Prevalence estimates of child depression are substantial and morbidity leads to an increased risk of recurrence during adolescence and adulthood . Further , early-onset depression is associated with a number of negative outcomes including: poor physical health , social and interpersonal impairments , academic problems , substance abuse , future maladjustment , and suicidal behavior. In light of the prevalence , persistence, and negative outcomes associated with depression in children and adolescents , several treatments ranging from psychosocial to pharmacological interventions have been developed and evaluated. However, the overall efficacy of treatments remains equivocal because the majority of existing reviews of the child and adolescent depression treatment literature are narrative in nature, methodologically flawed , and/or present vague or conflicting conclusions. Although there are a number of good meta-analytic reviews that indicate that psychotherapy is effective with children and adolescents overall, comprehensive meta-analytic reviews focusing on the efficacy of psychological treatments specifically for depressed youth are nonexistent in the published literature. A comprehensive sample of studies on the psychosocial and pharmacological treatment of early-onset depression was located through an extensive literature search. Articles that met the inclusionary criteria were subsequently analyzed. The outcome data from 3 7 outcome studies were extracted and converted into effect sizes. Comparisons of main effects, potential interactions, and other specified variables were conducted. The overall findings of this meta-analysis indicate that several different psychosocial interventions for early-onset depression produce moderate to large treatment gains that are clinically meaningful for many afflicted youth. Further, it appears that psychosocial treatments are, in general, superior to pharmacological regimens in treating depressed children and adolescents. However, there is also recent evidence that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine are efficacious, and they will likely play an increased role in the management of affective illness in youngsters. The clinical implications and limitations of these data are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.

Bariatric surgery is becoming a more common solution for weight loss in individuals with severe obesity. Much attention has been placed on negative surgery outcomes, specifically on psychosocial predictors of post-surgical weight regain and development of psychopathology. Literature on obesity suggests that eating in response to emotional cues is related to the obesity epidemic. The current review identifies all research in the literature that focuses on emotionality and emotional characteristics in bariatric surgery patients and the predicted negative impact on the surgery process from pre-surgical evaluation to post-surgical follow-up. The review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Six articles were identified in the literature meeting all review criteria, specifically focusing on emotionality in bariatric surgery patients. Results suggest high rates of emotional instability, impulsivity, and difficulty in identifying emotions in bariatric surgery patients, which could have adverse effects on the bariatric surgery process. Authors suggest that these components of emotionality may lead to negative effects following surgery, specifically concerning post-surgical dietary restrictions and weight regain. These findings suggest that further research needs to be done in the area of emotionality and bariatric surgery. Authors infer that high rates of emotional instability, impulsivity, and inability to identify emotions may have significant implications for screening and intervention; however, limitations in these studies indicate a need for further research on emotionality in bariatric surgery patients, particularly the impact of emotionality on surgery outcomes.

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Public and scholarly interest in the intergenerational effects of maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on children’s internalizing or externalizing behaviors continues to grow. ACEs are defined as traumatic events that occur prior to the age of eighteen, such as emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. The existing research has helped explicate the potential intergenerational consequences of these events on a child’s behavior, which provides useful information on who is the most at-risk. A systematic review was conducted to determine these effects. This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The databases CIANHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Sociological Abstracts, and Web of Science were used to search for articles measuring maternal ACEs and child internalizing or externalizing behaviors. Other inclusion criteria were that the journal articles presented results from empirical studies, and the articles were published between 1995 and January 2022. The initial search yielded 1601 possible articles. Two independent reviewers reviewed all abstracts to determine whether the study met inclusion criteria; 22 articles were retained for data extraction. Across studies, children were assessed across a range of ages from 6 weeks to 16-17 years old. Participants were primarily recruited from medical clinics, followed by schools, although there was diversity of recruitment site, with some studies recruiting from Head Start programs, domestic violence shelters, WIC clinics, CPS reports, and an online platform. The majority of studies included used retrospective reporting of the original 10-item ACEs questionnaire to assess maternal ACEs, and the Child Behaviors Checklist was commonly used to assess child internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The outcomes most commonly predicted by maternal ACEs included child externalizing behaviors, depression, behavioral and social-emotional problems, anxiety, and negative temperament characteristics. Other outcomes less commonly assessed, but found to be associated with maternal ACEs, were lower academic performance, developmental delays, attention problems, trauma symptoms, and likelihood of psychiatrics diagnosis overall. Inconsistent results were found for internalizing behaviors, as some studies found these to be significantly associated with maternal ACEs, while this relationship was not significant in other studies. Mediators and moderators explored in the studies were also extracted and will be presented as well. Results of this systematic review highlight what is currently known in this field, and identify opportunities for future research. For example, examining internalizing behaviors as a unitary construct may be less helpful than examining specific internalizing behaviors individually, given the conflicting findings in this area.

Modern Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) research has shifted in focus from explaining a debilitating childhood illness to helping individuals of all ages, cultures, and intelligence navigate their social problems. Understanding of the adult perspective has also grown massively since the autism diagnosis changed in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) in 2013 and has brought into question how the neurodevelopmental disorder affects the individual. Anxiety symptoms in ASD, like the existence of camouflaging, have proven unique only to ASD, and recent findings suggests that the cause of anxiety in autistic individuals may be due to fundamental differences in communication that affect both the level of care received by the individual as well as the effectiveness of social interaction with neurotypical peers. This systematic review consolidates recent findings in research on the characteristics of anxiety disorders in autism spectrum disorder, from presentation to treatment options and quality of life surrounding an individual with both comorbidities. Results show not only an atypical anxiety presentation, but a concerning look at the state of autistic research as a whole.

Yes / In this final Review Conference Video Nicholas A. Sims describes strategies that both governmenal and non-governmental groups might adopt prior to the reconveneing of the Review Conference process in November 2002.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this literature review was to examine the most current research regarding effective, evidence-based programs for reducing incivility among the healthcare team, particularly nurses. BACKGROUND: Incivility in the work environment is linked to a variety of negative outcomes, including diminished productivity, impaired judgement, and reduced employee retention. Incivility is especially detrimental to the healthcare team because it is correlated with decreased quality of patient care and increased medical errors. Despite regulations and statements made by the Joint Commission and the American Nurses Association to combat this serious problem, incivility continues to plague healthcare. METHODS: CINAHL and MEDLINE databases were reviewed for interventions to reduce incivility or bullying. Articles that evaluated interventions for practicing nurses were included in the review. RESULTS: The majority of studies evaluated training programs based on cognitive theory or cognitive rehearsal training as an intervention for incivility or bullying. Most studies showed positive correlations between the intervention and reducing incivility or bullying in some areas, however, results were inconsistent, most evidence ranked low and most studies shared sub-optimal quality. CONCLUSION: Most current studies towards reducing incivility in the healthcare team are poorly designed for demonstrating causation. More research is required to examine effective, evidence-based solutions for cultivating civility. Research must distinguish independent variables, incorporate teams instead of individuals, and fit into the structure of the work environment that it is serving.

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