Title: Risk perception and attitudes towards risk of young scouts from European countries. Objectives: The aim of the study was to find out differences of risk perception and attitudes towards risk between young scouts from European countries. Methods: The questionnaire was filled by 126 young scouts from 18 European countries. Asked scouts were in Rover and Rangers categories, aged 16 to 25. The research sample consisted of 66 men and 60 women. Questionnaires Risk orientation questionnaire were analysed by basic statistic methods like median and mean. Specific comparison was made by Pearson coefficient and factor analysis. The aim of their using was to compare parts of the questionnaire (sex, countries, similarity of answers). For some comparison were chosen only countries with more respondents (≥ 9). Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, and Denmark were joined up to one category Scandinavia. Results: There are no significant results shown by mean and median for countries with respondents (≥ 9). Small variances were qualified only for the Czech Republic, Germany and Portugal. Comparing results of men a women shown small differences only in questions 5 and 6. In general, there were no significant differences between men a women. Factor analysis, particularly, correlation factors shown small...

University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. / The Boy Scout and Girl Guide movement in Australia has received very limited scholarly attention, despite its status as a prominent youth organisation since the early twentieth century. This thesis juxtaposes the oral history testimonies of twenty-two current and past Boy Scouts and Girl Guides in Australia with the official model of Scouting and Guiding devised by the founder, Sir Robert BadenPowell. The research engages with broad social themes, including gender, class, and primacy of the outdoors. Close analysis is provided of one of the most debated elements of the movement: the use of middle-class adolescents' leisure time to build good future citizens or soldiers. The thesis provides an account of the religious and cultural context of the contemporary movement in Australia, particularly its 'white' Christian origins. Findings indicate the ambiguous and contested nature of Baden-Powell's 'official model', and reveal the intricate, manifold experiences of participants in the movement. Those who took part in the Boy Scouts and Girl Guides have been significantly influenced by their involvement, and the movement has played a memorable role in their lives.

University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. / The Boy Scout and Girl Guide movement in Australia has received very limited scholarly attention, despite its status as a prominent youth organisation since the early twentieth century. This thesis juxtaposes the oral history testimonies of twenty-two current and past Boy Scouts and Girl Guides in Australia with the official model of Scouting and Guiding devised by the founder, Sir Robert BadenPowell. The research engages with broad social themes, including gender, class, and primacy of the outdoors. Close analysis is provided of one of the most debated elements of the movement: the use of middle-class adolescents' leisure time to build good future citizens or soldiers. The thesis provides an account of the religious and cultural context of the contemporary movement in Australia, particularly its 'white' Christian origins. Findings indicate the ambiguous and contested nature of Baden-Powell's 'official model', and reveal the intricate, manifold experiences of participants in the movement. Those who took part in the Boy Scouts and Girl Guides have been significantly influenced by their involvement, and the movement has played a memorable role in their lives.

published_or_final_version / History / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Master of Science / Department of Computer Science / Antonio R. Asebedo / Mitchell L. Neilsen / Small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) have been in commercial use since the1980’s and over 8-12% of its current uses are in the agricultural sector, but only involving limited uses like surveying, mapping and imaging, which is expected to increase to 47% according to AUVSI with the association of Artificial Intelligence over the next decade. Our research is one such effort to help farmers utilize advanced sUAS technology coupled with Artificial Intelligence and give them meaningful results in a widely used and user friendly interface, like a mobile application. The vision for this application is to provide a completely automated experience to the farmer for a repetitive and periodic analysis of his/her crops where all the instruction needed from the farmer is a push of a button on a one time configured application and ultimately providing results in seconds. This would help the farmer scout their crops, assess yield potential, and determine if additional inputs are needed for increasing grain yield and profit per acre. For making this application we focused on user-friendliness by abstracting crop algorithms, minimized necessary user inputs, and automate the construction of flight paths. Due to internet connection not always being available at farm fields, processing was kept to on-board compute systems and the mobile device to give live results to farmers without reliance on cloud-based analytics. The application is configured to work with DJI Aircraft using OpenCv for video processing and mobile vision, GIS and GPS data for accurate mapping, locating device, sUAS on the mobile application, and FFMPEG for encoding and decoding compressed video data. An algorithm developed by Precision-Ag Lab at the K-State Agronomy Department was implemented into the sUAS application for providing real time yield estimations and nitrogen recommendation algorithm for winter wheat.

This thesis presents data gained from qualitative research that took place in Prague, Czech Republic in 2009. Based on semi-structured interviews with kids from Scout Groups it analyzes gender aspects of Czech Scouting. In my thesis, I introduce a short history of the Scout Movement in the world, as well as in the Czech Republic with a specific interest in the formation of the Girl Scouting. My assumption is that Czech scouting offers special environment for gender sensitive education without realizing the great potential. I suggest that the absence of coeducation in the scout units is the key element in gender sensitive education with the opportunity for the children to try freely whatever they wish for without being pressurized by the social prejudices about their gender which I try to verify through the experiences of the children.

This thesis presents data gained from qualitative research that took place in Prague, Czech Republic in 2009. Based on semi-structured interviews with kids from Scout Groups it analyzes gender aspects of Czech Scouting. In my thesis, I introduce a short history of the Scout Movement in the world, as well as in the Czech Republic with a specific interest in the formation of the Girl Scouting. My assumption is that Czech scouting offers special environment for gender sensitive education without realizing the great potential. I suggest that the absence of coeducation in the scout units is the key element in gender sensitive education with the opportunity for the children to try freely whatever they wish for without being pressurized by the social prejudices about their gender which I try to verify through the experiences of the children. Key words: Scouting, gender, experience, identity

The aim of this study is to examine the ideal of citizenship as presented in the Swedish Girl Scout movement 1945-1965. Through the examination of periodicals aimed at Girl Scout leaders, the study attempts to elucidate how the presented ideals shifted in the years leading up to, and following, the merger between the largest Swedish Girl Scout and Boy Scout associations in 1960.         As a theoretical background, the model of the Belgian scout researcher Sophie Wittemans is used, according to which citizenship in the scout movement contains both a universalistic tendency, emphasizing and geared towards creating citizens that are equal in an abstract sense, as well as particularizing instruments that aim to mold the singular individual. Wittemans claims that the Girl Scout movement has generally focused on the later aspect.      The concept of citizenship is found to be linked to duty rather than to the freedom of the individual, especially in the sphere of home life. In professional life the individual is afforded a greater measure of freedom. At the time of the merger in 1960, the idea of citizenship is to some extent gendered. The Girl Scout is to be prepared to take part in a society where feminine and masculine values are both needed. There is no consensus, however, on what the difference between the sexes consists of.       Neither sex, nor citizenship, seems to be the main focus of the training of Girl Scouts during the studied period. The cultural and societal tensions are contained by religion, universalizing tools like the scout law, and concepts such as ‘humanity’.       Through the study of a relatively scarcely researched area, this study attempts to shed light upon the Swedish Girl Scout movement in the post-war-era, as well as the larger shift in gender roles in Swedish society during the same period.

This master{\crq}s dissertation is focusing on the history of leisure organizations in our country. The work is only theoretical and is divided into two parts. The first, substantially wider one, deals with the leisure organization Scout. It describes the scouting itself, its world history and founders. Then it dwells on the history of the Czech scoouting from 1911 to 1989, South Bohemian Scouting School and scouting elements. The second, closer part, is devoted to the history of the Pioneer organization. It briefly outlines the world history and coutinues with the description of the Pioneer organization in this country from 1945 to the present. Attached to the dissertation is a Scout Calendar and photographs which exemplify both Scout and Pioneer organizations.

The aim of this study is to examine the gender effects of the introduction of coeducation in the Swedish scout and guide movement in the late 1960’s. Using Simone de Beauvoir’s concept of transcendence and immanence, the study initially focuses on the differences between and characteristics of the two social communities formed by the female-only Swedish Girl Scout Association (Sveriges Flickors Scoutförbund) and the male-only Scout Association of Sweden (Sveriges Scoutförbund). The focus is on how the two associations constructed gender, and how the differences are to be interpreted. It is clear from the study that the transcendence of the individual girl was an important educational goal in the Girl Scout Association’s construction of gender. With the organization’s intellectual roots in the reform-pedagogics’ movement, it stressed independence and self-reliance, and fostered an egalitarian, non-hierarchical outlook on the Girl Scout movement nationally and internationally. The individual Girl Scout’s ability to act morally was presumed to be intrinsic. The male Scout Association, on the other hand, being pedagogically closer to the original ideas of Scouting’s founder Baden-Powell, focused on discipline, adventure, physical training and regulation by external, universal rules in its construction of gender. These differing educational approaches fit in well with the results of the gender based research on scouting. Subsequently, the study compares these results with the new, coeducational programme launched in 1968, seven years after the merger of the two single sex associations into the joint Swedish Scout and Guide Association (Svenska Scoutförbundet). The questions in focus in this part of the study are which characteristics of the respective single sex associations prevailed, and how the merger can be understood from a gender perspective. The coeducational programme mainly reflected the previous values of the male-only Scout Association of Sweden. However, the new programme was not just a brush-up of the previous Boy Scout approach, but rather the thitherto-greatest break with the educational tradition carried on and step by step developed from Scouting for Boys. The need for such radical changes was most likely prompted by the fact that the Boy Scout movement of Sweden was finding itself increasingly out of touch with the post-war society.