The present study evaluated two hypotheses concerning the comparability of scores of the WISC and WISC-R through correlation of obtained scores on both scales. Forty subjects, representing 10 age levels, constituted the experimental sample. Each subject was administered the WISC, followed in 28 days by the WISC-R. Data analysis revealed significant (.05) correlations between scores on comparable WISC and WISC-R subtests except Arithmetic and Coding. The Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores correlated .5468, .5773, and .6240 respectively (p < .01). Conclusions were drawn that caution should be taken in comparison and interpretation of scores on the two scales due to several low correlation coefficients obtained as well as numerous changes between the scales. Further study is recommended.

Trauma and grief often co-occur, however the degree to which these two constructs overlap or are distinguishable is still poorly understood. Homicidally bereaved individuals are exposed to both trauma and loss-related stressors. Previously collected data were used to explore the relationship between trauma and grief components in homicide bereavement distress, and whether homicide bereavement distress was distinguishable from that of other adverse life events. The overarching research question for this study was: Are event and loss related distress distinguishable among siblings bereaved by homicide,1 as measured on the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R)? Data from 67 individuals who lost a sibling to murder while growing up (Murder Group) were compared to data from 80 comparison individuals who grew up with a sibling (Comparison Group), but who had no experience of homicide bereavement. A cross-sectional, iterative survey design using group comparisons was used. Participants in the Murder Group reported significantly higher levels of current subjective distress compared with the Comparison Group. Among the siblings bereaved by the homicide loss of a sibling, event- and loss-related subjective distresses were highly and significantly correlated. In addition, both decreased significantly over time (years), and at similar rates. Preliminary findings from exploratory analyses of the IES-R provide insight into the avoidance, intrusion, and hyperarousal components of subjective distress following homicide loss. Findings will inform understanding of the overlap, and distinguishing features, of concurrent trauma and grief. Implications for theory and empirical research are noted, and recommendations for future research and counselling practice are discussed. / Graduate / 2017-09-13 / simpson9@uvic.ca

Background: Internet and smartphones enable people to purchase online independent of time and place, and this have resulted in that impulsive purchases on the internet have increased. Different generations have been described to be more or less susceptible to impulse buying. Generation Y, the first generation that grew up with technology, have generally been described as impulsive, while Generation X, who were introduced to technology later in life, have been described as more rational. Further, consumers’ impulsive buying behavior has shown to be crucial and common, especially within the fashion industry. Purpose: The purpose was to investigate how Gen Y purchase apparel impulsively online compared to the older Gen X. Also, which one of them that make most apparel purchases online, and which one of them who do most web browsing of apparel. Further, the authors wanted to investigate how four different factors affect the generations’ impulsive buying behavior in the case of apparel online. These were based on an adjustment of the Revised CIFE-model. Method:  This research was conducted through a quantitative method, and seven hypotheses were formulated based on the theory. An online survey was constructed and shared through social media, and the final sample consisted of 709 respondents from both Gen X and Gen Y. These responses were analyzed through SPSS, and the hypotheses were tested by combining questions. Conclusion: The results showed that Gen Y are browsing more apparel online than Gen X, and also that they more often purchase apparel impulsively online. However, Gen X buy more apparel online in general. The findings further showed that Gen Y are more affected than Gen X by external trigger cues, normative evaluation, and internal factors when it comes to impulsive e-purchases of apparel. There was no difference between the generations’ impulse buying tendency. Findings from the open-ended questions showed that Gen X often are affected by advertising, while Gen Y are more affected by influencers. Sales and special offers influenced both generations.

The present study aims to explore the relationship between proficiency level and semantic retrieval in the second language. A group of Korean bilinguals who speak English with high proficiency performed semantic relatedness judgement tasks of two hundred English word pairs. Unbeknownst to the participants, half of the words in both the related and the unrelated categories contained a "hidden prime"—a common first syllable shared by the two words, if translated into Korean. Each participant's event-related potential (ERP) was recorded while reading the words. While a former study by Thierry and Wu (2007) found that Chinese-English bilinguals were affected by the hidden primes, thus causing a "N400 reduction effect" in their averaged ERP, the bilingual group of the present study was unaffected by the hidden primes. The difference between the bilingual groups' performance between Thierry and Wu's study and the present study is likely caused by the higher English proficiency of the bilingual group in the present study. This provides additional evidence supporting the Revised Hierarchical Model of semantic retrieval proposed by Kroll and Steward (1994), which suggests that increased proficiency leads to reduced reliance on the first language during second language semantic retrieval.

Predicting divorce potential has been of interest to researchers and clinicians. The Marital Status Inventory (Weiss & Ceretto, 1980) was developed to provide information about clients' perceived divorce potential. The MSI has been widely used but there have been complaints about the negatively worded items from clients, therapists, and researchers. Therefore, this study compared a revised form of the MSI (MSI-R has no negatively worded items) with the original format. There were three purposes of the study. The first was to assess the reliability and validity of the MSI-R. The second purpose was to see if the MSI-R continued to distinguish between types of therapy couples attended (marital versus other therapy). The third and final purpose of the study was to assess the ability of the MSI-R to assess divorce potential with a remarital sample. It was found that the MSI-R is on face value equally as valid as the original MSI. There was a lack of support for discriminate validity. The MSI-R was found to be internally consistent (alpha = .83), therefore reliable. Clients found the revised items to be more easily understood and readable than the original items. The MSI and MSI-R were significantly correlated indicating that they apparently measure the same concepts. Results showed that both groups scored on the low end of the scale indicating that the sample was not a very divorce prone group. There did not appear to be any difference with regards to mean scores on the MSI and MSI-R between marital and remarital groups. While the MSI-R appears to be a promising replacement for the MSI, further research is warranted to provide sufficient evidence of validity.

Mental health conditions, such as internalizing disorders, in children and adolescents have been attributed to higher than expected levels of high school dropouts, juvenile crimes, and suicide. Previous research studies provide limited information on factors influencing treatment success for children and adolescents diagnosed with internalizing disorders. This study utilized a nonequivalent comparison group design gathered from an archived data set from a sample of children and adolescents (N = 215) who participated in an intensive outpatient managed mental health care treatment program. Self-report data were retrieved from previous responses to the Children's Depression Inventory and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale - Second Edition to explore factors related to treatment effectiveness for children and adolescents with internalizing symptoms. Data were analyzed using a mixed model repeated measures ANOVA to analyze main effects and interactions. This analysis identified if gender, ethnicity, age group, and treatment duration were risk factors related to symptom amelioration or deterioration for children and adolescents diagnosed with internalizing disorders across time. Females with internalizing disorders reported significantly higher levels of depression symptom change than males with internalizing disorders. All other results did not show any statistically significant relationships. Results suggest that therapists should consider gender-related factors when providing treatment to children and adolescents with internalizing disorders. Active clinical research epitomizes the belief of social change by putting research to practice and utilizing available tools to predict predictive risk in the treatment of children and adolescents.

Problem gambling currently affects between 5-7% of youth ages 12-18 (Hardooon & Derevensky, 2002); however, rates of problem gambling among youth who are involved with the Juvenile Justice System are more than twice that of school sample rates (Lieberman & Cuadrado, 2002). Furthermore, disordered gambling often co-occurs with substance use and criminal activity (Huang & Boyer, 2007), issues that are compounded in the Juvenile Justice population. The current study assessed gambling behaviors and risk factors of 145 youth involved in juvenile, juvenile drug, and family courts. Results indicated that nearly 13% of these youth are currently problem gamblers, and that males and African-Americans had higher problem gambling rates than female and Caucasian youth. Furthermore, gambling-related crime, substance use, scope of gambling activities, and time in detention facilities were all predictive of problem gambling severity, while suicidal ideation, urban environment, and lottery sales per capita were not. Finally, having a parent with a gambling problem also emerged as a risk factor;however, the risk was greater for males than for females. These results present a distinct need for youth to be screened for gambling problems upon entering and exiting the Juvenile Justice System, and for prevention and intervention services to be offered within juvenile and family court settings. Furthermore, communities need to take an active role in preventing youth gambling problems through increasing public awareness and insuring that appropriate and accurate messages reflecting gambling opportunities and outcomes are presented.

Cloning of trees using somatic embryogenesis could have a major impact on tree breeding and commercial plantation forestry. To initiate somatic embryogenesis in Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold. subspecies pallasiana), one-year old cones containing immature seeds were collected from eight trees located in METU campus, Ankara. Embryogenic tissues were derived from immature zygotic embryos excised from the seeds. The zygotic embryos at the time of collection were at the precotyledonary stage of development. For this study, Douglas-fir cotyledon revised medium (DCR) supplemented with 13.6&micro / M 2,4-D, 2.2&micro / M BAP, 0.5 g/L casein hydrolysate, 0.25 g/L L-glutamine and 3% sucrose was used. The media was solidified with 0.2% gelrite. Embryogenic tissue initiation was calculated for each genotype and collection date. Overall initiation frequencies were recorded as 0.92% for 2004 and 1.96% for 2005. Highest initiation frequency was calculated for 5-July 2005 sampling time (4.06). ANOVA revealed significant differences between trees and collection date for initiation frequencies. Also, ECL (Established cell lines) recorded after five subcultures. Overall, 0.38% and 0.62% of the initial explants were converted into ECLs for 2004 and 2005 respectively.

Many papers have been presented on the study of change points detection.　Nonetheless, we would like to point out that in dealing with the time series with switching regimes, we should also take the characteristics of change periods into account.　Because many patterns of change structure in time series exhibit a certain kind of duration, those phenomena should not be treated as a mere sudden turning at a certain time. In this paper, we propose procedures about change periods detection for nonlinear time series.　One of the detecting statistical methods is an application of fuzzy classification and generalization of Inclan and Tiao’s result.　Moreover, we develop the genetic-based searching procedure, which is based on the concepts of leading genetic model.　Simulation results show that the performance of these procedures is efficient and successful.　Finally, two empirical applications about change periods detection for Taiwan monthly visitors arrival and exchange rate are demonstrated.

Η παρούσα εργασία πραγματεύεται το νεοσύστατο θεσμό των 961 Δημοτικών Σχολείων με Ενιαίο Αναμορφωμένο Εκπαιδευτικό Πρόγραμμα (ΕΑΕΠ), ο οποίος υλοποιείται από το σχολικό έτος 2010-2011 και βασίζεται στη φιλοσοφία του Ολοήμερου Σχολείου. Με το νέο θεσμό επιχειρείται η αναβάθμιση του σημερινού σχολείου και η μετατροπή του σε ένα «Νέο Σχολείο» που θέτει στο επίκεντρο τον μαθητή. Στο θεωρητικό μέρος της εργασίας, γίνεται αρχικά ιστορική αναδρομή στο θεσμό του Ολοήμερου Σχολείου στην Ελλάδα. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται οι βασικές αρχές του «Νέου Σχολείου», οι στόχοι του, ο συνολικός σχεδιασμός για την υλοποίησή του και αναζητούνται επιρροές ευρωπαϊκών και διεθνών οργανισμών. Ακολουθεί η λεπτομερής παρουσίαση του θεσμού των Δημοτικών Σχολείων με ΕΑΕΠ, προσεγγίζονται κριτικά οι αλλαγές που εισάγονται και οι επιμέρους στόχοι του. Οι προβληματισμοί που αναδύονται αποτελούν το έναυσμα για την εμπειρική διερεύνηση του θεσμού. Στο ερευνητικό μέρος της εργασίας επιδιώκεται η ολόπλευρη και σε βάθος μελέτη του θεσμού, γι’ αυτό υιοθετήθηκε ποιοτική μεθοδολογία. Για τη συλλογή του ερευνητικού υλικού χρησιμοποιήθηκε η ημιδομημένη συνέντευξη και η ανάλυσή του έγινε με την τεχνική της ανάλυσης περιεχομένου. Η έρευνα εστιάζεται σε μία γεωγραφική περιοχή και συγκεκριμένα στα έντεκα Δημοτικά Σχολεία με ΕΑΕΠ του νομού Ηλείας. Μέσα από τις εμπειρίες και τις απόψεις των Διευθυντών των συγκεκριμένων σχολείων, επιχειρείται η διερεύνηση: α) του τρόπου πρόσληψης και ερμηνείας των αλλαγών, β) των δυσκολιών υλοποίησης του θεσμού και γ) της επίτευξης ή μη των διακηρυγμένων στόχων του. / The present study discusses the newly introduced institution of 961 Primary Schools with Unified Revised School Curriculum (EAEP), which has been implemented since the 2010-2011 school year and is based on the philosophy of the “All Day School”. This new institution aims at the upgrade of today’s school and its transformation to a “New School” where the pupil is the main focus. In the theoretical part of the study we attempt a historic retrospect of the institution of “All Day Schools” in Greece. Then we present the basic principles and aims of the “New School” as well as the overall planning for its realization and we investigate any influences by European and/or International Organizations. An exhaustive presentation of the institution of EAEP Primary Schools follows, and the changes introduced as well as the individual aims are critically examined. The speculations arising from the starting point for the empirical investigation of the institution. In the research part of the study we seek an all-encompassing, in-depth examination of the institution through qualitative methodology. The collection of the research material was done via semi-structured interviews and its analysis via content analysis. The research focuses on a particular geographic region and specifically on the 11 EAEP Primary Schools of the Prefecture of Ilia. Through the views and experiences of the Headmasters of these schools we attempt to investigate: a) The reception and interpretation of the changes, b) the problems in the implementation of the institution and c) the achievement or not of its intended aims.