Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Erlangen.

Thesis (doctoral)--Friedrich-Alexander-Universität zu Erlangen.

Within the United States, probation has customarily been used as a way to divert offenders away from prison. Over the past two decades the number of offenders who are sentenced to probation has increased tremendously. While there have been more offenders sentenced to probation, there has also been an increase in the number of probationers having that sentence revoked. The most prevalent type of revocation is a technical revocation. Probationers receive technical violations culminating in a revocation when they fail to satisfy the conditions of their probation sentence such as attending rehabilitative programming. The present study adds to the literature on technical revocations by examining characteristics of felony probationers from a large Southern state who were revoked between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2009. Findings revealed that female probationers, older probationers, white probationers, and those probationers who had not completed high school were significantly more likely to be revoked for a technical revocation. Implications for practice and suggestions for future research based on these findings are discussed.

Small nonprofit organizations (NPOs) are at higher risk of having their IRS tax-exempt status revoked due to a lack of funding, governance, and structure. Organizations that fail to file an annual information return or notice for three consecutive years automatically lose their tax-exempt status by revocation. In May 2020, the IRS revoked the status of more than 30,000 NPOs for failing to file tax returns. This research contributes to the very limited number of qualitative studies on nonprofit leaders' knowledge of federal compliance, which is unknown and may contribute to small nonprofits losing their IRS-exempt status. This qualitative study examines the perceptions of nonprofit leaders of small organizations whose IRS tax-exempt status was revoked. A qualitative study was conducted between June 2023 and May 2024. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposefully selected ten nonprofit leaders until theoretical data saturation was reached. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify key themes and develop a conceptual model. This study identified key themes regarding motivations, formation processes, leadership dynamics, and organizational learning that help explain why NPOs are revoked. The Agency, Governance, Stakeholder, and Public Choice Theory will help us understand how small NPOs are significantly determined by the founders' initial readiness to address administrative, legal, and operational challenges. The leaders, driven by personal experiences and a desire to address community needs, often launched their organizations with passionate commitment but insufficient knowledge of the complex administrative and legal requirements. The findings offer valuable insights into the critical factors influencing nonprofit compliance and provide recommendations for future leaders to mitigate common challenges and reduce revocation.

Thesis advisor: Hiroshi Nakazato / In addition to negotiation, nonverbal signaling plays a large part in diplomacy. One such nonverbal technique is diplomatic revocation, in which a sending state summons its ambassador from a receiving state. Such an act has strategic value and can be used to discourage politically reprehensible acts in the receiving state, or further delegitimize its leaders or government to the international community, especially when accompanied by other sanctions or a comprehensive political agenda. Other times, revocation is reactionary, as in the cases of recalling an ambassador for poor conduct or as a precautionary measure against dwindling security conditions in the host state. In consulting scholarly work on the nonverbal dynamics of diplomacy and using an original dataset of over 1,000 instances of diplomatic revocation, this thesis examines the efficacy of diplomatic sanctions and concludes that 53% of diplomatic revocations are not intended as politically persuasive tools. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Arts and Sciences Honors Program. / Discipline: International Studies.

Diss. Jur. Bern.

Thesis (doctoral)--Berlin, Humboldt-Universiẗat, 2006. Humboldt-Universiẗat, Diss.--Berlin, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. 247 - 268. Includes bibliographical references (p. 247-268) and index.

Revocation and Invalidity of European Trade Mark Revocation and invalidity of European trade mark, more precisely termed as Community trade mark (hereinafter as "CTM"), is a specific field of trade mark law of the European Union. It is Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark which forms a legal basis in this regard. The practice of the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market and especially the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union play very significant role in this area. The practice of the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market and the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union regarding Directive 2008/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks is also relevant for the revocation and invalidity of CTM as this Directive provides for the revocation and invalidity of national trade marks in similar manner. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the nature of revocation and invalidity of CTM and individual grounds for revocation and invalidity as well as selected related issues, e.g. of procedural nature. This thesis is divided into four chapters. First chapter briefly introduces the institute of CTM and trade...

1 Summary This thesis deals with the issue of donation and its modalities. Due to the fact that the contract of donation is a very often concluded nominate contract, which is like a contract of purchase or exchange, a legal title of ownership transfer, the topic is contemporary and useful for practice. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the current legal regulation of donation, while using relevant judicial decisions. This thesis consists of eight chapters, which are for the purpose of better clarity logically divided into subchapters. The introductory chapter revolves around the issue of donation in general, especially with respect to the conceptual elements of donation, that is gratuitousness, voluntariness and the object of donation. Separate subchapters are then focused on distinguishing donation from similar legal conduct as well as from the pledge to donate. The second chapter deals with the legal regulation of the contract of donation itself, whereas outlined are firstly the differences between a real and a consensual contract of donation. In this part of the thesis the transfer of ownership of the gift is also briefly tackled. Special subchapter is then dedicated to the issue of parties and subjects of the contract of donation. Also discussed in this chapter is the form of contract of donation as...

This research explores the political debates surrounding changes in the law regulating citizenship revocation in Canada and how they reflect the tensions in the meaning of citizenship for dual national citizens. Borrowing from citizenship studies and critical criminology, the main argument in this thesis is that Bill C-24 seems to be an attempt on part of the Conservative Party to recalibrate the meaning of citizenship from a more liberal understanding (based on civic rights) to one that is more republican (based on civic duty). This research also demonstrates how this recalibration in the conception of citizenship from a more liberal notion to a more republican one parallels the shift in crime control policies of the state that were geared more toward prioritizing the welfare and equality of all citizens under the law in the 1960s-70s to ones that are presently oriented toward punishment, control and management of “dangerous groups”. The scholarly literature suggests that the modern conception of citizenship tends to draw from the republican and liberal traditions that are complementary but are also in tension, and the recent political discussions surrounding citizenship involves arguing for the best balance between rights and responsibilities of citizens. The analysis of the parliamentary debates surrounding Bill C-24 reveals that, in light of Canada’s current political landscape that is heavily influenced by penal-populist notions of punishing the offender populations and making “responsibilized” citizens, the pendulum of citizenship is generally being tilted toward the republican model (based on restoration of civic duties of citizens to the state and their fellow citizens) more so than the liberal model (based on preserving the welfare, liberty and equality of all citizens under the law).