Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-02-09T10:16:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 barbaramouradiasesilva.pdf: 14645633 bytes, checksum: f438d4299b8440e1fce84b9680e304de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-09T13:53:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 barbaramouradiasesilva.pdf: 14645633 bytes, checksum: f438d4299b8440e1fce84b9680e304de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T13:53:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 barbaramouradiasesilva.pdf: 14645633 bytes, checksum: f438d4299b8440e1fce84b9680e304de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-21 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A preservação do patrimônio histórico-cultural no Brasil encontra uma série de obstáculos, como a escassez de recursos e a ausência de investimentos em manutenção. Diante de tal problema, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar e comparar as condições de conservação do patrimônio de Juiz de Fora através do estudo de caso de três edifícios: Cine Theatro Central, Palacete Santa Mafalda e Fórum da Cultura. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três etapas distintas: a primeira procurou a consolidação dos conceitos mais relevantes para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, a segunda abordou o levantamento dos dados técnicos e históricos dos objetos de estudo, incluindo o cadastro das manifestações patológicas disponibilizadas nos laudos técnicos pré-existentes e por fim, a terceira etapa consistiu na análise in loco da situação atual do estado de conservação dos edifícios, identificação da existência de correções dos problemas constantes nos laudos pré-existentes e verificação da hipótese de que grande parte das manifestações patológicas são provenientes da ausência ou inadequação de intervenções de manutenção. Entre as conclusões da pesquisa, foi confirmada a hipótese mencionada, observou-se um número significativo problemas relacionados à erros de projeto, execução e presença de umidade e notou-se que prevalecem os problemas parcialmente solucionados e não solucionados. Foram observadas ainda falhas no programa de manutenção das três edificações e por fim, foram propostas diretrizes para a preservação de edifícios histórico-culturais. / The preservation of historical and cultural heritage in Brazil finds a large number of obstacles, such as the lack of resources and investment in maintenance. Facing this problem, this paper aims to analyze and compare the conservation conditions of Juiz de Fora’s heritage through the case study of three buildings: Cine-Theatro Central, Palace Santa Mafalda and Fórum da Cultura. The research was conducted in three distinct stages: the first sought the consolidation of the most relevant concepts for the development of the research, the second addressed the survey of technical and historical data of the objects of study, including the analysis of pathological manifestations available in pre-existing technical reports and finally, the third stage was the analysis in loco of the current conservation status of the buildings, identification of the existence of corrections to the problems found in the pre-existing reports and verifying the hypothesis that most of the pathological manifestations originate from the absence or inadequacy of maintenance interventions. Among the survey findings, the aforementioned hypothesis was confirmed, a significant number of problems were observed related to design and execution flaws, and presence of humidity. It was also observed that partially solved and unsolved problems predominate and failures in the maintenance program of the three buildings were pointed and finally, guidelines were proposed for the preservation of historical and cultural buildings.

The rapid post-Independence development of the city of Windhoek, Namibia; and the ensuing destruction of a substantial number of German colonial buildings in the capital city, prompted speculation as to why these buildings are inadequately protected as heritage – and whether they are, in fact, considered to be heritage. The study explores the issues pertaining to the presence of German colonial architecture, as artefacts of the German colonial period, within the postcolonial context of Windhoek. The trauma and pain of the Namibian War and genocide (1904 – 1908) are recurring themes in the body of literature on postcolonial Namibia; and this informs a wider discourse on memory. Memory is found to play a crucial role in evoking a sense of both individual and shared ownership, through its capacity to create meaning, which can in turn ascribe value to a place. Memory is also dependent on visual cues for its continued existence, which suggests the importance of colonial architecture as a material prompt to sustain memory. The research therefore investigates the memories and multiple meanings attributable to colonial architecture in this plural society, and how these meanings can be created, or possibly reinvented, through the continued use of these buildings. The study is based on an assessment of three halls in Windhoek – the Grüner Kranz Hall (1906), the Kaiserkrone Hall (1909), and the Turnhalle (1909; 1912), all designed by the German architect Otto Busch – which illustrates in part, the need for the development of historical building surveys that assess the social values and significances of these contested spaces; and moreover, the potential that these spaces have to support memory work through their continued use.

Diploma thesis studies historical bonding agents on the base of geopolymers. The aim of the thesis is to find a proper material composition, especially made of natural clay materials (kaolinite, bentinite) and their modifications (metakaoline). These bonding agents have to have a suitable type of an activator that guarantees good bonding properties. Therefore testing of various kinds of alkaline activating ingredients on the same mineral composition was done. Except of usual hydroxides and a water glass, ancient natrons (mixtures of alkaline carbonate with addition of appropriate chlorides) and a lime mash were used as the activators. From the above mentioned mixtures, series of samples (columns 20 x 20 x 100 mm) stored at the laboratory temperature were prepared. In the prepared mashes, their workableness and moulding were investigated. In the developed samples, their surface appearance was observed together with a number of efflorescence and its types. An indivisible part of the research was formed by determination of mechanical properties of the experimental columns such as a compressive strength and a tensile strength in bending. Furthermore, phase composition of the samples and its changes with a temperature increase were investigated. For these tests, XRD and TG – DTA methods were used. A multi-seat isoperbolic calorimeter was used to study hydratation that was also the important part of the general evaluation of designed mixtures.

All premises are covered by a lease which governs the rights and obligations between landlord and tenant. Contracts can be designed in different ways, but to develop a contract that takes all possible outcomes into account is basically impossible. One can still in various ways make contracts as clear as possible. One area which often causes problem of boundaries is maintenance of interior surface layers, and this is the problem that this thesis focuses on. We have studied this issue at the National Property Board (SFV) by looking at seven museums. As a landlord, SFV is strongly tied to many of their tenants because of the special facilities they manage. Because many of the tenants of SFV are strongly tied to the premises that the business is conducted in, the ability to terminate the contract is limited for both parties. It makes the relationship with the tenants extremely important since it is long-term. Even tenants cherish the relationship with SFV and short-term conflicts are rare. There is simply a lot of value in avoiding conflicts and disputes are often solved by compromises. To regulate the responsibilities and provide clarity between SFV and their tenants SFV uses detailed demarcation lists. It has been shown that these lists are rarely used because of its length and incalculability. Our judgment is that because both parties care so much about having a good relationship, they will perform their obligations, which means that such detailed demarcation lists are not necessary. Our recommendation is instead a shorter, more general list, which we believe would simplify the situation, both for SFV and their tenants. / Alla lokaler omfattas av ett hyreskontrakt som reglerar rättigheter och skyldigheter mellan hyresgäst och hyresvärd. Kontrakten kan utformas på olika sätt men att ta fram ett kontrakt som tar hänsyn till alla möjliga utfall är i princip omöjligt. Man kan ändå på olika sätt försöka göra kontrakten så tydliga som möjligt. Något som ofta ställer till gränsdragningsproblem är underhåll av inre ytskikt, och det är denna problematik som detta examensarbete fokuserar på. Vi har studerat denna problematik hos Statens fastighetsverk (SFV) utifrån att titta på sju museer. Som hyresvärd är SFV starkt bundna till många av sina hyresgäster på grund av de speciella lokaler de förvaltar. Eftersom många av SFVs hyresgäster är knutna till den lokal som verksamheten bedrivs i, är möjligheten att säga upp kontraktet begränsat för båda parter. Det gör att relationen med hyresgästerna är oerhört viktig, då den är minst sagt långsiktig. Även hyresgästerna värnar om relationen med SFV och kortsiktiga konflikter är ovanliga. Det finns helt enkelt ett stort värde i att hålla sams och eventuella konflikter löses ofta genom kompromisser. För att reglera ansvarsfördelningen och skapa tydlighet mellan SFV och hyresgästerna använder sig SFV av detaljrika gränsdragningslistor. Det har dock visat sig att dessa listor sällan används i praktiken på grund av sin längd och oöverskådlighet. Vår bedömning är att eftersom parterna är så måna om sin relation, kommer de att sköta sina åtaganden vilket gör att så detaljerade gränsdragningslistor inte är nödvändiga. Vårrekommendation är istället en kortare, mer generell lista, vilket vi tror skulle förenkla både för SFV och deras hyresgäster.

Roughly 130 000 dwellings have been officially registered since Norway as of summer 2009 passed their bill “Energimerkeforskriften” on energy performance certificates in buildings. The main objective is to decrease the total amount of national energy consumption by producing a methodology of calculation of the integrated energy performance of buildings as well as proposing cost effective measures to lower each building’s energy consumption.  As the measures should not contravene nor be incompatible with the intended quality and character of the building, the “Energimerkeforskriften” exempts buildings that due to their historical and cultural values are protected cultural heritage legislation. The current system offers a couple of professional certification alternatives, but when two online semi-automatic methods developed specifically for non-professionals are by far the most used, and since the methods of calculation primarily have focused on modern building materials and construction, the rest of the historical building stock stands literally unprotected by incorrect performance certificates and high-risk energy efficient measures.  The objective of this thesis is to identify if the current Norwegian energy certificate system poses a threat to older buildings. It also tries to pinpoint relevant additions in order to minimize those potential risks in a near future by relating potential impact to what is determined as the main character-defining values of a building. The results show that the system clearly has its flaws, mainly regarding the estimation of energy consumption, and that the automatically recommended energy efficient measures would pose a serious potential threat to the historical building stock of Norway if they were to be implemented. / Bakgrunden till arbetet är de krav som EU direktivet (2002/91/EF) om byggnaders energiprestanda ställer på upprättande av energideklarationer och energieffektiviserande åtgärdsförslag. Till följd av att direktivet lämnat utrymme för given tillämpningsmetod har Norge utvecklat ett deklarationssystem där gemene hus- och fastighetsägare fått möjlighet att själva genomföra sin energideklaration, något som i andra länder enbart får genomföras av oberoende experter eller företag. Sedan systemet togs i bruk under slutet av 2009 har cirka 130 000 unika energideklarationer genomförts av privatpersoner genom den officiella hemsidan för Energimerke-systemet. Hemsidan tillhandahåller ett energiberäkningsprogram vilket med hjälp av olika tekniska och byggnadsrelaterade uppgifter som registreras av använder genererar en energideklaration. Systemets beräkning av byggnadens energibehov och uppvärmningssystemets verkningsgrad faller sedan samman i ett energimerke som i sin tur är ett krav att ha vid försäljning eller uthyrning av en bostad. Utöver själva beviset rekommenderas även ett antal energieffektiviserande åtgärder.  Med ett rådande undantag för kulturhistoriskt skyddade byggnader och ett system som inte är anpassat efter äldre konstruktioner verkar det dock kunna finnas vissa risker med den nuvarande metoden. För att genomföra en första granskning av systemet och dess möjliga konsekvenser för äldre byggnader i Norge har detta arbete därför ställt ett stort statistiskt underlag av tidigare energideklarationer mot utfallet i några fallstudier och simuleringar. Syftet är att ge svar på huruvida energideklarationssystemet utgör ett hot mot äldre byggnaders karaktärsbärande värden eller ej, samt försöka identifiera hur systemet kan förbättras och utvecklas. Ett viktigt moment i att försöka svara på arbetets frågeställningar har utgjorts av ett resonemang vilket lett fram till det sammanvägande begreppet karaktärsbärande värden. Satt i förhållande till energideklarationssystemets åtgärdsförslag och lagrummets egna varsamhetsparagrafer har det kunnat ge en fingervisning om vilka åtgärder som utgör störst risk för äldre byggnader.  Resultaten visar att systemet med estimerade energiberäkningar verkar genera felaktiga värden som förvärras ju äldre och enklare byggnaderna respektive registreringarna är. Det är även tydligt att åtgärder med hög risk för byggnaders karaktärsbärande värden ständigt återkommer som förslag samtidigt som systemet ej heller tar hänsyn till kostnadseffektiva aspekter. För att minimera riskerna föreslås att systemets tekniska ramar utvidgas samtidigt som systemets åtgärdsförslag ses över och eventuellt begränsas till att gälla brukarrelaterade råd. / Spara och Bevara

There is a great determination towards an increased accessibility in today’s society.  This creates some problems, when the building in question is a historic building of cultural significance, due to legislations and protective regulations. This thesis is executed as research for The National Property Board Sweden (SFV), who deals with these kinds of difficulties daily. The objective of this theses was to explore the influence of accessibility adaptation on cultural values in historic buildings from the 19th century, with a focus on doorways. The aim is also to identify possible faults and weaknesses that could cause a loss in cultural values. The study is based on a literature review and observations of eight doorways in the historical buildings Gamla Riksarkivet, Kungliga Operan, Linneanum and Uppsala Universitetshus. For each doorway actions and procedures have been identified and categorized based on the affected cultural values using two different evaluation models. The visual changes are, according to the result, the most frequent reason behind the affected cultural values that has been studied. The increase in social reforms and legislation about accessibility are the result of a changing society that has altered its preceptions of disabilities. This could be traced back as one of the major reasons that might be behind the loss of cultural values. Accessible environments are important, we should however consider that the cultural heritage is poorly accessible for a reason. It has been discovered that the studied archive files and documents have a lack of information, what actions and procedures the building had endured are vague. The amount of details explaining the procedures and justification of the actions are also limited, especially in the permit applications from SFV and its resolve from RAÄ. In order to facilitate the issue of how the legislation for accessibility and cultural values should ​​be interpreted, policy documents of how the laws should relate to each other are required. / I dagens samhälle finns en stark drivkraft för att göra samhället så tillgängligt som möjligt för människor med olika funktionsnedsättningar. Det skapar en problematik när det kommer till Sveriges kulturarv, som skyddas av olika lagar, förordningar och skyddsföreskrifter. Arbetet utfördes åt statens fastighetsverk, som är en av Sveriges största myndigheter, vad gäller förvaltning av kulturfastigheter och dagligen brottas med denna problematik. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka hur kulturvärden i dörrmiljöer hos statliga byggnadsminnen från 1800-talet påverkas i samband med åtgärder för att förbättra tillgängligheten. Målet var även att identifiera eventuella brister eller oväntade anledningar till att kulturvärden kan gå förlorade. Studien grundas på dokument- och fallstudier, som genomförts på totalt åtta dörrmiljöer i byggnaderna Gamla Riksarkivet, Kungliga Operan, Linneanum och Uppsala Universitetshus. För varje dörrmiljö har åtgärder och ingrepp som utförts identifierats. Därefter har en värdering och tolkning genomförts, utifrån två olika värderingsmodeller, av vilka kulturvärden som påverkats. Resultatet visar, att det är de visuella förändringarna, som påverkat kulturvärdena hos dörrmiljöerna i de flesta fall. Förändringarna i samhället och vår uppfattning av funktionsnedsättningar har drivit igenom de sociala reformer, som ursprungligen lett till förlusterna av kulturvärden. Samtidigt som tillgänglighet är en viktig fråga, bör vi ta hänsyn till faktumet att kulturarvet är dåligt anpassat för funktionshindrade av en anledning. I dokumentation och arkivhandlingar, som studerats, finns en tydlig brist kring vilka ingrepp som genomförts på byggnaderna sedan dess uppförande. Det är även en mycket låg detaljeringsnivå på de förklaringar och motiveringar, som finns i de tillståndsansökningar och beslut, som studerats från SFV och RAÄ. För att underlätta problematiken kring hur lagstiftningen för tillgänglighet och kulturvärden tolkas, bör bestämmelser och styrdokument för hur de olika lagstiftningarna ska förhålla sig till varandra tas fram.

Sveriges kulturhistoriska bebyggelse bär viktiga historiska spår och har varit en starktbidragande faktor till samhällets utveckling. Dessa byggnader utgör konkretahistorieberättare som åskådliggör hur samhället har förändrats med tiden. Bevarandet avhistoriska byggnader av detta slag, är därför mycket viktigt för att dessa värden inte skallgå förlorade. Respektive kommun har i detaljplanen möjlighet att skydda bevarandevärdbebyggelse genom att skapa varsamhets- och skyddsbestämmelser för de fastigheter ochområden som anses vara värdefulla ur ett kulturhistoriskt perspektiv. De flesta av dessabyggnader tillhör dock äldre byggnadsbestånd och kräver därför regelbundet underhållsochrenoveringsarbete för att överleva och uppfylla dagens krav på såväl energieffektivitetsom intern komfort. I renoveringsfasen för denna typ av bebyggelse uppstår emellertidofta komplikationer, då byggnadernas arkitektoniska värdebärare inte får förvanskas.Östra Sätra i Gävle, är utnämnt till riksintresse och kulturhistoriskt värdefullt till grund försin tidstypiska miljonprogrammsarkitektur med trafikseparering. Fastighetsbolaget ABGavlegårdarna, som äger och förvaltar husen i Östra Sätra, har vid renoveringen av ettantal punkthus i området, erfarit merkostnader till följd av varsamhetskraven för området.Merkostnaderna uppkom till följd av att konventionella tekniska lösningar och materialvalinte kunde tillämpas vid renoveringen.Detta examensarbete syftar till att kvantifiera dessa merkostnader med målsättningen attutgöra ett underlag för AB Gavlegårdarna för fortsatt dialog med Gävle Kommun, medavseende på det fortsatta förnyelsearbetet i Östra Sätra. Arbetet avgränsas till trepunkthus, Pinnmovägen 26, Glaciärvägen 23 och Glaciärvägen 21, där merkostnaderna förbalkonger, fasadbeklädnad och fönster ligger i fokus.Resultatet visar betydande merkostnader för samtliga av de studeradebyggnadskomponenterna. Merkostnaden för balkonger, fasadbeklädnad och fönsteruppgick till 22,6%, 1,7% respektive 0,5% av den totala renoveringskostnaden förrespektive punkthus.För att minimera merkostnaderna och motsättningarna för dessa typer avrenoveringsprojekt krävs tidig dialog mellan fastighetsägare och bygglovshandläggare,med en tydlig beslutsgrund i en antikvarisk förundersökning. / The Swedish stock of heritage buildings carries important historical trails and has been amajor contributing factor to the development of society. These buildings constitutespecific storytellers that illustrate how society has developed over time. The preservationof heritage buildings of this kind is therefore very important in order to assure that thesevalues are not lost over time. Each township has an opportunity to preserve thesebuildings by creating regulations in the zoning-plan with respect to cultural values.Buildings like these often belong to older building stocks and require regular maintenanceand renovation work in order to survive and meet today's demands regarding energyefficiency and internal comfort. In the renovation phase of this type of buildings,complications often occur due to the prohibition to vitiate historical buildingsarchitectural values.The east part of Sätra, in Gävle, is declared to be a historically valuable district of nationalinterest due to its million-program architecture with traffic separation. The district isowned by the property management company AB Gavlegårdarna who has experiencedlarge additional costs during the renovation phase of some tower blocks in the area, due tothe regulations of cultural values. These additional costs occur due to the fact thatconventional construction techniques and materials could not be used during therenovation.This thesis aims to quantify these additional costs with the goal to provide a basis for ABGavlegårdarna for a continued dialogue with the municipality of Gävle, with respect to theongoing renewal of Eastern Sätra. The thesis is confined to three tower blocks,Pinnmovägen 26 Glaciärvägen 23 and Glaciärvägen 21 where the additional cost ofbalconies, building plaster and windows are in focus.The results show significant additional costs for all of the studied building components.The additional cost for balconies, building plaster and windows amounted to 22,6%, 1,7%and 0,5% of the total renovation cost for each of the tower blocks.Minimizing the additional costs and contradictions of these types of renovation projectsrequire early dialogue between the property owners and the building permitadministrators with basis in a properly executed antiquarian investigation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / É provável, que num futuro breve, as atividades da indústria da construção sejam dedicadas em grande parte ao reforço, restauro, reutilização e recuperação de diversos edifícios que, construídos em épocas por vezes não muito distantes, encontram-se hoje em precárias condições de conservação e de segurança. Restauração envolve a realização de uma série de operações necessárias na estrutura de uma edificação a fim de restabelecer sua eficiência estrutural original, antes de ocorrer o colapso. Por outro lado, reforço estrutural representa melhorar o desempenho estrutural a fim de permitir que a edificação atenda às novas exigências funcionais, como por exemplo, novo tipo de carregamento. A necessidade de se realizar trabalhos de reparação e reforço estrutural em edifícios urbanos está diretamente relacionada com a oportunidade e a necessidade de se recuperar espaços e volumes não mais utilizados, impedindo a sua completa degradação, possibilitando assim, uma nova utilização. Estas intervenções devem usar todas as possibilidades proporcionadas pelos modernos sistemas de reparação e de reforço estrutural, visando encontrar as melhores soluções para os problemas de perda de resistência, de transporte, de operacionalidade em espaços reduzidos e de compatibilidade funcional e estética diante das estruturas existentes. Este trabalho tem como finalidade principal apresentar as diversas possibilidades e vantagens do uso das estruturas de aço em reformas, restaurações e reforço de estruturas existentes construídas, inicialmente, com diversos tipos de materiais. As vantagens estruturais e arquitetônicas do aço possibilitam a verificação de várias exigências construtivas, das quais se pode citar: a pré-fabricação, a elevada resistência, a reversibilidade, as dimensões e peso reduzidos, a simplicidade de transporte, a facilidade de montagem em obra, a utilização em espaços reduzidos, a disponibilidade em diversas formas e dimensões, o tempo de execução reduzido e a ótima relação custo benefício. / It is probable that, in a very near future, a substantial amount of construction industry activities would be dedicated to the reinforcement, rehabilitation, reuse and repair of buildings that, despite being recently constructed, are already subjected to precarious conservation and safety conditions. The buildings renewal and repair activities involve a set of required structural interventions to re-establish its original structural efficiency before any permanent structural damage occurs. On the other hand, structural reinforcement represents a structural performance improvement to enable the evaluated building to attend its new required functional demands, i.e. additional loads. The need for performing tasks related to urban buildings repair and reinforcement is directly related to the opportunity and necessity of regaining unused spaces and volumes inhibiting its complete degradation and enabling their reuse. These interventions should use all the possibilities created by modern systems of structural repair and reinforcement. Their main objective is to determine the best solutions for problems related to lack of structural strength, transport, operation in reduced spaces and functional and aesthetical compatibility with the existing structures. The main aim of this study is to present the various possibilities and advantages related to the use of steel structures in renewal, restorations, rehabilitations, repair and reinforcement of structures that were originally built with different materials. The steel structural and architectural advantages enable the development of various constructional requirements like: prefabrication, high structural strength, reversibility, reduced dimensions and weight, transport and erection ease, use in reduced spaces, availability in several shapes and dimensions, reduced execution time and an optimum cost-benefit ratio.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / É provável, que num futuro breve, as atividades da indústria da construção sejam dedicadas em grande parte ao reforço, restauro, reutilização e recuperação de diversos edifícios que, construídos em épocas por vezes não muito distantes, encontram-se hoje em precárias condições de conservação e de segurança. Restauração envolve a realização de uma série de operações necessárias na estrutura de uma edificação a fim de restabelecer sua eficiência estrutural original, antes de ocorrer o colapso. Por outro lado, reforço estrutural representa melhorar o desempenho estrutural a fim de permitir que a edificação atenda às novas exigências funcionais, como por exemplo, novo tipo de carregamento. A necessidade de se realizar trabalhos de reparação e reforço estrutural em edifícios urbanos está diretamente relacionada com a oportunidade e a necessidade de se recuperar espaços e volumes não mais utilizados, impedindo a sua completa degradação, possibilitando assim, uma nova utilização. Estas intervenções devem usar todas as possibilidades proporcionadas pelos modernos sistemas de reparação e de reforço estrutural, visando encontrar as melhores soluções para os problemas de perda de resistência, de transporte, de operacionalidade em espaços reduzidos e de compatibilidade funcional e estética diante das estruturas existentes. Este trabalho tem como finalidade principal apresentar as diversas possibilidades e vantagens do uso das estruturas de aço em reformas, restaurações e reforço de estruturas existentes construídas, inicialmente, com diversos tipos de materiais. As vantagens estruturais e arquitetônicas do aço possibilitam a verificação de várias exigências construtivas, das quais se pode citar: a pré-fabricação, a elevada resistência, a reversibilidade, as dimensões e peso reduzidos, a simplicidade de transporte, a facilidade de montagem em obra, a utilização em espaços reduzidos, a disponibilidade em diversas formas e dimensões, o tempo de execução reduzido e a ótima relação custo benefício. / It is probable that, in a very near future, a substantial amount of construction industry activities would be dedicated to the reinforcement, rehabilitation, reuse and repair of buildings that, despite being recently constructed, are already subjected to precarious conservation and safety conditions. The buildings renewal and repair activities involve a set of required structural interventions to re-establish its original structural efficiency before any permanent structural damage occurs. On the other hand, structural reinforcement represents a structural performance improvement to enable the evaluated building to attend its new required functional demands, i.e. additional loads. The need for performing tasks related to urban buildings repair and reinforcement is directly related to the opportunity and necessity of regaining unused spaces and volumes inhibiting its complete degradation and enabling their reuse. These interventions should use all the possibilities created by modern systems of structural repair and reinforcement. Their main objective is to determine the best solutions for problems related to lack of structural strength, transport, operation in reduced spaces and functional and aesthetical compatibility with the existing structures. The main aim of this study is to present the various possibilities and advantages related to the use of steel structures in renewal, restorations, rehabilitations, repair and reinforcement of structures that were originally built with different materials. The steel structural and architectural advantages enable the development of various constructional requirements like: prefabrication, high structural strength, reversibility, reduced dimensions and weight, transport and erection ease, use in reduced spaces, availability in several shapes and dimensions, reduced execution time and an optimum cost-benefit ratio.

Införandet av elektrisk belysning var en revolution på många områden, inte minst för byggnadsinteriörer. Syftet med belysningsändringar i nutid är ofta förbättringar av byggnadens funktion och tillgänglighet. Samtidigt är ljusbilden viktig för den historiska läsbarheten, stämningen och upplevelsen av en byggnad. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka ljussättning i historiska miljöer ur ett antikvariskt perspektiv. Vilka effekter har övergången till elektrisk belysning fått i historiska byggnader jämfört med deras historiska ljusbild? Ljussättning följer restaureringsideologier men även trender och den tekniska utvecklingen. För att bättre ta tillvara våra historiska byggnader och deras värden är kunskap om historisk belysning viktig. Samtidigt bör vi vara medvetna om hur vårt nutida perspektiv påverkar belysningslösningar även i äldre byggnader. Materialet för undersökningen består av litteratur och forskning om ljus och belysning från flera discipliner: etnologi, arkeologi, ljusdesign, kulturvård och arkitektur. En del av materialet samlades i fältstudier och innefattar fyra olika byggnadsinteriörer. Som metod för undersökningen användes fältstudier och fotodokumentation tillsammans med studier av arkivmaterial och relevant litteratur. Undersökningen visar att belysningen i en byggnad påverkar dess kulturhistoriska värden samtidigt som ljusbilden i sig kan tillskrivas kulturhistoriskt värde. Genom att ta hänsyn till byggnadens originalgestaltning och vissa grundprinciper för historisk belysning blir det möjligt att skapa en mer historiskt trovärdig belysning som samtidigt höjer upplevelsevärdet. En tydlig värdering av ljusbilden kan leda till mer ändamålsenliga belysningslösningar samtidigt som flera värden i en byggnad kan tas tillvara. / The introduction of electric light was a revolution in several areas of life. It ́s impact on building interiors is not to be underestimated. The aim with changes in lighting is often to improve access or function in a building. The light environment, however, is important even for the feeling and experience of an interior and can improve its historical readability. The purpose of this paper is to study lighting in historical buildings from a conservation point of view. What effects do the transition to electric lighting have on historical buildings and how does the light environment differ from the historical ways of lighting? Lighting design follows restauration ideologies as well as trends and the technical development. Knowledge of historical lighting is important for the conservation of historical buildings and their heritage values. At the same time, we need to be aware of the ways our modern perspective on light and lighting affects lighting design even in historical buildings. Material for the study consists of literature and research on light and lighting from several disciplines: anthropology, archeology, lighting design, conservation and architecture. Part of the material was collected through field studies in four historical interiors. Methods used for this study were field studies and photo documentation together with studies of archive material and relevant literature. The study shows that appropriate lighting can enhance cultural heritage values in a building and even have a value on its own. By respecting the original character of a building and applying some basic principles of historical lighting it is possible to create a historically truthful light environment that improves the experiential value of the building. A clear valorization of a light environment can lead to more favorable lighting solutions and help preserve several more cultural heritage values in a building.