [2019] brister Sverige på att tillhandahålla förberedande planer för eventuella brandolyckor i byggnader med kulturhistoriskt värde. Brandolyckor på kulturminnesmärkta byggnader är inte frekventa och det saknas en standardiserad metod på hur återställandet kan hanteras efter en brandolycka på ett produktivt och hållbart sätt. Syftet med rapporten är att komma fram till en förenklad och mätbar standardiserad arbetsprocess genom att förbättra arbetet kring en brandolycka på kulturminnesmärkta byggnader, där förebyggande åtgärder, förbättringar under brandförloppet och återställande av objekt ingår. Rapporten görs med målen att bevara en god social hållbarhet och bevara det svenska kulturarvet för framtida generationer. Målet vid återställandet av en kulturhistorisk byggnad är att utseendet ska förbli oförändrat och att bevara det traditionella och ursprungliga skicket. Huvudobjekt som undersöks är kulturminnesmärkta byggnaden Kasern II på Skeppsholmen tillsammans med de två referensobjekten Katarina kyrka och Vildmannen 7. Huvudobjektet där en brandolycka bryter ut i september år 2016 håller idag [2019] på att återställas efter omfattande fuktskador från släckningsarbetet och brandskador på material som blev utsatta för höga temperaturer. Del av den standardiserade processen är att redovisa hur val av släckmedel kan avgöra omfattningen av fuktskador på materialet i byggnaden och hur släckmedlet och brandrester påverkar närliggande miljö ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Även förebyggande brandskydd och önskvärt brandskydd efter restaureringsarbetet tas med. Rapporten bearbetar materialmässigt främst tegel och trä som oftast utgör den bärande stommen respektive bjälklaget i en kulturhistorisk byggnad. Genom att observera hur trämaterial och murverk reagerar vid hög temperatur och fukt vill författarna bedöma om de kan saneras och återanvändas eller behöver kasseras. Dessutom undersöks med fokus på återställande av konstruktionen, saneringsmetoder för att ta bort brandlukt och mikrobiologisk påväxt på trämaterial. Då målet vid återställande av en kulturminnesmärkt byggnad är att behålla den traditionella utformningen saneras det massiva teglet och träbalkarna i den utsträckning som går för att bevara dem. Dimensionering av brandskydd varierar för olika kulturminnesmärkta byggnader beroende på objektets utformning och ändamål. Som exempel för installation av sprinkler görs en avvägning mellan risk för brand och risk för eventuella fuktskador vid brand. Compressed air foam system [CAFS] är den släckningsutrustning som används under släckningsarbetet på Kasern II, som jämfört med andra släckningssystem avger mindre vatten och på så sätt minimerar fuktskador. Under brandförloppet hjälper aktuella ritningar, dokumentation och insatsplaner räddningstjänsten att utföra ett funktionellt släckningsarbete. Tegel är beständigt mot brand då det bränns under tillverkningsprocessen. Vid en brandolycka kan tegel spricka om sintringstemperatur överstigs eller vid snabb avkylning under släckningsarbete. Sprickor kan åtgärdas med förstärkning av murverk. Sprickor i tegel som är synligt för blotta ögat återanvänds om det inte finns en synlig fysisk skada på materialet. Trämaterialets hållfasthet försämras inte vid exponering av hög temperatur förutom i den brännskadade delen som kallas förkolningsdel och ligger i ytskiktet på balken efter brand. Förkolningsdelen kan mekaniskt hyvlas bort vid sanering. Mekanisk hyvling anses som en relativt enkel saneringsmetod och kräver inga kemiska miljöpåverkande ämnen. / In current situation [2019], Sweden is failing to provide preparatory plans for possible fire accidents in buildings with cultural-historical value. Because fire accidents on monumental buildings do not occur frequently, there is no standardized method on how to manage the restoration after the accident in a productive and sustainable manner. Purpose of the report is to produce a simplified standardized and measurable work process on how to improve arrangements during a fire accident on monumental buildings, where preventive measures, improvements during fire process and restoration of the building are included. The report is written with the aim of preserving good social sustainability and for preserving the Swedish cultural heritage for the future. The goal when restoring a cultural-historical heritage building is to maintain the classical appearance and to preserve the traditional and original condition. The main object reviewed is the cultural heritage building Kasern II on Skeppsholmen together with two more reference objects. The main object, where the fire accident takes place in September 2016, is today [2019] being restored after extensive moisture damage from the extinguishing work and fire damage to the material which was exposed to high temperature. Part of the standardized process is to describe how the choice of extinguishing agent can determine the extent of moisture damage to the material of the building and how pollution from the extinguishing agent and fire residues affect the neighboring environment from a sustainable point of view. Preventive fire protection and desirable fire protection after restoration work are also included. The report materially presents bricks and wood, which most often constitute the supporting structure and the floor structure of a cultural-historical building. By observing how wood materials and masonry react at high temperature and humidity, an assessment is made whether these materials can be decontaminated and reused or need to be discarded. In addition, with focus on restauration of the construction, decontamination methods for removal of fire odor and microbiological growth on wood materials are studied. Goal when restoring a building with cultural heritage is to maintain the traditional construction, therefore the solid brick and wooden beams are to be remedied to the extent required to preserve them. The choice of fire protection installations varies depending on the building's design and purpose. An example is the installation of sprinklers, which is a tradeoff between the risk of fire and the risk of possible moisture damage in the event of fire. Compressed air foam system [CAFS] is the extinguishing equipment used during extinguishing work on Kasern II which, compared to other extinguishing systems, emits less water therefore minimizing moisture damage. During the fire accident, updated drawings, documentation and action plans help the rescue service perform a functional extinguishing work. Bricks are resistant to fire as bricks are burned during manufacturing process. During a fire accident, bricks may crack if the sintering temperature is exceeded or in case of a rapid cooling during extinguishing work. Cracks can be restored with reinforcement on masonry. As cracks in brick are usually visible to the naked eye, bricks are reused if there is no visible physically damage to the material. The strength of wood material does not deteriorate when exposed to high temperature except in the burned part called char, which lies on the surface layer of the beam after fire exposure. The charring part can be mechanically planed away during sanitation. Mechanical planning is regarded as a relatively simple sanitation method and does not require any chemical environmentally impacting substances.