Introdução: Padrões alimentares estabelecidos na adolescência têm sido associados a fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas, tais como diabetes, doenças cardiovasculares e câncer. Objetivo: Avaliar os padrões da dieta de adolescentes e seus fatores associados. Metodologia: Utilizaram-se dados de adolescentes provenientes do estudo de base populacional do município de São Paulo. Foram utilizadas duas abordagens distintas na identificação dos padrões da dieta: o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado (IQD-R) e a análise fatorial. Para estimar a ingestão usual, foram coletados de um a cinco Recordatório de 24 horas (R24h), sendo o primeiro obtido no domicílio, juntamente com o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA), e os demais por telefone. Na primeira abordagem, o método proposto pelo National Cancer Institute estimou a distribuição da pontuação dos componentes do IQD-R, com base na ingestão usual e nas características da população. Na identificação dos padrões da dieta pela análise fatorial, primeiramente estimou-se o consumo usual pelo Multiple Source Method. Neste, além dos R24h, foram utilizadas informações complementares dos QFA, melhorando o modelo de probabilidade e consumo. Posteriormente à análise fatorial, modelos de regressão multivariada identificaram os fatores associados aos padrões da dieta. Resultados: A pontuação média do IQD-R (47,1), ajustada por sexo e escolaridade do chefe da família, foi semelhante entre homens (46,3) e mulheres (48,0). Observou-se um baixo consumo de Cereais integrais (0,3), Vegetais totais (1,0), Frutas totais (1,3) e inteiras (0,4); e um elevado consumo de Sódio (2,2), Gordura saturada (5,8) e GordAA (4,5), que representa as calorias provenientes de gordura sólida, álcool e açúcar de adição. Na análise fatorial, os dois padrões dietéticos retidos explicaram 17,1 por cento da variância total da ingestão. O padrão Tradicional, caracterizado pelo consumo de feijões, arroz, café/chá, açúcar, manteiga/margarina, carne bovina e bolacha doce, se associou negativamente ao sexo masculino, maior renda familiar e maior escolaridade do chefe da família. O padrão Dual, caracterizado pelo consumo de achocolatado, vegetais, leite integral, temperos (salada), queijo, carne processada/frios, pães/torradas, bala, suco e carne branca, se associou positivamente ao estado matrimonial (com companheiro) e maior escolaridade do chefe da família e à maior renda. Conclusão: Os adolescentes apresentam baixo consumo de fibras, principalmente sob a forma de frutas e cereais integrais, e alta ingestão de sódio, gorduras e açúcares. As duas abordagens forneceram informações consistentes e complementares sobre o comportamento alimentar dos adolescentes, podendo ser utilizadas para o desenvolvimento de programas de saúde pública que visem previnir e tratar doenças crônicas relacionadas com a dieta e que ocorrem ao longo da vida / Background: Adolescent dietary patterns have been associated with increased risk factors for chronic diseases, including diabetes, coronary heart disease and cancer. Objectives: To evaluate the dietary patterns among adolescents living in the municipally of São Paulo. Methods: Data of adolescents from a cross-sectional survey were analyzed. Two different approaches were used to evaluate the dietary patterns: the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised (BHEI-R) and the factors analysis. To estimate the usual intake, it was collected a minimum of one and a maximum of five 24-hour dietary recall (24HR), in which the first one was obtained in the adolescents home, together with a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and the others records were collected by phone. In the first approach, the method proposed by the American National Cancer Institute was used to estimate the distribution of the components of the BHEI-R, according to the usual intake and adjusted by the sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle characteristics. To access the dietary patterns using the factor analysis, initially, the usual intake that was estimated by the Multiple Source Method. Beside the 24HR data, the FFQ was used as covariate information to improve the modeling of consumption probability and intake amount. After the factor analysis, multivariate linear regressions models identified the characteristics associated with the dietary patterns. Results: The estimated mean BHEI-R score (47.1 points), adjusted for gender and family heads schooling, was, being similar between males (46.3) and females (48.0). The results indicated lower consumption of Whole grains (0.3), Total vegetables (1.0), Total fruit (1.3) and Whole fruit (0.4); and higher intake Sodium (2.2), Saturated fat (5.8) and; SoFAAS (4.5), that comprise the calories from solid fat, alcohol intake and added sugar. The factor analysis identified two dietary patterns that together explained 17.1 per cent of the total variation in food intake. The Traditional diet, characterized by the consumption of beans, rice, coffee/tea, sugar, butter/margarine, beef and cookies, was inversely associated with be male, higher income and higher family heads schooling. The Dual diet, characterized by the consumption chocolate powder, vegetables, whole milk, salada dressings, cheeses, processed meats/cold cuts, breads/toasts/crackers, candies, juices and white meat (chicken and fish), was directly associated with higher income, family heads marital status (living with someone) and higher family heads schooling. Conclusion: The adolescents have lower dietary fiber intake, especially fruits and whole grains and higher intake of sodium, fats and sugars. Thus, the results of the two approaches provide consistent and complementary information about the adolescent dietary behavior that can be used to the development of public health programs, in order to prevent and treat dietrelated chronic diseases throughout the life course

Student Number : 9000358J - MA research report - School of Human and Community Development - Psychology - Faculty of Humanities / Memory is a collection of systems in the brain that work in conjunction with other systems and modalities to effect encoding, storage, retrieval, and learning of information. It also plays a part in the executive and other higher order functions (Banich, 1997). Patients who suffered a traumatic brain injury frequently have impaired memory functioning and a host of consequential problems as well. Rehabilitation of TBI patients is focused primarily on helping TBI patients to cope with and compensate for their disabilities (Hart, Whyte, Polansky, Millis, Hammond, Sherer, Bushnik, Hanks & Kreutzer, 2003) and one of the most important aspects of rehabilitation is memory (Quemada, Cespedes, Ezkerra, Ballesteros, Ibarra & Urruticoechea, 2003). In this study a commercially available memory enhancement program (Mega Memory® System) was used in an intervention with ten male TBI sufferers to evaluate its effectiveness in rehabilitation of memory. Subjects were assessed before and after the intervention on the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Tests and the Benton Visual Retention Test. Group results on Rivermead did not show any significant improvement of memory functioning, but the Number Correct scores on the Benton did. All subjects showed improvement on different aspects of memory functioning, especially in the domains of memory for everyday events, verbal, figurative, and spatial memory immediately following administration of the program. Overall the changes in memory functioning was not significant.

The aim of this study is to investigate the assessment practices of civics teachers in upper secondary school. The main purpose is to analyze, using Bloom’s revised taxonomy, which kind of knowledge civics teachers test in their written test examinations. The analyses show that they mainly test factual and conceptual knowledge. Procedural knowledge is tested in other ways, mostly by means of essays. Metacognitive knowledge is not found in this study. In contrast to earlier findings the teachers in this study test a variation of cognitive processes. Between 50 and 90 percent of test questions relate to the category remember, but there are also questions testing the categories to understand, analyze and evaluate, only a few test apply and create. There is a good alignment in teachers’ knowledge of the grading criterions and the curriculum. There are however discrepancies between this knowledge and their testing practices, which causes some problems concerning the validity of their tests. As the tests mainly are used for summative purposes, teachers varying practices lead to problems with grade equality. Frame factors may explain differences in practices. Mainly administrative factors such as working hours and schedule are significant, since teachers need time to prepare and to mark the tests and pupils need time to write them. Pupils also wish to have written tests and teachers adapt to this. Still, the significance of these factors is decided by teachers’ freedom of action. Most teachers know how to and want to make valid tests, but they need the time, both to prepare and to mark them, and the possibilities to extend lessons when more writing time is needed.

High risk offenders are a complex and heterogeneous group of offenders about whom researchers, clinicians, and society still know relatively little. In response to the paucity of information that is specifically applicable to high risk offenders, the present study examined RCMP Integrated Sexual Predator Intelligence Network (ISPIN) data to investigate the relationship between sexual paraphilias, sexual fantasy, and psychopathy among 139 of the highest risk sexual offenders in British Columbia. The sample included 41 child molesters, 42 rapists, 18 rapist/molesters, 30 mixed offenders, and 6 “other” sexual offenders. The majority of offenders in this sample were diagnosed with one primary paraphilia (67%). Data analysis revealed significant differences between offender types for criminal history variables including past sexual and nonsexual convictions, number of victims, and age of offending onset. For example, offenders who victimized children (i.e., exclusive child molesters & rapist/molesters) had a greater number of past sexual convictions than did offenders who victimized adults exclusively. Further, there were significant differences between offender types for paraphilia diagnoses, sexual fantasy themes, and levels of psychopathy. For example, exclusive child molesters were significantly more likely to receive a paraphilia diagnosis, were more likely to report having sexual fantasies, and had lower Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) scores than other offender types. Results from the current study will serve to facilitate a more refined and informed understanding of sexual offending behaviour, with important implications for future research, assessment, and treatment issues, as well as law enforcement practices when working with high risk sexual offenders.

Due to the interest of starting a preschool with a scout profile in my circle of acquaintances I chose to write my report about how the scout method would work in a preschool. I did this by comparing the origin of scouting and preschool. I based my report on the following questions: Are there any similarities or differences with curriculum, education act and the scout method that can make it easier/harder to work with the scout method in the preschool? There are many theorists that have had influence on the preschool. Give some examples of their theories that could affect the scout preschool? What is the difference between a teacher and a scout leader? What would a preschool look like if you included the scout method in the daily activity? With the help of my literature studies I compared the scout method against the laws and rules to make sure that the scout method doesn’t contradict them. The result I came to is that you can work by the scout method in a preschool.I base this on that the education act is a law, the curriculum is a guideline and the scout method is the basic principles. This means that you can have the scout method as the basic principles of a preschool.

Au cours des dernières années, l'évaluation de la violence sexuelle entre partenaires intimes (VSPI) a connu un essor croissant. Toutefois, une incertitude demeure vis-à-vis lesquels des instruments de mesure évaluent le mieux cette problématique. La présente étude a pour objectif de comparer et d'évaluer la concordance de deux mesures couramment utilisées, soit le Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) et le Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). Cette étude comporte un deuxième objectif qui vise à élargir le champ de la VSPI en évaluant la présence de gestes pornographiques et de relations sexuelles forcées avec autrui au sein de la dynamique de la violence. L'échantillon se compose de 138 femmes ayant recours aux services de maisons d'hébergement. Les données indiquent que le SES et le CTS2 détiennent un taux de concordance élevé à 76,8 %. Par contre, dans le cadre de cette étude, le CTS2 a su détecter un plus grand nombre de cas de VSPI que le SES. Par ailleurs, les femmes qui ont rapporté des gestes de nature pornographique sont 12 à 20 fois plus susceptibles d'être victimes de violence sexuelle sévère sur les deux mesures. Les résultats sont discutés en lien avec les implications au niveau de la recherche et de l'intervention en maison d'hébergement. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : violence entre partenaires intimes, violence sexuelle, SES, CTS2, pornographie, relations sexuelles forcées avec autrui.

High risk offenders are a complex and heterogeneous group of offenders about whom researchers, clinicians, and society still know relatively little. In response to the paucity of information that is specifically applicable to high risk offenders, the present study examined RCMP Integrated Sexual Predator Intelligence Network (ISPIN) data to investigate the relationship between sexual paraphilias, sexual fantasy, and psychopathy among 139 of the highest risk sexual offenders in British Columbia. The sample included 41 child molesters, 42 rapists, 18 rapist/molesters, 30 mixed offenders, and 6 “other” sexual offenders. The majority of offenders in this sample were diagnosed with one primary paraphilia (67%). Data analysis revealed significant differences between offender types for criminal history variables including past sexual and nonsexual convictions, number of victims, and age of offending onset. For example, offenders who victimized children (i.e., exclusive child molesters & rapist/molesters) had a greater number of past sexual convictions than did offenders who victimized adults exclusively. Further, there were significant differences between offender types for paraphilia diagnoses, sexual fantasy themes, and levels of psychopathy. For example, exclusive child molesters were significantly more likely to receive a paraphilia diagnosis, were more likely to report having sexual fantasies, and had lower Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) scores than other offender types. Results from the current study will serve to facilitate a more refined and informed understanding of sexual offending behaviour, with important implications for future research, assessment, and treatment issues, as well as law enforcement practices when working with high risk sexual offenders.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojami esminiai ir probleminiai Europos Sąjungos prisijungimo prie Žmogaus teisių ir laisvių apsaugos konvencijos teisiniai aspektai bei klausimai. Prisijungimo klausimas net 30 metų buvo diskusijų objektu ir buvo vertinamas nevienareikšmiškai, tačiau Po Lisabonos sutarties, kuri įpareigojo ES prisijungti prie Konvencijos ir Keturioliktojo protokolo įsigaliojimo diskusijos dėl prisijungimo poreikio pasiekė kritinį tašką. Be to 2013 metų balandžio mėnesį buvo patvirtintas galutinis Europos Sąjungos prisijungimo prie Žmogaus teisių konvencijos sutarties projektas, kuris numatė visas prisijungimui reikalingas sąlygas ir procedūras. Darbe keliama hipotezė, kad Europos Sąjungos prisijungimas prie Konvencijos sąlygos efektyvesnę žmogaus teisių apsaugą ES. Darbą sudaro 5 dalys. Pirmoje dalyje analizuojama žmogaus teisių apsaugos raida Europos Sąjungoje, Konvencijos statuso pokyčiai ES teisinėje sistemoje nuo Bendrijų įkūrimo iki Lisabonos sutarties įsigaliojimo. Be to yra apžvelgiamas kelias link Prisijungimo sutarties projekto patvirtinimo. Prieinama prie išvados, kad nors šiai dienai Konvencija yra tik neįpareigojantis įkvėpimo šaltinis, EŽTK svarba ir jos ypatingumas yra pripažinti ES Sutartyse, be to Konvencijoje įtvirtintos teisės ir laisvės yra pripažįstamos pagrindiniais ES teisės principais. Būtina paminėta ir dviejų teismų išvystytą ekvivalentinės apsaugos doktriną, kuri gali būti traktuojama, kaip bendradarbiavimo dviejų teisinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Master’s thesis analyses the legal aspects and major issues in the accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights. This issue is of great relevance and has been deliberated on for 30 years. Since the treaty of Lisbon entered into force in 2009 the accession to the ECHR is an obligation to the Union. Furthermore, the final version of the draft accession agreement was concluded in April 2013. This agreement provided all the conditions and procedures required for the accession. The thesis raises a hypothesis that the European Union's accession to the Convention shall result in more effective protection of human rights in the EU. The master thesis consists of 5 parts. The first part analysis the evolution of human rights protection in the European Union and the changes in the status of the Convention within the EU legal system from the establishment of the European Communities until the Lisbon Treaty entered into force. The way towards the acceptance of Draft Agreement on the Accession is also being discussed in this part. A conclusion is made that for now the Convention is only a legally non-binding inspiration for the protection of human rights, however, the importance and specificities of ECHR are established in the EU Treaties. Moreover, rights and freedoms established in the Convention are considered to be one of the main principles of EU law. Another thing that needs to be noted is the doctrine of equivalent protection developed by the two... [to full text]

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Outcomes-Based Education forms the foundation of South Africa's revised national education curriculum, known as The Revised National Curriculum Statement Grades R-9. The Van Hiele Model, developed for the teaching and learning of geometry, has already been used successfully in the school curricula of the Netherlands and Russia. Strong support for this theory exists in leading countries like America and Europe. This study has investigated the possible relationship between the Van Hiele theory and the "Revised National Curriculum Statement Grades R-9" and through critical evaluation found a great compatibility between them. Both are giving strong support for the spiral approach to mathematics education. It is recommended that all geometry learning programmes and teaching units be moulded on the Van Hiele Model. / Suid-Afrika se hersiene nasionale onderwyskurrikulum, die "Revised National Curriculum Statement Grades R-9" word deur uitkomsgebaseerde onderwys gefundeer. Die Van Hiele Model vir die onderrig en leer van meetkunde, is suksesvol in skoolkurrikula van Nederland en Rusland toegepas en geniet wye steun in lande soos Amerika en Europa. Hierdie navorsing het die moontlike verband tussen die Van Hiele raamwerk en die nuwe kurrikulum ondersoek en deur kritiese evaluering baie sterk versoenbaarheid tussen die "Revised National Curriculum Statement Grades R-9" en die Van Hiele Model gevind. Verder is ook aangetoon dat beide sterk gebruik maak van die spiraalbenadering in wiskundeonderwys. Aanbevelings in die verband is dat leerprogramme en onderrigeenhede wat die kurrikulum vir meetkunde in skole implementeer op die Van Hiele Model geskoei word. / Mathematical Sciences / M. Sc. (Mathematics Education)

BBIC, Barns behov i centrum, är ett arbetssätt, dokumentations- och handläggningssystem, vars syfte är att främja ett kunskapsbaserat socialt arbete. Under 2014 fick Socialstyrelsen i uppdrag av regeringen att vidareutveckla systemet. Revideringen syftade dels till att göra BBIC lättare att använda och att öka delaktigheten för barn och unga. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka socialsekreterares upplevelser av revideringen, utifrån dessa två delmål. Sex intervjuer genomfördes i tre olika kommuner i Mellansverige. Resultatet av studien visade att revideringen bidragit till ett betydligt enklare, tydligare och framförallt bättre strukturerat arbete, vilket minskat den tidsåtgång som tidigare lagts på dokumentation. Detta i sin tur innebar att det blivit lättare att informera, involvera och göra barn och unga mer delaktiga.  Studiens resultat tyder därmed på att BBIC efter revideringen har blivit lättare att använda och att delaktigheten har ökat. / BBIC is a working method, documentation and processing system with children’s needs in focus. The purpose is to promote social work based on knowledge. During 2014, the National Board of Health and Welfare was authorised by the government to further develop BBIC. The study partly focused on making BBIC easier to use and to increase the participation of children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to look into social workers’ experiences after that the revision took place. Six interviews were conducted in three different municipalities in the middle of Sweden. The result of the study showed that the revised BBIC contributed to a significantly simpler, clearer and above all a more structured way of working, reducing the time previously used on documentation. This in turn meant that it became easier to inform and to involve children and adolescents. The study result therefore indicates that BBIC has become easier to use after the revision and that the participation has increased.