A novel process for the fabrication of Long Range Surface Plasmon Polariton (LRSPP) waveguide based biosensors is presented herein. The structure of the biosensor is comprised of Au stripe waveguide devices embedded in thick CYTOP claddings with a SiO2 solvent diffusion barrier and etch-stop layer. The SiO2 layer is introduced to improve the end quality of Au waveguide structures, which previously deformed during the deposit of the upper cladding process and to limit the over-etching of CYTOP to create micro-fluidic channels. The E-beam evaporation method is adapted to deposit a thin SiO2 on the bottom cladding of CYTOP. A new micro-fluidic design pattern is introduced. Micro-fluidic channels were created on selective Au waveguides through O2 plasma etching. The presented data and figures are refractive index measurements of different materials, thickness measurements, microscope images, and AFM images. Optical power cutback measurements were performed on fully CYTOP-cladded symmetric LRSPP waveguides. The end-fire coupling method was used to excite LRSPP modes with cleaved polarization maintaining (PM) fibre. The measured mode power attenuation (MPA) was 6.7 dB/mm after using index-matched liquid at input and output fibre-waveguide interfaces. The results were compared with the theoretical calculations and simulations. Poor coupling efficiency and scattering due to the SiO2 are suspected for off-target measurements.

Measurement of absorption spectra of plasma during reactive ion etching enables characterization of etched species and control over the etching process. Aim of this diploma thesis is to design spectroscope with Czerny-Turner configuration for reactive ion etching system. Developed spectroscope achieves 1 nm resolution in 350-800 nm range. Device was tested during reactive ion etching of silicon.

The present work deals with the research and development of gel polymer electrolytes and their applications. Thesis talks about the mechanisms that take place in gel electro-lytes. It also discusses the electroanalytical methods used in assessing the gel electro-lytes. The main focus of the work is the preparation of gel polymer electrolytes and compared their properties using methods of impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltam-metry and methods of measurement of transference numbers. KEYWORDS

The aim of this work is to design fully working measuring system for the reactive ion etching system (RIE). The Michelson interfometer, previously developed in Ústav přístrojové techniky, v.v.i., is used in this work. The theoretical part is aimed at description of interferometric methods for precise measuring of length. In next part the etching proces with RIE is described. In practical part the testing system was constructed from the parts of Thorlabs company . The functionality was controlled with this system and the results of measuring were compared with the profilometer. In next step technical drawings were created and the whole system was made.

Optical elements are the fundamental components in photonic systems and are used to transform an input optical beam into a desired beam profile or to couple the input beam into waveguides, fibers, or other optical systems or devices. Macroscopic optical elements are easily fabricated using grinding and polishing techniques, but few methods exist for inexpensive fabrication of micro optical elements. In this work we present an innovative technique termed Additive Lithography that makes use of binary masks and controlled partial exposures to sculpt photoresist into the desired optical surface relief profile. We explore various masking schemes for fabricating a variety of optical elements with unprecedented flexibility and precision. These masking schemes used in conjunction with the additive lithographic method allows us to carefully control the photoresist exposure and reflow processes for fabricating complex aspheric lens elements, including aspheric elements whose fabrication often proves highly problematic. It will be demonstrated that employing additive lithography for volume sculpting followed by controlled reflow can also allow us to fabricate refractive beam shaping elements. Finally we will discuss the dry etching techniques used to transfer these optical elements into the glass substrate. Thus the additive lithography technique will be demonstrated as an inexpensive, high throughput and efficient process in the fabrication of micro optical elements.

Thin films are produced from layers of materials ranging from nanometres to micrometres in height. They are increasingly common and are being used in integrated circuit design, optical coatings, protective coatings, and environmental sensing. Thin films can be fabricated using a variety of methods involving chemical reactions or physical transport of matter. Glancing angle deposition (GLAD) thin films are produced using physical vapour deposition techniques under high vacuum conditions where exploitation of the geometric conditions between the source and the substrate causes enhanced atomic self shadowing to produce structured thin films. This work deals with the modification of these films, emph{in situ} by altering growing conditions through substrate temperatures control, or post-deposition through reactive ion etching (RIE). The first part of the thesis deals with the modification of TiO$_2$ GLAD humidity sensors using RIE with CF$_4$. The data presented demonstrates improved response times to step changes in humidity. Characterization revealed response times of better then 50~ms (instrument-limited measurement). An etch recipe for complete removal of TiO$_2$ was also demonstrated with shadow masking to transfer patterns into GLAD films. The subsequent chapter focuses on modification of thin film growth conditions by increasing adatom mobility. A radiative heating system was designed and implemented with the ability to achieve chuck temperatures of 400$^circ$C. Capping layers on top of GLAD films were grown to demonstrate effects of emph{in situ} heating, and a quantitative analysis of crack reduction with increased temperatures is presented. Lithographic pattern transfer onto a capped GLAD film was demonstrated. Opposite to the goal of the preceding chapter, the focus of the final experimental chapter was to limit adatom mobility. A LN$_2$-based cooling system was designed and implemented for the purpose of studying the growth by GLAD of lower melting point materials, which under regular growth conditions do not form well-defined structures. Chuck temperatures of $-60$$^circ$C can be achieved during deposition while still allowing substrate rotation. The growth of helical copper films was used to demonstrate the effects of emph{in situ} substrate cooling. / Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Nanotechnology

No description available.

L'autocollimation permet de propager un faisceau lumineux sans étalement latéral et en l'absence de tout guide optique. Cette thèse traite de la conception de cavités membranaires GaAs à autocollimation pour démontrer une nouvelle génération de cavité laser, ici émettant aux environs de 1 µm. La première partie concerne l'étude théorique d'une cavité à autocollimation reposant sur un cristal photonique à maille carrée. Un modèle d'onde plane est développé pour simuler la propagation de modes dans ce milieu. Le dimensionnement, les propriétés de guidage et de sélectivité spectrale et spatiale d'une cavité à autocollimation sont analysées. La deuxième partie évalue la fabrication d'une cavité membranaire GaAs à cristal photonique en régime d'autocollimation. Ce travail passe par la mise au point d'un procédé de masquage et de gravure RIE spécifique. Un second volet porte sur la minimisation des dégradations du matériau actif induites lors de la fabrication. Sur ce point, un modèle balistique a été développé pour estimer le temps de gravure optimal et réduire ainsi les défauts générés lors de la gravure. Des voies de passivations électroniques post-process à base de sulfures et nitrures sont également examinées.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizRobertoAN.pdf: 339362 bytes, checksum: c8e88397fe9377768e4a6dfe9e85ecfc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-18 / The aims of this study were to analyze the access of dental services by child population, to determine the prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis and malocclusion in resident children from the municipal district of Sobral Cear? and to evaluate the incidence of the dental decay in adolescents associated with the factors related to socioeconomic condition, access to health services and self-perception. This study had as main factor the multidisciplinary represented by the participation of health professional (doctors, dentists, nurses) in the development of the survey's initial reference; student from Human Sciences area to apply the structured questionnaire in domiciliary visits; statistics professionals in the orientation of the analysis to be held and family health team (community health agents, dentists and dental clinic assistants) in the scheduling of domiciliary visits and the accomplishment of oral exam. The sample was determined from the domicile record that included children born between 1990 and 1994 to develop the research Children health conditions in the municipal district of Sobral Cear? . The first sample comprised 3425 parents of children from 5 to 9 years old, living in the urban area at the municipal district of Sobral Cear?, aiming at identifying the most important factors associated to the access to dental service. From this sample, 1021 children were selected in a systematic way, for the accomplishment to the epidemiological study of decay, gingivitis and malocclusion. In the study's third phase, in order to arrange the group to be followed, 688 adolescents were examined and interviewed, by means of the active search from the 1021 individuals that had been previously examined. It was observed that 50.9% of the children had access to dental service at least once in a lifetime. Of this total, 65.3% accomplished it during the last year, and 85.4% of these did in public services, what allows to identify the importance of this sector in the access to dental services. It was observed that the factors that most affected the access to dental 129 services were related to socioeconomic condition, such as the access to health plan, the possession of toothbrush, garbage collecting, mother s schooling, sewerage treatment and malnutrition. In relation to oral diseases, an increase in the DMF-T index according the age was observed, from 0.10 in five years old to 1.66 in the nine years old, while with the dmf-t index, the inverse happened, since the index decreased from 3.59 in five years old to 2.69 in nine years old. In relation to gingivitis, an average 32.7% of the children presented gum bleeding. In what concerns malocclusion, it was observed that 60.3% of the children didn't present any problem, 30.17% had light malocclusion and 9.5% severe malocclusion. The average incidence of dental caries was 1.86 teeth per youngster. Among the studied variables, tooth pain in the last six months, mother's income and school snack, adjusted by the perception about the need of treatment, the mother's schooling and the dentist's appointment at least once in a lifetime, were the variables that presented positive relationship with the high incidence of dental caries on this population by logistic regression. Variables of socioeconomic nature, related to the access to health services and behavior and biological variables presented a relationship with the high caries incidence. The study point out to the need of developing health actions in a humanized way, by an oral health team effectively bound to the population's interest, with the great objective to provide, with the public health services managers, adequate conditions to improve oral health / Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram analisar o acesso da popula??o infantil ao servi?o odontol?gico, identificar a preval?ncia de c?rie, gengivite e maloclus?o em crian?as residentes no munic?pio de Sobral Cear? e avaliar a incid?ncia da c?rie dent?ria em adolescentes, associando-a a fatores relativos ? condi??o s?cio-econ?mica, acesso ? servi?os de sa?de e estilo de vida. O presente estudo teve como fator preponderante a multidisciplinaridade representada pela participa??o de profissionais de sa?de (m?dicos, cirurgi?es-dentistas, enfermeiros) na constru??o do referencial inicial da pesquisa, estudantes de cursos da ?rea de Ci?ncias Humanas, na aplica??o do question?rio estruturado para entrevista domiciliar; estat?sticos na orienta??o das an?lises a serem realizadas e equipe de sa?de da fam?lia (agentes comunit?rios de sa?de, cirurgi?es-dentistas e auxiliares de consult?rio dent?rio) no agendamento e realiza??o dos exames bucais domiciliares. A amostra foi definida a partir do cadastro de domic?lios que inclu?a crian?as nascidas entre 1990 e 1994 para desenvolvimento da pesquisa Condi??es de sa?de das crian?as no munic?pio de Sobral Cear? . A primeira amostra foi composta por 3425 pais de crian?as entre 5 e 9 anos de idade residentes no munic?pio de Sobral Cear?, visando identificar os principais fatores relacionados ao acesso a servi?o odontol?gico. A partir desta amostra, foram selecionadas 1021 crian?as, de forma sistem?tica, para realiza??o do levantamento epidemiol?gico de c?rie, gengivite e maloclus?o. Na terceira fase do estudo, visando ? composi??o da coorte a ser acompanhada, foram examinados e entrevistados 688 adolescentes, a partir da busca ativa dos 1021 indiv?duos que haviam sido preliminarmente examinados. Observou-se que 50,9% das crian?as tiveram acesso ao tratamento odontol?gico pelo menos uma vez na vida. Deste total, 65,3% o realizaram no decorrer do ?ltimo ano pesquisado, sendo que 85,4% destes na rede p?blica, o que permite identificar a import?ncia deste segmento no acesso aos servi?os odontol?gicos. Observou-se que os fatores que mais afetaram o acesso ao servi?o odontol?gico foram os vinculados ? condi??o s?cio-econ?mica como acesso ? plano de sa?de, posse de escova dent?ria, coleta de lixo, escolaridade da m?e, tratamento do esgoto e desnutri??o. Em rela??o ?s doen?as bucais observou-se um aumento do CPO-D com a idade, de 0,10 aos cinco anos para alcan?ar 1,66 aos nove anos de idade, ocorrendo o inverso em rela??o ao ?ndice ceo-d, uma vez que aos cinco anos o ?ndice de 3,59 decai para 2,69 aos nove anos. Quanto ?s altera??es gengivais, em m?dia, 32,7% das crian?as apresentavam sangramento gengival. Quanto ? maloclus?o, observou-se que 60,33% das crian?as n?o apresentavam problema, 30,17% apresentavam problemas leves e 9,5% problemas severos de maloclus?o. A incid?ncia m?dia de c?rie foi de 1,86 dentes por adolescente. Entre as vari?veis estudadas, dor de dente nos ?ltimos seis meses, renda da m?e e merenda escolar, ajustadas pela percep??o sobre necessidade de tratamento, escolaridade da m?e e consulta ao dentista pelo menos uma vez na vida, foram as vari?veis que apresentaram rela??o positiva com a alta incid?ncia de c?rie dent?ria desta popula??o, a partir da regress?o log?stica. Vari?veis de natureza s?cio-econ?mica, relativas ao acesso aos servi?os de sa?de, comportamentais e biol?gicas apresentaram rela??o com a alta incid?ncia de c?rie. O estudo aponta para a necessidade de implanta??o de servi?os odontol?gicos vinculados ao desenvolvimento de a??es de sa?de de forma humanizada, desenvolvidas por equipes de sa?de bucal efetivamente vinculadas aos interesses da popula??o, que tenham como grande objetivo proporcionar, junto com os gestores dos servi?os p?blicos de sa?de, condi??es adequadas para melhoria da sa?de bucal

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-10T22:28:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LudmilaDeMeloAlvesDamasio_DISSERT.pdf: 1997584 bytes, checksum: 375ff6f5e4cd5f8032fbc09944492828 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-17T19:21:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LudmilaDeMeloAlvesDamasio_DISSERT.pdf: 1997584 bytes, checksum: 375ff6f5e4cd5f8032fbc09944492828 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T19:21:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LudmilaDeMeloAlvesDamasio_DISSERT.pdf: 1997584 bytes, checksum: 375ff6f5e4cd5f8032fbc09944492828 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Nas ?reas pobres em dados, o conhecimento dos pescadores tem sido ?til para complementar lacunas atuais e no passado de dados cient?ficos sobre v?rios temas da pesca. Aqui foi verificado se as informa??es dos pescadores costeiros (N = 82), a partir de duas comunidades no NE brasileiro, ? apoiada por dados oficiais de desembarque e se o seu conhecimento poderia ser usado de forma confi?vel para reconstruir as capturas e CPUE (captura por unidade de esfor?o) para 1993, 2003 e 2013. Os registros de desembarque confirmaram a premissa dos pescadores de que as capturas n?o se alteraram ao longo de 2003 a 2013, em ambas as comunidades (C1: t = 0,1; p = 0,2; C2: t = 1,6; p = 0,1). Estimativas dos pescadores para a sua captura m?dia por esp?cies concordaram estatisticamente com os dados de desembarque para tr?s esp?cies (bonito, bagre mar de coco e tubar?es) de um total de 22 esp?cies. Para outros 13, as informa??es fornecidas pelos pescadores e pelos dados de desembarque foram semelhantes, embora estatisticamente n?o significativa. Os pescadores superestimaram a CPUE de esp?cies capturadas usando linhas ou redes de emalhar (? exce??o de Cynoscion jamaicensis, que foi subestimado). Por outro lado, os pescadores deram estimativas precisas da abund?ncia que foram congruentes com os dados de desembarque para as 11 esp?cies mais importantes (correla??o de Spearman: r 2013 = 0,8; r2003 = 0,9; p = 0,000). Por isso, os pescadores eram mais capazes de perceber mudan?as na abund?ncia em vez de mudan?as em seu esfor?o, o que sugere que as informa??es relativas CPUE devem ser mais cuidadosamente interpretadas, como pode haver uma ligeira sobreestimativa para algumas esp?cies. No futuro, devemos tratar porque os pescadores podem dar informa??es detalhadas sobre as suas capturas e esfor?o para algumas esp?cies, mas n?o para outros. / Despite all importance, the small-scale fisheries lives in a condition of limited data. To generate scientific knowledge of these fisheries, the researchers have used increasingly, the local ecological knowledge. The great advantage in using the LEC for evaluation of small-scale fishing is able to access past information not reported in the literature and require considerable investment in time and financial resources to be sampled. In this dissertation sought to increase information available on small-scale fishing in Rio Grande do Norte. In the first article we use information of the fishers to estimate the CPUE of current catches of 10 and 20 years ago and identify the species most captured in the same period and compare this information with landing records and data obtained from expert fishers. In the second article we analyze the information of the boats used in artisanal fisheries to check for a fleet operating on the same species exploited or are different fleets operating on different species. In the first article as stated by fishers, the results do not suggest any change in CPUE between 2003 and 2013. In addition to being good informants to establish ranks of species abundance for the target species, fishers also provided accurate estimates for the CPUE of the best catches in the current period (2013).The approach used in this study showed, once again, that fishers have an important and sometimes unique information. However, when this knowledge was compared with formal data, showed major differences. This heterogeneity of informants and data sources (data of fishermen and official data) may be the single best source of information for fishing in areas where there lack of scientific data and abundance of skilled fishers. In the second article, the results indicate that there are two different fleet acting on the same species. The division between small and large boats showed that small boats are the best option for small-scale fishers. Since there is no difference in the amount of captured species and obtained income and expenses of the vessels these categories are much smaller, generating more profits than the big boats.